Brain development and aging: Overlapping and unique patterns of change
Open accessAbstract
Early-life development is characterized by dramatic changes, impacting lifespan function more than changes in any other period. Developmental origins of neurocognitive late-life functions are acknowledged, but detailed longitudinal magnetic resonance imaging studies of brain maturation and direct comparisons with aging are lacking. To these aims, a novel method was used to measure longitudinal volume changes in development (n=85, 8-22 years) and aging (n=142, 60-91 years). Developmental reductions exceeded 1% annually in much of the cortex, more than double to that seen in aging, with a posterior-to-anterior gradient. Cortical reductions were greater than the subcortical during development, while the opposite held in aging. The pattern of lateral cortical changes was similar across development and aging, but the pronounced medial temporal reduction in aging was not precast in development. Converging patterns of change in adolescents and elderly, particularly in the medial prefrontal areas, suggest that late developed cortices are especially vulnerable to atrophy in aging. A key question in future research will be to disentangle the neurobiological underpinnings for the differences and the similarities between brain changes in development and aging.
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Different brain regions develop at different rates and mature at different ages.
“Different brain regions develop at different rates (appendix p 10) 124,126 and mature at different ages. 127,128”
From The Lancet Psychiatry Commission on youth mental health (2024) · cites this paper as [126]
Improved connectivity is largely a result of a linear increase in white matter volume and density in adolescence, which decelerates into adulthood.
“This improved connectivity is largely a result of a linear increase in white matter volume and density in adolescence; however, this decelerates into adulthood (Giedd et al., 1999, Ostby et al., 2009, Tamnes et al., 2013).”
From Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as Tamnes et al., 2013
Cortical thinning indexes maturation and may underpin more efficient usage of regulatory processes reliant on these brain regions.
“The direction of the result is in line with the idea that cortical thinning indexes maturation (e.g. Shaw et al., 2008, Tamnes et al., 2013), and thus may underpin more efficient usage of regulatory processes reliant on these brain regions.”
From Neurocognitive bases of emotion regulation development in adolescence (2015) · cites this paper as Tamnes et al., 2013
Emotion regulation abilities are associated with recruitment of prefrontal brain regions involved in cognitive control and executive functioning that mature late in development.
“In neuroimaging studies, emotion regulation abilities are associated with recruitment of a set of prefrontal brain regions involved in cognitive control and executive functioning that mature late in development.”
From The neuroscience of emotion regulation development: Implications for education (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
Prefrontal control regions like dlPFC and vlPFC mature at a slower rate relative to affective response regions like the amygdala and ventral striatum.
“A popular theory is that prefrontal control regions like dlPFC and vlPFC mature at a slower rate relative to affective response regions like the amygdala and ventral striatum [18,19].”
From The neuroscience of emotion regulation development: Implications for education (2016) · cites this paper as [18]
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- Authors
- Tamnes, C. K., Walhovd, K. B., Dale, A. M., Østby, Y., Grydeland, H., Richardson, G., Westlye, L. T., Roddey, J. C., Hagler, D. J., Due-Tønnessen, P., Holland, D., & Fjell, A. M.
- Affiliations
- University of Oslo (NO)
- University of California San Diego (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tamnes, Christian K.
- ORCID
- Venue
- NeuroImage
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-03
- Volume
- 68
- Pages
- 63-74
- ISSN
- 1053-8119 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5378867
- OpenAlex
- W2020049356
- Cited by
- 287
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 20 · 2018: 34 · 2017: 20 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 8
- FWCI
- 8.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- NeuroImage (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- The Norwegian Research Council (177404, 186092, 189507, 199537, 204966)
- European Research Council (283634)
- University of Oslo
- U.S.–Norway Fulbright Foundation
- NIH (U01 AG024904, P30 AG010129, K01 AG030514)
- National Institute on Aging
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering
- Abbott
- Alzheimer's Association
- Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation
- Amorfix Life Sciences Ltd.
- AstraZeneca
- Bayer HealthCare
- BioClinica, Inc.
- Biogen Idec Inc.
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Company
- Eisai Inc.
- Elan Pharmaceuticals Inc.
- Eli Lilly and Company
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd and Genentech, Inc.
- GE Healthcare
- Innogenetics, N.V.
- Janssen Alzheimer Immunotherapy Research & Development, LLC.
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research & Development LLC.
- Medpace, Inc.
- Merck & Co., Inc.
- Meso Scale Diagnostics, LLC.
- Novartis Pharmaceuticals Corporation
- Pfizer Inc.
- Servier
- Synarc Inc.
- Takeda Pharmaceutical Company
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Keywords
- brain development, brain aging, cortical thinning, brain atrophy, longitudinal brain volume change, medial prefrontal cortex, medial temporal lobe, subcortical structures, adolescence, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Aging, Brain, Child, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Middle Aged, Young Adult
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