Molecular mechanisms of neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by cognitive impairment, progressive neurodegeneration and formation of amyloid-beta (Abeta)-containing plaques and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau. The neurodegenerative process in AD is initially characterized by synaptic damage accompanied by neuronal loss. In addition, recent evidence suggests that alterations in adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus might play a role. Synaptic loss is one of the strongest correlates to the cognitive impairment in patients with AD. Several lines of investigation support the notion that the synaptic pathology and defective neurogenesis in AD are related to progressive accumulation of Abeta oligomers rather than fibrils. Abnormal accumulation of Abeta resulting in the formation of toxic oligomers is the result of an imbalance between the levels of Abeta production, aggregation and clearance. Abeta oligomers might lead to synaptic damage by forming pore-like structures with channel activity; alterations in glutamate receptors; circuitry hyper-excitability; mitochondrial dysfunction; lysosomal failure and alterations in signaling pathways related to synaptic plasticity, neuronal cell and neurogenesis. A number of signaling proteins, including fyn kinase; glycogen synthase kinase-3beta (GSK3beta) and cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5), are involved in the neurodegenerative progression of AD. Therapies for AD might require the development of anti-aggregation compounds, pro-clearance pathways and blockers of hyperactive signaling pathways.
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Due to cytosolic calcium overload, p35 splits into p25, which hyperactivates cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) and leads to hyperphosphorylation of tau.
“Due to cytosolic calcium overload, p35 splits into p25, which hyperactivates cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) and leads to hyper phosphorylation of tau [6].”
From Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [6]
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Neuropathological alterations in Alzheimer disease
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“Classical positive lesions consist of abundant amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, neuropil threads, and dystrophic neurites containing hyperphosphorylated tau (see Box 1 for glossary) (Terry et al. 1994, Mandelkow and Mandelkow 1998, Trojanowski and Lee 2000; Iqbal and Grundke-Iqbal 2002; Crews and Masliah 2…”
InfluentialSelf-citation<p>Alzheimer’s disease: pathogenesis, diagnostics, and therapeutics</p>
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“Aβ then oligomerizes, diffuses into synaptic clefts, and interferes with synaptic signaling.(11,12) Consequently, it polymerizes into insoluble amyloid fibrils that aggregate into plaques.”
BackgroundRecent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease
Khan, S., Barve, K. H., & Kumar, M. S. (2020) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x18666200528142429 · Cited by 820 · see citing works
“Due to cytosolic calcium overload, p35 splits into p25, which hyperactivates cyclin-dependent kinase-5 (CDK5) and leads to hyper phosphorylation of tau [6].”
BackgroundCellular senescence in brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases: evidence and perspectives
Baker, D. J., & Petersen, R. C. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci95145 · Cited by 514 · see citing works
“org Volume 128 Number 4 April 2018 and neuro fibrillary tangle aggregates of hyperphosphorylated or misfolded tau protein (77).”
Role of gut-brain axis, gut microbial composition, and probiotic intervention in Alzheimer's disease
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Synapses and Alzheimer's Disease
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“…excitatory synaptic transmission, inhibit long-term potentiation (LTP, a form of synaptic plasticity that is believed to be the cellular correlate of learning and memory), induce loss of dendritic spines, and impair rodent spatial memory (Selkoe 2002; Haass and Selkoe 2007; Crews and Masliah 2010).”
InfluentialNeuropsychological Assessment of Dementia
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“AD-associated cognitive impairments [2].”
The genus Polygonatum : A review of ethnopharmacology, phytochemistry and pharmacology
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Targeting Cyclin-Dependent Kinases in Human Cancers: From Small Molecules to Peptide Inhibitors
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Microglia Phenotypes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases
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The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer’s Disease: Neuroinflammation Is to Blame?
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“The two major markers contributing to AD progression include amyloid-beta (Aβ) plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) [28,29].”
BackgroundInfluentialPotential Impact of the Multi-Target Drug Approach in the Treatment of Some Complex Diseases
Makhoba, X. H., Viegas, C., Mosa, R. A., Viegas, F. P. D., & Pooe, O. J. (2020) · Drug Design Development and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dddt.s257494 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
The role of histone modifications: from neurodevelopment to neurodiseases
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Protein phosphatase 2A dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease
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“…abnormalities (microtubules, neurofilaments), alterations in amyloid precursor protein (APP) phosphorylation and processing, impairment of neurogenesis, alterations in synaptic plasticity and induction of apoptotic processes (Reviewed in Crews and Masliah, 2010; Medina and Avila, 2013, 2014).”
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The ER stress factor XBP1s prevents amyloid-β neurotoxicity
Casas-Tinto, S., Zhang, Y., Sanchez-Garcia, J., Gomez-Velazquez, M., Rincon-Limas, D. E., & Fernandez-Funez, P. (2011) · Human Molecular Genetics · doi:10.1093/hmg/ddr100 · Cited by 275 · see citing works
Cui, X., Wang, S., Cao, H., Guo, H. W., Li, Y., Xu, F., Zheng, M., Xi, X., & Han, C. (2018) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules23051170 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
“Neurodegeneration is a pathological condition of brain cells [42,43].”
BackgroundHallmarks of Alzheimer’s Disease in Stem-Cell-Derived Human Neurons Transplanted into Mouse Brain
Espuny-Camacho, I., Arranz, A. M., Fiers, M., Snellinx, A., Ando, K., Munck, S., Bonnefont, J., Lambot, L., Corthout, N., Omodho, L., et al. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.02.001 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
“Cerebrovascular amyloid angiopathy, microgliosis, inflammation, and major synaptic alteration are other pathological features of AD (Katzman, 1986; McGeer et al., 1988; Crews and Masliah, 2010; Spillantini and Goedert, 2013).”
BackgroundHussain, B., Fang, C., & Chang, J. (2021) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2021.688090 · Cited by 251 · see citing works
Tau oligomers and tau toxicity in neurodegenerative disease
Ward, S., Himmelstein, D. S., Lancia, J. K., & Binder, L. I. (2012) · Biochemical Society Transactions · doi:10.1042/bst20120134 · Cited by 244 · see citing works
Neuroprotective Effects of Coffee Bioactive Compounds: A Review
Socała, K., Szopa, A., Serefko, A., Poleszak, E., & Właź, P. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22010107 · Cited by 263 · see citing works
Chen, C., Chi, Y., Mutalif, R., Starost, M. F., Myers, T. G., Anderson, S. A., Stewart, C. L., & Jeang, K. (2012) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2012.01.059 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
The Neuroprotective Effect of Klotho is Mediated via Regulation of Members of the Redox System
Zeldich, E., Chen, C.-D., Colvin, T. A., Bove‐Fenderson, E., Liang, J. J., Zhou, T. B. T., Harris, D. A., & Abraham, C. R. (2014) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m114.567321 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
“Klotho Protects Hippocampal Neurons against Oligomeric A -induced Cytotoxicity—Although the precise mechanisms leading to neurodegeneration in AD are not entirely clear, neurotoxic oA s have emerged as a major contributor (48).”
BackgroundCaccamo, A., Maldonado, M. A., Bokov, A. F., Majumder, S., & Oddo, S. (2010) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1012851108 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
“Growing evidence points to soluble Aβ oligomers as the predominant neurotoxic species for neurons and clearly shows that the buildup of Aβ oligomers underlies memory loss in transgenic mice (2).”
BackgroundHericium erinaceus, an amazing medicinal mushroom
Thongbai, B., Rapior, S., Hyde, K. D., Wittstein, K., & Stadler, M. (2015) · Mycological Progress · doi:10.1007/s11557-015-1105-4 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“AD is identified in patients by syn - aptic injury deficiency of neurotransmitters , un - functioning and / or death of neural cells , and possibly by interference with the process of adult neurogenesis in the hippocampus ( Crews and Masliah 2010 ) .”
BackgroundDysfunctional Mitochondria and Mitophagy as Drivers of Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis
Chakravorty, A., Jetto, C. T., & Manjithaya, R. R. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00311 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
“It is characterized by extensive neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, mitochondrial damage, neuroinflammation, and accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) (Crews and Masliah, 2010; Butterfield et al., 2013; Kocahan and Dogan, 2017; Magalingam et al., 2018).”
BackgroundDowding, J. M., Song, W., Bossy, K., Karakoti, A., Kumar, A., Kim, A., Bossy, B., Seal, S., Ellisman, M. H., Perkins, G., et al. (2014) · Cell Death & Differentiation · doi:10.1038/cdd.2014.72 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
“A recent report indicates that Cdk5/p35 is responsible for DRP1 S616 phosphorylation,(24) and notably aberrant Cdk5/p35/p25 signaling is associated with AD pathogenesis.(25) Thus, we explored here the possible role of DRP1 S616 hyperphosphorylation in Ab- and peroxynitrite-mediated mitochondrial fragmentation.”
BackgroundInflammation context in Alzheimer’s disease, a relationship intricate to define
Novoa, C., Salazar, P., Cisternas, P., Gherardelli, C., Vera-Salazar, R., Zolezzi, J. M., & Inestrosa, N. C. (2022) · Biological Research · doi:10.1186/s40659-022-00404-3 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
Early changes in extracellular matrix in Alzheimer's disease
Lepelletier, F.-X., Mann, D. M. A., Robinson, A., Pinteaux, E., & Boutin, H. (2015) · Neuropathology and Applied Neurobiology · doi:10.1111/nan.12295 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
Zhao, F., Xu, Y., Gao, S., Qin, L., Austria, Q. M., Siedlak, S. L., Pajdzik, K., Dai, Q., He, C., Wang, W., et al. (2021) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-021-00484-x · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Quiroz, Y. T., Sperling, R. A., Norton, D. J., Baena, A., Arboleda-Velasquez, J. F., Cosio, D., Schultz, A., Lapoint, M., Guzman-Velez, E., Miller, J. B., et al. (2018) · JAMA Neurology · doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2017.4907 · Cited by 186 · see citing works
Jabir, N. R., Khan, F. R., & Tabrez, S. (2018) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.12971 · Cited by 187 · see citing works
Plasma microRNA biomarkers for detection of mild cognitive impairment
Sheinerman, K. S., Tsivinsky, V. G., Crawford, F., Mullan, M. J., Abdullah, L., & Umansky, S. R. (2012) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.100486 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Calcium Dyshomeostasis in Alzheimer’s Disease Pathogenesis
Cascella, R., & Cecchi, C. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms22094914 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
BACE1 activity is modulated by cell-associated sphingosine-1-phosphate
Takasugi, N., Sasaki, T., Suzuki, K., Osawa, S., Isshiki, H., Hori, Y., Shimada, N., Higo, T., Yokoshima, S., Fukuyama, T., et al. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6467-10.2011 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Omega-3 fatty acids and mental health
Lange, K. W. (2020) · Global Health Journal · doi:10.1016/j.glohj.2020.01.004 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Brouillette, J., Caillierez, R., Zommer, N., Pires, C. A., Benilova, I., Blum, D. L., Strooper, B. D., & Buée, L. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5901-11.2012 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
“Marked synaptic and neuronal losses are detected in individuals with MCI and early AD (Gómez-Isla et al., 1996; Scheff et al., 2006; Arendt, 2009; Crews and Masliah, 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialPerry, E. K., Johnson, M. A., Ekonomou, A., Perry, R. H., Ballard, C. G., & Attems, J. (2012) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2012.03.033 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
“It was suggested recently that synaptic pathology and defective NG are related to progressive accumulation of amyloid-β protein (Aβ) oligomers in AD; Aβ may activate cyclindependent kinase 5 (CDK5), which plays a role in synaptic function and neuronal integrity, thereby impairing neuronal maturation in NG (Crews and M…”
BackgroundTapia‐Rojas, C., Aránguiz, F. C., Varela‐Nallar, L., & Inestrosa, N. C. (2015) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/bpa.12255 · Cited by 168 · see citing works
“Recent reports have suggested or hypothesized that the interaction between Aβ oligomers and tau protein could cause the damage in AD brains, and might cause neuronal cell death (24, 42, 54).”
BackgroundNeurogenesis in Alzheimer’s disease
Rodriguez, J. J., & Verkhratsky, A. (2011) · Journal of Anatomy · doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2011.01343.x · Cited by 163 · see citing works
“…physiological alterations in NPCs, impair or even arrest neuroblast migration, and trigger aberrant synaptic plastic- ity (Ohshima et al. 1996; Chae et al. 1997; Fischer et al. 2005; Johansson et al. 2005; Hirota et al. 2007; Jessberger et al. 2008; Lagace et al. 2008; Crews & Masliah, 2010).”
BackgroundLoss of the neuroprotective factor sphingosine 1-phosphate early in Alzheimer’s disease pathogenesis
Couttas, T. A., Kain, N., Daniels, B., Lim, X. Y., Shepherd, C., Kril, J., Pickford, R., Li, H., Garner, B., & Don, A. S. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/2051-5960-2-9 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“These pathological features result in neuronal loss and brain atrophy as the disease progresses [3,7,8].”
BackgroundScuderi, C., Steardo, L., & Esposito, G. (2014) · Phytotherapy Research · doi:10.1002/ptr.5095 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
GSK3β, CREB, and BDNF in peripheral blood of patients with Alzheimer's disease and depression
Plátenı́k, J., Fišar, Z., Buchal, R., Jirák, R., Kitzlerová, E., Zvěřová, M., & Raboch, J. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.12.001 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
“Signaling molecules involved in the neurodegenerative progression of AD include glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK3β), cAMP-response element-binding (CREB) protein (Scott, 2012), and cyclin-dependent kinase-6 and Fyn kinase (Crews and Masliah, 2010).”
BackgroundMorawski, M., Brückner, G., Jäger, C., Seeger, G., Matthews, R. T., & Arendt, T. (2012) · Brain Pathology · doi:10.1111/j.1750-3639.2011.00557.x · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Extracellular deposition of amyloid and intracellular neurofibrillary changes, formed by tau-aggregation, are hallmarks of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) (24, 49).”
BackgroundTea consumption and disease correlations
Şanlıer, N., Gökcen, B. B., & Altuğ, M. (2018) · Trends in Food Science & Technology · doi:10.1016/j.tifs.2018.05.026 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Regulation of motor proteins, axonal transport deficits and adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases
Brady, S. T., & Morfini, G. A. (2017) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2017.04.010 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“Relevant to AD pathogenesis, multiple independent reports documented increased GSK3 activity in AD, as well as in various tauopathies (Cox et al., 2016; Crews and Masliah, 2010; Hernandez and Avila, 2008; Hernandez et al., 2010).”
BackgroundTan, S. H., Karri, V., Tay, N. W. R., Chang, K. H., Ah, H. Y., Ng, P. Q., Ho, H. S., Keh, H. W., & Candasamy, M. (2019) · Biomedicine & Pharmacotherapy · doi:10.1016/j.biopha.2018.12.101 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Rai, S., Kamat, P. K., Nath, C., & Shukla, R. (2013) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2013.11.035 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“Synaptic damage is the first sign of neurodegeneration in many different pathological conditions and neurodegenerative disorders, such as AD, Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases (Crews and Masliah, 2010).”
Chitosan as a suitable nanocarrier material for anti-Alzheimer drug delivery
Sarvaiya, J., & Agrawal, Y. K. (2014) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.08.052 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Wang, Z.-H., Gong, K. Q., Liu, X., Zhang, Z., Sun, X., Wei, Z. Z., Yu, S. P., Manfredsson, F. P., Sandoval, I. M., Johnson, P. F., et al. (2018) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-018-04120-z · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Resveratrol, pterostilbene, and dementia
Lange, K. W., & Li, S. (2017) · BioFactors · doi:10.1002/biof.1396 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
“The neuropathological hallmarks of AD include extracellular amyloid b (Ab) plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles [2].”
BackgroundValera, E., Spencer, B. J., & Masliah, E. (2015) · Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1007/s13311-015-0397-z · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Self-citationLai, A. Y., & McLaurin, J. (2010) · International Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.4061/2011/548380 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“have been proposed in regards to how Aβ production leads to neuronal degeneration and toxicity: Aβ monomers are known to aggregate into higher-molecular weight oligomers and fibrils [9].”
BackgroundShireby, G. L., Dempster, E. L., Policicchio, S. S. S., Smith, R. G., Pishva, E., Chioza, B. A., Davies, J. P., Burrage, J., Lunnon, K., Vellame, D. S., et al. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-33394-7 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
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Telomere Shortening and Alzheimer’s Disease
Cai, Z., Yan, L., & Ratka, A. (2012) · NeuroMolecular Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12017-012-8207-9 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“Neurodegeneration, an umbrella term for the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, is a common theme of many nervous system diseases, such as AD (Crews and Masliah 2010), Parkinson’s disease (PD) (Maeda et al.”
BackgroundWang, Y., Xia, Z., Xu, J., Wang, Y., Hou, L., Qiu, Y. L., & Chen, H. (2011) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.09.016 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Bassil, R., Shields, K., Granger, K., Zein, I., Ng, S., & Chih, B. (2021) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-021-25344-6 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Kazim, S. F., & Iqbal, K. (2016) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-016-0119-y · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Nose-to-brain drug delivery: from bench to bedside
Drath, I., Richter, F., & Feja, M. (2025) · Translational Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s40035-025-00481-w · Cited by 128 · see citing works
“AD has two hallmark pathologies: extracellular beta-amy-loid plaques [217] and neurofibrillary tangles composed of hyperphosphorylated tau [218].”
Cytoplasmic dynein in neurodegeneration
Eschbach, J., & Dupuis, L. (2011) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2011.03.004 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Progress in Alzheimer’s disease
Galimberti, D., & Scarpini, E. A. (2011) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-011-6145-3 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“In addition, they might cause circuitry hyperexcitability, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal failure and alterations in signalling pathways involved in synaptic plasticity, neuronal cells and neurogenesis (see [13] for review).”
BackgroundHuman cognitive function and the obesogenic environment
Martin, A., & Davidson, T. L. (2014) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2014.02.062 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“, [29,30]), increased brain inflammation [31, 32], and increased BBB permeability [33–35] are at least as important as amyloidosis in the pathogenesis of AD (e.”
The Cognitive Control of Eating and Body Weight: It’s More Than What You “Think”
Davidson, T. L., Jones, S., Roy, M., & Stevenson, R. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00062 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Hook, G., HOOK, V. Y. H., & Kindy, M. S. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-110101 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Brain A production and its neurotoxicity, as well potential methods of pharmaceutical intervention to reduce that production and toxicity, have been the subject of many reviews [7–12].”
BackgroundDNA methylation signature of human hippocampus in Alzheimer’s disease is linked to neurogenesis
Altuna, M., Urdánoz-Casado, A., de Gordoa, J. S.-R., Zelaya, M., Labarga, A., Lepesant, J. M. J., Roldan, M., Blanco-Luquin, I., Perdones, Á., Larumbe, R., et al. (2019) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-019-0672-7 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Subedi, L., Venkatesan, R., & Kim, S. Y. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18071423 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Receptors and Metabolic Enzymes as Druggable Targets for Brain Diseases
Grassi, S., Mauri, L., Prioni, S., Cabitta, L., Sonnino, S., Prinetti, A., & Giussani, P. (2019) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2019.00807 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Gadad, B. S., Britton, G. B., & Rao, K. S. J. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-110182 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“These oligomers are highly diverse in respect of their structure, size and shape [4, 5, 13].”
InfluentialProtein Homeostasis, Aging and Alzheimer’s Disease
Morawe, T., Hiebel, C., Kern, A., & Behl, C. (2012) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-012-8246-0 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“neuronal cells [9].”
Epigenetic regulation in neurodevelopment and neurodegenerative diseases
Gapp, K., Woldemichael, B. T., Bohacek, J., & Mansuy, I. M. (2012) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.040 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“They are caused primarily by the accumulation of extracellular plaques of amyloid-b (Ab) peptide produced from the altered processing of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), and neurofibrillary tangles containing hyperphosphorylated tau protein (Crews and Masliah, 2010; Niedowicz et al., 2011).”
Backgroundc-Jun N-terminal kinase has a key role in Alzheimer disease synaptic dysfunction in vivo
Sclip, A., Tozzi, A., Abaza, A., Cardinetti, D., Colombo, I., Calabresi, P., Salmona, M., Welker, E., & Borsello, T. (2014) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.559 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
A New Kid on the Block? Carbonic Anhydrases as Possible New Targets in Alzheimer’s Disease
Provensi, G., Carta, F., Nocentini, A., Supuran, C. T., Casamenti, F., Passani, M. B., & Fossati, S. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20194724 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology in the Retina
Gaire, B. P., Koronyo, Y., Fuchs, D.-T. S., Shi, H., Rentsendorj, A., Danziger, R., Vit, J., Mirzaei, N., Doustar, J., Sheyn, J., et al. (2024) · Progress in Retinal and Eye Research · doi:10.1016/j.preteyeres.2024.101273 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Bedse, G., Romano, A., Lavecchia, A. M., Cassano, T., & Gaetani, S. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-141635 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“tion, and clearance [11, 19].”
Gourmaud, S., Paquet, C., Dumurgier, J., Pace, C., Bouras, C., Gray, F., Laplanche, J., MEURS, E. F., Mouton‐Liger, F., & Hugon, J. (2015) · Journal of Psychiatry and Neuroscience · doi:10.1503/jpn.140062 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“154 J Psychiatry Neurosci 2015;40(3) for continuous variables.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEmerging Chemical Biology of Protein Persulfidation
Vignane, T., & Filipović, M. R. (2023) · Antioxidants and Redox Signaling · doi:10.1089/ars.2023.0352 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Lendvai, D., Morawski, M., Négyessy, L., Gáti, G., Jäger, C., Baksa, G., Glasz, T., Attems, J., Tanila, H., Arendt, T., et al. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-012-1042-0 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“decline is due to the impairment of synaptic integrity [18].”
Protective effects of Anthocyanins against Amyloid beta-induced neurotoxicity in vivo and in vitro
Badshah, H., Kim, T. H., & Kim, M. O. (2014) · Neurochemistry International · doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2014.10.009 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Research Progress on Alzheimer's Disease and Resveratrol
Yan, Y., Yang, H., Xie, Y., Ding, Y., Kong, D., & Yu, H. (2020) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-020-03007-0 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Costa, V. V., Sarto, J. L. D., Rocha, R. D. P. F., da Silva, F. R., Doria, J. G., Olmo, I. G., Marques, R. E., Queiroz‐Junior, C. M., Foureaux, G., Araújo, J. M. S., et al. (2017) · mBio · doi:10.1128/mbio.00350-17 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Interactions between the microbiota and enteric nervous system during gut-brain disorders
Fried, S. G., Wemelle, E., Cani, P. D., & Knauf, C. (2021) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108721 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Activation of JNK Signaling Mediates Amyloid-ß-Dependent Cell Death
Tare, M., Modi, R. M., Nainaparampil, J. J., Puli, O. R., Bedi, S., Fernández-Fúnez, P., Kango‐Singh, M., & Singh, A. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0024361 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“secreatase activity, Presenilin 1 and 2 [2,3,4,5].”
BackgroundJha, N. K., Jha, S., Kumar, D., Kejriwal, N., Sharma, R., Ambasta, R. K., & Kumar, P. (2015) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-150379 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a neurological disorder that is characterized by neuronal death, which is caused by the abnormal burden of amyloid- (A ) in the brain resulting in memory loss and cognitive decline [1–3].”
BackgroundKim, N., Chen, D., Zhou, X. Z., & Lee, T. H. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20133131 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“AD is characterized by progressive neurodegeneration and memory loss and the formation of Aβ-containing plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) composed of hyperphosphorylated tau [27,108,109].”
BackgroundMilosch, N., Tanriöver, G., Kundu, A., Rami, A., François, J.-C., Baumkötter, F., Weyer, S., Samanta, A., Jäschke, A., Brod, F., et al. (2014) · Cell Death and Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2014.352 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“In line with our findings on the GSK3b-regulating function of sAPPa, GSK3b activity has been found to be upregulated in the AD brain.(48,50) These investigations support the hypothesis that the aging-associated decline of sAPPa and its neuroprotective function(5,7,32) may contribute to this upregulation, thereby sensi…”
ResultGenomic convergence and network analysis approach to identify candidate genes in Alzheimer's disease
Talwar, P., Silla, Y., Grover, S., Gupta, M., Agarwal, R., Kushwaha, S. S., & Kukreti, R. (2014) · BMC Genomics · doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-199 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Genetics is known to play a major role in its development with studies showing both gene-gene and geneenvironment interactions as risk factors [1,2].”
BackgroundDoroszkiewicz, J., Groblewska, M., & Mroczko, B. (2022) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms23094610 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“These include amyloid plaques—built with Aβ deposits—and tau protein, which accumulates in neurofibrillary tangles [30].”
BackgroundLahmy, V., Long, R., Morin, D., Villard, V., & Maurice, T. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2014.00463 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
“Disruption of complex IV activity induced by Aβ peptides could be due to a direct interaction between Aβ and the enzymatic subunits (Crouch et al., 2006; HernandezZimbron et al., 2012) but also to the direct induction of oxidative stress by Aβ peptides, and particularly Aβ25–35.”
Liu, G., Jiang, Y., Wang, P., Feng, R., Jiang, N., Chen, X., Song, H., & Chen, Z. (2011) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07547.x · Cited by 83 · see citing works
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Hook, G., Yu, J., Toneff, T., Kindy, M. S., & HOOK, V. Y. H. (2014) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-131370 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“The abnormal accumulation of amyloid-β peptides (Aβ) has long been thought to be the likely cause of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) [1-4].”
Soliman, H. M., Ghonaim, G. A., Gharib, S. M., Chopra, H., Farag, A. K., Hassanin, M. H., Nagah, A., Emad-Eldin, M., Hashem, N. E., Yahya, G., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms221910794 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of age-related HIV neurodegeneration
Mackiewicz, M., Overk, C., Achim, C. L., & Masliah, E. (2019) · Journal of NeuroVirology · doi:10.1007/s13365-019-00728-z · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationShi, C., Zheng, D., Li, F., Wu, F., Kwong, W. H., & Xu, J. (2011) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2011.12.005 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
Swanson, A., & Willette, A. A. (2016) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.07.148 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“However, NPTX2 could merely reflect the AD process, while synaptic loss reliably accompanies dementia onset (Crews and Masliah, 2010; Serrano-Pozo et al., 2011; Shankar and Walsh, 2009).”
BackgroundEEG Window Length Evaluation for the Detection of Alzheimer’s Disease over Different Brain Regions
Tzimourta, K. D., Giannakeas, N., Tzallas, A. T., Astrakas, L. G., Afrantou, T., Ioannidis, P., Grigoriadis, N., Angelidis, P., Tsalikakis, D. G., & Tsipouras, M. G. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9040081 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Patients with AD are characterized with a loss of memory, sleeping problems, mood disorders, and general confusion, which are caused by structural irregularities or damage in the synaptic connections, due to amyloid-β plaques and neurofibrillary tangles [2].”
BackgroundThe Role of Diet and Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease
Dissanayaka, D. M. S., Jayasena, V., Rainey‐Smith, S. R., Martins, R. N., & Fernando, W. M. A. D. B. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16030412 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
BACE1 molecular docking and anti-Alzheimer’s disease activities of ginsenosides
Choi, R. J., Roy, A., Jung, H. J., Ali, M. Y., Min, B.-S., Park, C. H., Yokozawa, T., Fan, T.-P., Choi, J. S., & Jung, H. A. (2016) · Journal of Ethnopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.jep.2016.06.013 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
- Authors
- Crews, L., & Masliah, E.
- Affiliations
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Masliah, E.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Human Molecular Genetics
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2010-04-15
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- R1
- Pages
- R12-R20
- ISSN
- 0964-6906 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2083
- PMC
- PMC2875049
- OpenAlex
- W2135957529
- Cited by
- 772
- References
- 175
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 53 · 2024: 56 · 2023: 71 · 2022: 48 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 69 · 2019: 50 · 2018: 47 · 2017: 47 · 2016: 42 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 31 · 2013: 35 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 3.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Human Molecular Genetics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (AG5131, NS4 4233, AG‐18440, AG10435, AG11385)
- National Institute on Aging (P01AG010435, AG-11385, P50AG005131, AG-5131, AG 18440, AG10435)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (P01NS044233, NS-44233)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, neurodegeneration, amyloid-beta oligomers, amyloid plaques, tau hyperphosphorylation, neurofibrillary tangles, synaptic loss, adult hippocampal neurogenesis, glutamate receptors, excitotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, lysosomal dysfunction, synaptic plasticity, Fyn, glycogen synthase kinase-3β, cyclin-dependent kinase 5, anti-aggregation therapy, amyloid-beta clearance
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Humans, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Neurogenesis
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