Sleep Homeostasis and Cortical Synchronization: III. A High-Density EEG Study of Sleep Slow Waves in Humans
Open accessAbstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES: The mechanisms responsible for the homeostatic decrease of slow-wave activity (SWA, defined in this study as electroencephalogram [EEG] power between 0.5 and 4.0 Hz) during sleep are unknown. In agreement with a recent hypothesis, in the first of 3 companion papers, large-scale computer simulations of the sleeping thalamocortical system showed that a decrease in cortical synaptic strength is sufficient to account for the decline in SWA. In the model, the reduction in SWA was accompanied by decreased incidence of high-amplitude slow waves, decreased wave slopes, and increased number of waves with multiple peaks. In a second companion paper in the rat, local field potential recordings during early and late sleep confirmed the predictions of the model. Here, we investigated the model's predictions in humans by using all-night high-density (hd)-EEG recordings to explore slow-wave parameters over the entire cortical mantle. DESIGN: 256-channel EEG recordings in humans over the course of an entire night's sleep. SETTING: Sound-attenuated sleep research room PATIENTS OR PARTICIPANTS: Seven healthy male subjects INTERVENTIONS: N/A. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS: During late sleep (non-rapid eye movement [NREM] episodes 3 and 4, toward morning), when compared with early sleep (NREM sleep episodes 1 and 2, at the beginning of the night), the analysis revealed (1) reduced SWA, (2) fewer large-amplitude slow waves, (3) decreased wave slopes, (4) more frequent multipeak waves. The decrease in slope between early and late sleep was present even when waves were directly matched by wave amplitude and slow-wave power in the background EEG. Finally, hd-EEG showed that multipeak waves have multiple cortical origins. CONCLUSIONS: In the human EEG, the decline of SWA during sleep is accompanied by changes in slow-wave parameters that were predicted by a computer model simulating a homeostatic reduction of cortical synaptic strength.
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The slope of the slow waves decreases from early to late sleep.
“Independent of the decrease in amplitude, the slope of the slow waves also decreases from early to late sleep”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [994]
Traditionally, SWA is regarded as a marker of the homeostatically regulated sleep pressure, which increases after prolonged sleep deprivation and decreases from early to late sleep.
“Traditionally, SWA is regarded as a marker of the homeostatically regulated sleep pressure, which increases after prolonged sleep deprivation and decreases from early to late sleep (111, 113, 994, 1269).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [994]
The decrease in slope possibly reflects a decrease in the synchrony and speed of recruitment of neurons at the down-to-up state transition.
“possibly reflecting a decrease in the synchrony and speed of recruitment of neurons at the down-to-up state transition (87,360,994,1267).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [994]
The model predicted a decrease in the incidence of high-amplitude slow waves, a decrease in slope, as well as an increase in the number of multipeak waves from early to late sleep, which was confirmed in related animal and human studies.
“Specifically, the model predicted a decrease in the incidence of high-amplitude slow waves, a decrease in slope, as well as an increase in the number of multipeak waves from early to late sleep, which was con-firmed in related animal and human studies (994, 1269).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [994]
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Deep sleep maintains learning efficiency of the human brain
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Self-citationSleep, recovery, and metaregulation: explaining the benefits of sleep
Vyazovskiy, V. V. (2015) · Nature and Science of Sleep · doi:10.2147/nss.s54036 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Self-citationImpaired slow wave sleep downscaling in encephalopathy with status epilepticus during sleep (ESES)
Bölsterli, B. K., Schmitt, B., Bast, T., Critelli, H., Heinzle, J., Jenni, O. G., & Huber, R. (2011) · Clinical Neurophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.clinph.2011.01.053 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Self-citationThe vigilant sleeper: neural mechanisms of sensory (de)coupling during sleep
Andrillon, T., & Kouider, S. (2020) · Current Opinion in Physiology · doi:10.1016/j.cophys.2019.12.002 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Vyazovskiy, V. V., Faraguna, U., Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2009) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.91157.2008 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationvon Ellenrieder, N., Frauscher, B., Dubeau, F., et al. (2016) · Epilepsia · doi:10.1111/epi.13380 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
Developmental aspects of sleep slow waves
Ringli, M., & Huber, R. (2011) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53839-0.00005-3 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
Self-citationRattenborg, N. C., Martı́nez-González, D., & Lesku, J. A. (2008) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.08.010 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“The slope of slow-waves, a possible correlate of synaptic strength (Esser et al., 2007), decreases across the night in rats (Vyazovskiy et al., 2008) and humans (Riedner et al., 2007), as expected if a decrease in synaptic strength accounts for the decline in SWA across the night.”
BackgroundMassimini, M., Tononi, G., & Huber, R. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06720.x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Self-citationAndrillon, T., Windt, J., Silk, T. J., Drummond, S. P. A., Bellgrove, M. A., & Tsuchiya, N. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00949 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Ferrarelli, F., Smith, R., Dentico, D., Riedner, B. A., Zennig, C., Benca, R. M., Lutz, A., Davidson, R. J., & Tononi, G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0073417 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Sleep cycles were defined according to the modified criteria [31] of Feinberg and Floyd [32] also consistent with our previous studies [33].”
ResultSelf-citationSpindle activity phase-locked to sleep slow oscillations
Klinzing, J. G., Mölle, M., Weber, F. D., Supp, G. G., Hipp, J. F., Engel, A. K., & Jan Born, A. (2016) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.04.031 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
NREM Sleep Oscillations and Brain Plasticity in Aging
Fogel, S. M., Martin, N. G., Lafortune, M., Barakat, M., Debas, K., Laventure, S., Latreille, V., Gagnon, J., Doyon, J., & Carrier, J. (2012) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2012.00176 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“Greater homeostatic sleep pressure is associated with higher SW density and amplitude, faster SW frequency (Hz), and steeper slope between negative and positive phases (Esser et al., 2007; Riedner et al., 2007; Bersagliere and Achermann, 2010; Carrier et al., 2011; Mongrain et al., 2011).”
BackgroundPerrault, A. A., Khani, A., Quairiaux, C., Kompotis, K., Franken, P., Muhlethaler, M., Schwartz, S., & Bayer, L. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2018.12.028 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
“Indeed, short afternoon naps in healthy sleepers are mainly composed of N1 and N2 stages [26, 27], while the homeostatic nature of sleep regulation will promote deep sleep quickly after sleep onset during nighttime sleep [28, 29].”
Hippocampal memory consolidation during sleep: a comparison of mammals and birds
Rattenborg, N. C., Martı́nez-González, D., Roth, T. C., & Витальевич, П. В. (2010) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.2010.00165.x · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Sleep-related enhancements in performance on a visual discrimination task correlated positively with non-REM sleep (stages 2–4) SWA, but negatively with power in the spindle range, in both an experimental group who received acoustic stimulation to reduce SWA and an unstimulated control group (Aeschbach, Cutler & Ronda…”
BackgroundInfluentialSleep-related epileptic behaviors and non-REM-related parasomnias: Insights from stereo-EEG
Gibbs, S. A., Proserpio, P., Terzaghi, M., Pigorini, A., Sarasso, S., Russo, G. L., Tassi, L., & Nobili, L. (2015) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2015.05.002 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Propagated infra-slow intrinsic brain activity reorganizes across wake and slow wave sleep
Mitra, A., Snyder, A. Z., Tagliazucchi, E., Laufs, H., & Raichle, M. E. (2015) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.10781 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“DOI: 10.7554/eLife.10781 1 of 19 over the whole brain on a time scale of 100’s of milliseconds (Hahn et al., 2012; Nir et al., 2011; Riedner et al., 2007; Sheroziya and Timofeev, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialSleep Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: State of the Art and Next Steps
Ferrarelli, F. (2021) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2020.20070968 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“As for sleep spindles, several algorithms have been recently developed to detect several slow wave parameters including slope, amplitude, and density, in both psychiatric and control populations (56, 57).”
Time to Be SHY? Some Comments on Sleep and Synaptic Homeostasis
Tononi, G., & Cirelli, C. (2012) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2012/415250 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Both theoretical considerations [64], large-scale simulations [15] and empirical studies, [16, 17] indicate that the amplitude and slope of sleep slow waves are related to the number of neurons that enter an up state or a down state near-synchronously, and that synchrony is directly related to the number and strength…”
BackgroundSelf-citationElectrophysiological correlates of sleep homeostasis in freely behaving rats
Vyazovskiy, V. V., Cirelli, C., & Tononi, G. (2011) · Progress in brain research · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-53839-0.00002-8 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Invariably, in both rats and humans we found that, while the total number of slow waves during sleep remained roughly constant, the proportion of high-amplitude slow waves decreased from early to late sleep (Riedner et al., 2007; Vyazovskiy et al., 2007c) (Fig 2C).”
InfluentialSelf-citationLempel-Ziv complexity of cortical activity during sleep and waking in rats
Abásolo, D., Simons, S., da Silva, R. M., Tononi, G., & Vyazovskiy, V. V. (2015) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00575.2014 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“One of the conspicuous characteristics of NREM sleep EEG or LFP under physiologically elevated sleep pressure is increased SWA, which is accounted for by higher amplitude and more frequent slow waves (Riedner et al. 2007; Vyazovskiy et al. 2007).”
BackgroundSelf-citationA Neocortical Delta Rhythm Facilitates Reciprocal Interlaminar Interactions via Nested Theta Rhythms
Carracedo, L. M., Kjeldsen, H., Cunnington, L. G., Jenkins, A., Schofield, I. S., Cunningham, M. O., Davies, C. H., Traub, R. D., & Whittington, M. A. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0735-13.2013 · Cited by 113 · see citing works
Local sleep homeostasis in the avian brain: convergence of sleep function in mammals and birds?
Lesku, J. A., Vyssotski, A. L., Martinez-Gonzalez, D., Wilzeck, C., & Rattenborg, N. C. (2011) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.2010.2316 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Modulation of Total Sleep Time by Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS)
Frase, L., Piosczyk, H., Zittel, S., Jahn, F., Selhausen, P., Krone, L. B., Feige, B., Mainberger, F., Maier, J. G., Kühn, M., et al. (2016) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.65 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Sleep and Synaptic Renormalization: A Computational Study
Olcese, U., Esser, S. K., & Tononi, G. (2010) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.00593.2010 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep function: current questions and new approaches
Vassalli, A., & Dijk, D. (2009) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2009.06767.x · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“These parameters have now been shown in rat and humans to increase with wake and decrease with sleep (Riedner et al., 2007; Vyazovskiy et al., 2007, 2008).”
BackgroundRihm, J. S., Diekelmann, S., Born, J., & Rasch, B. (2014) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00579 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
“Slow oscillation detection and slope calculation were performed in frontal recording sites, as described previously (Bölsterli et al., 2011; Riedner et al., 2007).”
MethodAltered sleep homeostasis correlates with cognitive impairment in patients with focal epilepsy
Boly, M., Jones, B., Findlay, G., Plumley, E., Mensen, A., Hermann, B. P., Tononi, G., & Maganti, R. K. (2017) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awx017 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“Individual NREM sleep slow waves were detected as described in previous work (Riedner et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationHalász, P., Bódizs, R., Parrino, L., & Terzano, M. G. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2014.06.006 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
“Additionally, it has been shown that higher homeostatic pressure is associated with higher slow wave density, higher amplitudes, and steeper slopes of the down-states of slow oscillations (<1Hz) [19–22].”
BackgroundBERSAGLIERE, A., & ACHERMANN, P. (2010) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2869.2009.00775.x · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Rapid fast-delta decay following prolonged wakefulness marks a phase of wake-inertia in NREM sleep
Hubbard, J. T., Gent, T. C., Hoekstra, M. M., Emmenegger, Y., Mongrain, V., Landolt, H., Adamantidis, A., & Franken, P. (2020) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-020-16915-0 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Revisiting the value of polysomnographic data in insomnia: more than meets the eye
Andrillon, T., Solelhac, G., Bouchequet, P., Romano, F., Brun, M.-P. L., Brigham, M., Chennaoui, M., & Léger, D. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.12.002 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Plasticity during sleep is linked to specific regulation of cortical circuit activity
Niethard, N., Burgalossi, A., & Born, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Neural Circuits · doi:10.3389/fncir.2017.00065 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“…periods of wakefulness, EEG slow-wave activity and the incidence of slow oscillations (SO) during subsequent SWS is enhanced, whereas these measures decrease over the course of sleep (Huber et al., 2000; Riedner et al., 2007; Vyazovskiy et al., 2011; Nelson et al., 2013; Korf et al., 2017).”
BackgroundStructural brain correlates of human sleep oscillations
Saletin, J. M., van der Helm, E., & Walker, M. P. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.06.021 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Slow waves were detected using an established procedure (Kurth et al., 2010; Massimini et al., 2007; Murphy et al., 2009; Riedner et al., 2007).”
InfluentialDemanuele, C., Bartsch, U., Baran, B., Khan, S., Vangel, M. G., Cox, R., Hämäläinen, M., Jones, M. W., Stickgold, R., & Manoach, D. S. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsw013 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
von Ellenrieder, N., Dubeau, F., Gotman, J., & Frauscher, B. (2017) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2017.02.018 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“Of note, this dependence cannot be solely explained by previously reported sleep-homeostatic changes in delta power or slow wave amplitude across the night (Riedner et al., 2007).”
Transcranial Electrical Stimulation Accelerates Human Sleep Homeostasis
Reato, D., Gasca, F., Datta, A., Bikson, M., Marshall, L., & Parra, L. C. (2013) · PLoS Computational Biology · doi:10.1371/journal.pcbi.1002898 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Sleep Homeostasis and Models of Sleep Regulation
Achermann, P., & Borbély, A. A. (2011) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-4160-6645-3.00037-2 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Thomas, R. J., Mietus, J. E., Peng, C.-K., Guo, D., Gozal, D., Montgomery-Downs, H., Gottlieb, D. J., Wang, C.-Y., & Goldberger, A. L. (2014) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2013.10.002 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“One postulated function of sleep is synaptic downscaling [29–31], which would lead to reduced strength of cortical synapses in the second relative to the first half of the night.”
Human Biomarkers of Rapid Antidepressant Effects
Zarate, C. A., Mathews, D. C., & Furey, M. L. (2013) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.11.031 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“Prior research had shown that SWA and individual slow wave parameters are sensitive markers of cortical synaptic strength, thus serving as surrogate markers of central synaptic plasticity (46,47).”
Circadian regulation of slow waves in human sleep: Topographical aspects
Lázár, A. S., Lázár, Z. I., & Dijk, D. (2015) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2015.05.012 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“, 2011), which vary in parallel with sleep pressure, brain topography and sleep stage (Bersagliere and Achermann, 2010; Massimini et al., 2004; Menicucci et al., 2009; Riedner et al., 2007).”
InfluentialUsami, K., Matsumoto, R., Kobayashi, K., Hitomi, T., Shimotake, A., Kikuchi, T., Matsuhashi, M., Kunieda, T., Mikuni, N., Miyamoto, S., et al. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22948 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Effects of Aging on Cortical Neural Dynamics and Local Sleep Homeostasis in Mice
McKillop, L. E., Fisher, S. P., Cui, N., Peirson, S. N., Foster, F., Wafford, K. A., & Vyazovskiy, V. V. (2018) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2513-17.2018 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“These dynamics are associated with a higher incidence of slow waves and neuronal OFF periods, which are considered markers of increased physiological sleep pressure at the network level (Vyazovskiy et al., 2007, 2009b; Rodriguez et al., 2016).”
BackgroundSelf-citationSlow Wave Homeostasis and Synaptic Plasticity.
Tononi, G. (2009) · Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine · doi:10.5664/jcsm.5.2s.s16 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Self-citationREM sleep is associated with distinct global cortical dynamics and controlled by occipital cortex
Wang, Z., Fei, X., Liu, X., Wang, Y., Hu, Y., Peng, W., Wang, Y.-W., Zhang, S., & Xu, M. (2022) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-022-34720-9 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Topographic sleep EEG changes in the acute and chronic stage of hemispheric stroke
Poryazova, R., Huber, R., Khatami, R., Werth, E., Brugger, P., Barath, K., Baumann, C. R., & Bassetti, C. L. (2014) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12208 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Self-citationResponses in Rat Core Auditory Cortex are Preserved during Sleep Spindle Oscillations
Sela, Y., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Cirelli, C., Tononi, G., & Nir, Y. (2016) · SLEEP · doi:10.5665/sleep.5758 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Self-citationNavarrete, M., Schneider, J., Ngo, H.-V. V., Valderrama, M. A., Casson, A. J., & Lewis, P. A. (2019) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/zsz315 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Sleep and protein synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity: impacts of sleep loss and stress
Grønli, J., Soule, J. D., & Bramham, C. R. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00224 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE REVIEW ARTICLE published: 21 January 2014 doi: 10.3389/fnbeh.2013.00224 Sleep and protein synthesis-dependent synaptic plasticity: impacts of sleep loss and stress”
BackgroundInfluentialBlume, C., del Giudice, R., Wisłowska, M., Heib, D. P. J., & Schabus, M. (2018) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2018.05.056 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Tononi, G., Boly, M., & Cirelli, C. (2024) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2024.04.011 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationSleep Homeostasis and Models of Sleep Regulation
Achermann, P., & Borbély, A. A. (2016) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-24288-2.00036-2 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Panagiotou, M., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Meijer, J. H., & Deboer, T. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep43656 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationZacharias, N., Musso, F., Müller, F., Lammers‐Lietz, F., Saleh, A., London, M. K., de Boer, P., & Winterer, G. (2019) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.24791 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…context of comparable findings in earlier studies in rats (Feinberg & Campbell, 1993) as well as rat and human studies (Esser, Hill, & Tononi, 2007; Riedner et al., 2007; Vyazovskiy, Cirelli, Pfister-Genskow, Faraguna, & Tononi, 2008) which established that EEG slow wave activity during sleep is…”
ResultfMRI spectral signatures of sleep
Song, C., Boly, M., Tagliazucchi, E., Laufs, H., & Tononi, G. (2022) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2016732119 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Self-citationCastelnovo, A., Graziano, B., Ferrarelli, F., & D’Agostino, A. (2017) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13815 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“Moreover, when amplitude is studied like a continuous variable, it shows a normal distribution with most of the waves comprised between 10 and 80 lV, and a mean amplitude value that tends to decrease across cycles (Riedner et al., 2007).”
BackgroundGorgoni, M., D’Atri, A., Scarpelli, S., Reda, F., & Gennaro, L. D. (2019) · Sleep Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.sleep.2019.06.025 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
- Authors
- Riedner, B. A., Vyazovskiy, V. V., Huber, R., Massimini, M., Esser, S., Murphy, M., & Tononi, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tononi, Giulio
- ORCID
- Venue
- Sleep
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2007-12
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 1643-1657
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC2276133
- OpenAlex
- W1577987636
- Cited by
- 424
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 31 · 2021: 31 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 16 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 24 · 2012: 19
- FWCI
- 5.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Open Research (University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Surrey Research Insight Open Access (The University of Surrey) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Schweizerischer Nationalfonds zur Förderung der Wissenschaftlichen Forschung (106264)
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (T32GM007507)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (T90DK070079)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- sleep slow waves, slow-wave activity, sleep homeostasis, cortical synchronization, thalamocortical system, synaptic efficacy, NREM sleep, high-density EEG
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Circadian Rhythm, Computer Simulation, Cortical Synchronization, Electroencephalography, Evoked Potentials, Fourier Analysis, Homeostasis, Humans, Male, Nerve Net, Reference Values, Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted, Sleep, Sleep, REM, Synapses, Thalamus
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