Factors influencing elevated ethanol consumption in adolescent relative to adult rats
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Many teenagers report frequent alcohol use during the adolescent period. Animal models may be an important tool for exploring factors that contribute to alcohol consumption during this critical period. METHODS: Using a 24-hour, free-access, two-bottle-choice procedure between water and a sweetened solution with or without ethanol in nondeprived rats, the present series of experiments examined the contribution of a variety of contextual and experimental variables (i.e., isolate-housing versus pair-housing, type of sipper tube, caloric value of solution, prior experimental perturbations) on alcohol consumption in both adolescent and adult Sprague-Dawley rats. RESULTS: Ethanol consumption was particularly magnified among adolescent rats using ball bearing-containing ball-point (BP) sipper tubes, with this exacerbated intake not due to caloric content of the ethanol solution. Isolation housing for 12 days did not alter ethanol consumption of adolescents relative to their socially housed counterparts while suppressing consumption of isolated adults. An examination of differences in the relative magnitude of adolescent ethanol consumption across experiments in this series revealed that ethanol intake among adolescents was elevated not only by the inclusion of BP sipper tubes but also by staggering the timing of isolate housing relative to the presentation of the novel ethanol solution. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this experimental series demonstrate that adolescent animals consume significantly more ethanol than adult animals under a variety of home cage continuous-access circumstances, with the relatively greater intake of adolescents further magnified by a number of test conditions. Subtle experimental details often thought to be innocuous can have a substantial impact on overall amount of voluntary ethanol consumption observed in both adolescent and adult animals.
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Adolescents consume 2-3 fold greater alcohol per episode than adults in humans and laboratory animals.
“2–3 fold greater per episode alcohol intakes seen among adolescents than adults in both humans (SAMHSA survey data, 2006) and laboratory animals”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Doremus et al, 2005
Adolescent rats show transient increases in peer-directed social interactions, novelty-seeking/risk taking, and consummatory behaviors, and they voluntarily consume 2-3 times more ethanol than adult rats.
“even in a simple rodent model, adolescent rats exhibit transient age-related increases in peer-directed social interactions, novelty-seeking/risk taking, and consummatory behaviors, and voluntarily consume 2–3 fold more ethanol than their adult counterparts (see Spear, 2000, 2007; Doremus et al, 2005, for review).”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Doremus et al, 2005
Developmental insensitivity to undesired alcohol effects could contribute to the 2-3 fold greater per episode alcohol intakes seen among adolescents than adults in humans and laboratory animals.
“A developmental insensitivity to undesired alcohol effects likely serving as negative feedback cues to moderate intake could contribute to the 2–3 fold greater per episode alcohol intakes seen among adolescents than adults in both humans (SAMHSA survey data, 2006) and laboratory animals (e.g., Doremus et al, 2005).”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as Doremus et al, 2005
Adolescent rats voluntarily ingest larger quantities of alcohol than adults.
“Adolescent rats voluntarily ingest larger quantities of alcohol than adults using a variety of access paradigms (25–28).”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [26]
Risky behavior during the adolescent period is not specific to humans; adolescent compared with adult rats show increased risk-taking, novelty seeking, and voluntary alcohol consumption.
“risky behavior during the adolescent period is not specific to humans; for example, adolescent as compared to adult rats show increased risk-taking, novelty seeking, and voluntary alcohol consumption (Doremus et al., 2005; Spear, 2011; Wilmouth & Spear, 2009).”
From Neural networks involved in adolescent reward processing: an activation likelihood estimation meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging studies (2015) · cites this paper as Doremus et al., 2005
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- Authors
- Doremus, T. L., Brunell, S. C., Rajendran, P., & Spear, L. P.
- Affiliations
- Binghamton University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Spear, Linda P.
- ORCID
- Spear, Linda P.
- Venue
- Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental Research
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2005-10
- Volume
- 29
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 1796-1808
- ISSN
- 0145-6008 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2096313349
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 23 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 9.61
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (R37-AA12525, R01AA012150, R01 AA 12150, R37AA012525)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Alcohol Consumption and Health Effects
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- adolescent alcohol use, ethanol consumption, adolescent rats, social housing, two-bottle choice
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Alcohol Drinking, Animals, Female, Male, Sex Characteristics, Social Isolation, Weight Gain, Rats, Sprague-Dawley, Rats
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