Role of TET enzymes in DNA methylation, development, and cancer
Open accessAbstract
The pattern of DNA methylation at cytosine bases in the genome is tightly linked to gene expression, and DNA methylation abnormalities are often observed in diseases. The ten eleven translocation (TET) enzymes oxidize 5-methylcytosines (5mCs) and promote locus-specific reversal of DNA methylation. TET genes, and especially TET2 , are frequently mutated in various cancers, but how the TET proteins contribute to prevent the onset and maintenance of these malignancies is largely unknown. Here, we highlight recent advances in understanding the physiological function of the TET proteins and their role in regulating DNA methylation and transcription. In addition, we discuss some of the key outstanding questions in the field.
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2OGO catalyze specific hydroxylation of substrates, which leads to demethylations via other catalytic cycles or downstream pathway involving thymine-DNA-glycosylase.
“Generally, 2OGO catalyze specific hydroxylation of substrates, which, in turn, leads to demethylations via other catalytic cycles or downstream pathway involving thymine-DNA-glycosylase, which catalyzed base excision with DNA base excision repair [101,120].”
From Vitamin C-Sources, Physiological Role, Kinetics, Deficiency, Use, Toxicity, and Determination (2021) · cites this paper as [120]
The section on TET proteins identifies 2-oxoglutarate as a cofactor, and Figure 2 describes TET oxidation of methylated cytosine followed by TDG excision and base excision repair to restore unmodified cytosine. This supports the pathway for TET enzymes, but the paper does not establish it as a general outcome of hydroxylation by all 2-oxoglutarate-dependent oxygenases. The same section also notes that much observable hydroxymethylated cytosine remains stable rather than proceeding to demethylation; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.85)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMyeloid and lymphoid cancers often have somatic TET2 mutation or loss.
“TET2 is frequently mutated or lost somatically in both myeloid and lymphoid malignancies63,64.”
From Targeting cancer vulnerabilities with high-dose vitamin C (2019) · cites this paper as [63]
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- Authors
- Rasmussen, K. D., & Helin, K.
- Affiliations
- University of Copenhagen (DK)
- Corresponding author
- Helin, Kristian
- Venue
- Genes & Development
- Publisher
- Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory
- Published
- 2016-04-01
- Volume
- 30
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 733-750
- ISSN
- 0890-9369 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-5477
- PMC
- PMC4826392
- OpenAlex
- W2325267338
- Cited by
- 1,040
- References
- 162
- Citations by year
- 2026: 56 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 116 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 135 · 2021: 141 · 2020: 131 · 2019: 97 · 2018: 83 · 2017: 60 · 2016: 30 · 2012: 1
- Type
- posted content
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Genes & Development (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research at the University of Copenhagen (University of Copenhagen) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- HighWire Press Open Archive (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Danish Medical Research Council (1333-00120B)
- European Research Council (294666_DNAMET)
- Danish Cancer Society
- Danish National Research Foundation (DNRF 82)
- Danish Council for Strategic Research
- Novo Nordisk Foundation
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Genomics and Chromatin Dynamics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Cancer-related gene regulation
- Keywords
- TET enzymes, DNA methylation, 5-methylcytosine oxidation, TET2, demethylation, cancer, developmental regulation, transcriptional regulation, gene expression
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cytosine, DNA-Binding Proteins, Humans, Neoplasms, Oxidation-Reduction, Proto-Oncogene Proteins, Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic, DNA Methylation, Epigenesis, Genetic, Dioxygenases
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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