On the stability of BOLD fMRI correlations
Open accessAbstract
Measurement of correlations between brain regions (functional connectivity) using blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) fMRI has proven to be a powerful tool for studying the functional organization of the brain. Recently, dynamic functional connectivity has emerged as a major topic in the resting-state BOLD fMRI literature. Here, using simulations and multiple sets of empirical observations, we confirm that imposed task states can alter the correlation structure of BOLD activity. However, we find that observations of "dynamic" BOLD correlations during the resting state are largely explained by sampling variability. Beyond sampling variability, the largest part of observed "dynamics" during rest is attributable to head motion. An additional component of dynamic variability during rest is attributable to fluctuating sleep state. Thus, aside from the preceding explanatory factors, a single correlation structure-as opposed to a sequence of distinct correlation structures-may adequately describe the resting state as measured by BOLD fMRI. These results suggest that resting-state BOLD correlations do not primarily reflect moment-to-moment changes in cognitive content. Rather, resting-state BOLD correlations may predominantly reflect processes concerned with the maintenance of the long-term stability of the brain's functional organization.
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Different sleep stages correspond with different neurophysiological phenomena that impact rs-fcMRI measurements.
“Different sleep stages also correspond with different neurophysiological phenomena, which impact rs-fcMRI measurements (Laumann et al., 2016; Spoormaker et al., 2010).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Laumann et al., 2016
Much of the observed dynamics in rs-fcMRI networks primarily reflects noise, especially movement.
“Laumann et al. (Laumann et al., 2016) has recently provided strong evidence that much of the observed dynamics in rs-fcMRI networks primarily reflects noise (especially movement).”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Laumann et al., 2016
Instability exists in the form of measurable state transitions (e.g., awake to sleep, eyes open versus closed), and there is considerably less evidence for intrinsic dynamics otherwise.
“The authors note that instability is not absent, but that it exists in the form of measurable state transitions (e.g. from awake to sleep, or eyes open verus closed), and that there is considerably less evidence for intrinsic dynamics otherwise.”
From Development of large-scale functional networks from birth to adulthood: A guide to the neuroimaging literature (2017) · cites this paper as Laumann et al., 2016
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- Authors
- Laumann, T. O., Snyder, A. Z., Mitra, A., Gordon, E. M., Gratton, C., Adeyemo, B., Gilmore, A. W., Nelson, S. M., Berg, J. J., Greene, D. J., McCarthy, J. E., Tagliazucchi, E., Laufs, H., Schlaggar, B. L., Dosenbach, N. U. F., & Petersen, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- The University of Texas at Dallas (US)
- Goethe University Frankfurt (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Laumann, Timothy O.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Cerebral Cortex
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-09-02
- Volume
- 27
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 4719-4732
- ISSN
- 1047-3211 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2199
- PMC
- PMC6248456
- OpenAlex
- W2516718464
- Cited by
- 516
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 49 · 2022: 44 · 2021: 62 · 2020: 60 · 2019: 64 · 2018: 74 · 2017: 68 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 44.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Cerebral Cortex (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- CONICET Digital (CONICET) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Funders
- Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Research Center (P30 HD062171, U54 HD087011)
- Mallinckrodt Institute of Radiology Pilot Grant (NUFD)
- Child Neurology Foundation Scientific Research Award (NUFD) (NS088590, NSF GRFP DGE1143954, NSF-DMS1300280)
- Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (01EV0703)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- resting-state functional connectivity, dynamic functional connectivity, BOLD fMRI, sampling variability, head movement, brain functional organization
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cerebrovascular Circulation, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Neural Pathways, Oxygen, Rest, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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