Food waste paradox: antecedents of food disposal in low income households

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

At the consumer level, planning, shopping, and stockpiling routines are important predictors of waste.

“At the consumer level, planning, shopping and stockpiling routines are important predictors of waste (Wansink and Deshpand e, 1994;Chandon and Wansink, 2002;Stefan et al., 2013).”

• cites Wansink and Deshpand e, 1994Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Chandon and Wansink, 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Stefan et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  The Results (section 3.2) and Discussion (section 4) identify planning and shopping routines as predictors of consumers’ food waste. The passages do not establish stockpiling routines as a separate predictor, so that part of the sentence is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Stefan et al. found that higher household income leads to more waste.

“While Gustavsson et al. (2011) state that poverty and limited household income make it unacceptable to waste food and Stefan et al. (2013) found that higher household income leads to more waste, Cox and Dowling (2007) found that low-income families tend to waste more food.”

• cites Stefan et al., 2013 sourcePartly supported

  Section 3.1 reports a positive correlation between household income and self-reported food waste among Romanian respondents (r = .14, p = .026). It does not establish that higher income causes more waste; the authors describe the correlation as relatively low and exclude income from their structural model. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As a cultural phenomenon, food is still a central issue in the structuring of identity.

“As a cultural phenomenon, food is still a central issue in the structuring of identity, as it was in European settlers' descriptions of Brazil.”

• cites Rial, 2005 sourcePartly supported

  In the section “Gilberto Freyre, Casa-Grande & Senzala” (page unavailable), Rial says food was central to the structuring of identity in early visitors’ descriptions of Brazil. The passage supports the historical comparison, but it does not establish the claim that food is still central to identity today. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Families who have pets or raise chickens usually buy animal food to feed them.

“Families who have pets or raise chickens usually buy animal food to feed them.”

May combine two claims.

Waste, aside from over-preparation, also seems related to the usual excessive purchasing of bread, which was observed in several families.

“In Marianne's interview, waste, aside from over-preparation, also seems related to the usual excessive purchasing of bread, which in fact was observed in several families.”

May combine two claims.

The option to go to warehouse markets for bulk buying and the preference for large and economy packages seem to underpin over-preparing, which in turn tends to generate more food waste.

“Similarly, the option to go to warehouse markets for bulk buying and the preference for large and economy packages seems to underpin over-preparing, which in turn tends to generate more food waste.”

May combine two claims.

Most families prepare rice on a daily basis, and if the rice prepared for lunch is not consumed entirely at dinner, it ends up being thrown away or serves as pet food.

“For instance, most families prepare rice on a daily basis, and if the rice prepared for lunch is not consumed entirely at dinner, it ends up being thrown away or serves as pet food.”

May combine two claims.

Despite being a widespread practice, there is a strong sense that throwing food away is inappropriate behavior.

“Despite being a widespread practice, there is a strong sense that throwing food away is inappropriate behavior.”

May combine two claims.

Even in households with three members, bread seems to be bought in bulk (up to 12 per day), which generates waste.

“Even in households with three members, bread seems to be bought in bulk (up to 12 per day), which generates waste.”

May combine two claims.

A taste for abundance was prevalent both at the stock and even more related to over-preparation.

“This taste for abundance was prevalent both at the stock and even more related to over-preparation.”

May combine two claims.

Drivers of food waste in the lower-middle income context include stocking too much food, over-preparing or not cooking properly, leaving food on dishes after meals or not willing to consume leftovers, and decaying of prepared food after long or inappropriate storage.

“Empirical evidences show that drivers of food waste in the lower-middle income context include: (1) stocking too much food; (2) over-preparing or not cooking it properly (e.g.burning food); (3) leaving food on dishes after meals or not willing to consume leftovers and (4) decaying of prepared food after long or inappropriate storage.”

May combine two claims.

Several subcategories of food waste antecedents were found, including impulse buying, lack of planning, and preference for large packages.

“Several subcategories were also found, including impulse buying, lack of planning and preference for large packages.”

May combine two claims.

Families reported that some foods were not consumed because they were bought in abundance and past their expiration dates, or because they had forgotten to prepare them.

“Families reported that some foods were not consumed because they were bought in abundance and past their expiration dates, or because they had forgotten to prepare it.”

May combine two claims.

Hospitality seems to be another characteristic linked to over-preparation, as does the willingness to be a good provider.

“Hospitality seems to be another characteristic linked to over-preparation, as does the willingness to be a good provider.”

May combine two claims.

Some families avoided buying food products on sale due to the belief that good products are not cheap, and preferred consistently purchasing the same brands.

“It was also interesting to note that some families avoided buying food products on sale, due to the belief that good products are not cheap, as well as the preference for consistently purchasing the same brands.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In one visited house occupied by one couple, the observed food inventory included 13 kg of beans, 13 kg of sugar, 14 kg of rice, 5 kg of cornmeal, 4 kg of salt, eight bottles (900 ml each) of soybean oil, and several perishable food products stocked in the fridge.

“For instance, in one of the houses visited, occupied by one couple [Helen,65,informant], we observed a food inventory of 13 kg of beans, 13 kg of sugar, 14 kg of rice, 5 kg of cornmeal, 4 kg of salt and eight bottles (900 ml each) of soybean oil and several perishable food products stocked in the fridge.”

May combine two claims.

Despite income constraints, the families studied tended not to plan grocery shopping, and in several cases the amount of food they purchased seemed greater than needed.

“Despite income constraints, the families studied tended not to plan grocery shopping and in several cases the amount of food they purchased seemed to be greater than needed.”

May combine two claims.

Beans are usually prepared three times a week, and meals are complemented by beef or chicken, which is prepared almost daily.

“Beans are usually prepared three times a week, and meals are complemented by beef or chicken, which is prepared almost daily.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The shopping trip occurs a few days after receiving wages.

“The shopping trip occurs a few days after receiving wages”

May combine two claims.

Excessive purchasing, over-preparation and unwillingness to consume leftovers were some of the main antecedents of food waste identified.

“Excessive purchasing, over-preparation and unwillingness to consume leftovers were some of the main antecedents of food waste we identified.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The families studied tended to prefer buying food at supermarkets once a month.

“The families studied tended to prefer buying food at supermarkets once a month.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is common for a family member, such as a son living close by, to offer transportation to parents who do not own a car to and from the supermarket.

“It is common for a family member, such as a son that lives close by, to offer transportation to his parents (who do not own a car) to and from the supermarket.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The shopping trip usually involves people outside of the household.

“it usually involves people outside of the household.”

May combine two claims.

The families studied still adopt more traditional life styles, where women play the role of typical 'housewives' and are in charge of most domestic chores, including cooking.

“They still adopt more traditional life styles, where women play a role as typical 'housewives', being in charge of most domestic chores, including cooking.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Food waste nullifies the efforts to save financial resources at the time of purchase.

“It can be supposed, therefore, that food waste nullifies the efforts to save financial resources at the time of purchase.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The study needed to compare what consumers say with in situ observations.

“Consumers tend to minimize the amount wasted on assessments of their habits (Stuart, 2009), hence the need to compare what consumers say with in situ observations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In high-income nations, the largest contribution to food waste comes from the consumer.

“In high-income nations, the largest contribution to food waste comes from the consumer (Graham-Howe et al., 2014).”

• cites Graham-Howe et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The good mother identity is characterized by the desire to provide plenty of food and is related to the role of the matriarch.

“The so-called good mother identity (Stuart, 2009) is characterized by the desire to provide plenty of food and it is related to the role of the matriarch.”

• cites Stuart, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The study was approved by an Institutional Review Board.

“This study was approved by an Institutional Review Board.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Images are important in distinguishing what consumers say they do from what they actually do.

“Images are important in distinguishing what consumers say they do from what they actually do.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Stuart posits that in developed nations, consumers tend to waste food because they can afford to buy excess food, among other reasons.

“In relation to the last stage, Stuart (2009) posits that in developed nations, consumers tend to waste food because they can afford to buy excess food, among other reasons.”

• cites Stuart, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gustavsson et al. claim that in low-income countries, consumption-stage waste is minimal due to limited purchasing power and procurement of food in small, daily quantities.

“Gustavs- son et al. (2011)claim that in low-income countries, consumption-stage waste is minimal due to the limited purchasing power and procurement of food in small, daily quantities.”

• cites Gustavsson et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The good mother identity can generate more waste and has been reported as a barrier to minimizing food waste in UK households.

“This can generate more waste and has been also reported to be a barrier to minimizing food waste in a study conducted in UK households (Graham-Howe et al., 2014).”

• cites Graham-Howe et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

In low-income countries, losses early in the food chain are more common due to low technological support in crop management, lack of structure for storing produce, and inadequate infrastructure for crop distribution.

“In low-income countries, however, losses early in the food chain are more common, due to low technological support in the management of crops, lack of structure for storing produce and inadequate infrastructure for the distribution of crops (Aggidis et al., 2013).”

• cites Aggidis et al., 2013Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Mothers gave consent to be interviewed, and participant confidentiality was ensured.

“Mothers gave consent to be interviewed, and participant confidentiality was ensured.”

May combine two claims.

Redundancy was observed after the 14th family was visited and interviewed, and content analysis from the focus group indicated that the core categories were saturated.

“Redundancy was observed after the 14th family was visited and interviewed, and content analysis from the focus group indicated that the core categories were saturated.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To assure that saturation was achieved, a focus group with projective techniques was conducted with six mothers to observe data redundancy.

“To assure that saturation was achieved, a focus group with projective techniques was conducted with six mothers to observe data redundancy.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Graham-Rowe et al. identified four core barriers to minimizing food waste: a 'good' provider identity, minimizing inconvenience, lack of priority, and exemption from responsibility.

“Among what it is known about food waste in families, Graham-Rowe et al. (2014) identified four core barriers to minimizing it as: (1) a 'good' provider identity; (2) minimizing inconvenience; (3) lack of priority; and (4) exemption from responsibility.”

• cites Graham-Rowe et al., 2014 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Household food waste has been considered characteristic of high-income nations.

“Household food waste has been considered characteristic of high-income nations (Stuart, 2009;Gustavsson et al., 2011;Beretta et al., 2013)”

• cites Stuart, 2009Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gustavsson et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Beretta et al., 2013 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Cox and Dowling found that low-income families tend to waste more food.

“While Gustavsson et al. (2011) state that poverty and limited household income make it unacceptable to waste food and Stefan et al. (2013) found that higher household income leads to more waste, Cox and Dowling (2007) found that low-income families tend to waste more food.”

• cites Cox and Dowling, 2007Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Given the hierarchy and the necessity of including up to three side dishes in a typical lunch, meal planning is essential in avoiding a high amount of leftovers, which might in turn contribute to food waste.

“Given this hierarchy and the necessity of including up to three side dishes in a typical lunch, it seems that meal planning is essential in avoiding a high amount of leftovers, which might in turn contribute to food waste.”

May combine two claims.

Cooking from scratch is connected to the willingness to be perceived as a good provider and to show hospitality for community members and relatives.

“Based on our interviews and observations, we believe that cooking from scratch is connected to the willingness to be perceived as a good provider and to show hospitality for community members and relatives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

As much as 11% of purchased food products are wasted by not even being opened.

“One stream of research suggests as much as 11% of purchased food products are wasted by not even being opened (Wansink, 2001).”

• cites Wansink, 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Brazilian cooking and eating habits were formed from the cultural mosaic of native Indians, Africans, and Portuguese.

“Brazilian cooking and eating habits were formed from the cultural mosaic of native Indians, the Africans and the Portuguese.”

• cites Freyre, 2002Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Given financial resource constraints, poorer people would have a better life quality if they changed their food purchasing, cooking, consumption, and disposing behavior.

“given the financial resources constraints the poorer face, it is inferred that they would have a better life quality if they changed their food purchasing, cooking, consumption, and disposing behavior.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The findings would hold in other Brazilian regions.

“Even though the study was conducted in only two suburbs of a municipality in São Paulo's eastern metropolitan area, we believe that the findings would hold in other Brazilian regions.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The UK Waste & Resources Action Programme (WRAP) achieved a 1.1 million tonne reduction in household food and drink waste between 2007 and 2012 since launching the 'Love Food Hate Waste' campaign.

“where the Waste & Resources Action Programme (Wrap) has acquired good results -1.1 million tonne reduction in household food and drink waste between 2007 and 2012since the launching of the 'Love Food Hate Waste' campaign (Wrap, 2014).”

• cites Wrap, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

A small change in the behavior of the low-income segment has a considerable impact on society as a whole.

“a small change in the behavior of this segment has a considerable impact on society as a whole.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Most of the world is low income.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Gustavsson et al. state that poverty and limited household income make it unacceptable to waste food.

“While Gustavsson et al. (2011) state that poverty and limited household income make it unacceptable to waste food and Stefan et al. (2013) found that higher household income leads to more waste, Cox and Dowling (2007) found that low-income families tend to waste more food.”

• cites Gustavsson et al., 2011Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Waste can be increased by over-serving that can occur because of large serving bowls or plates.

“Waste can also be increased by the overpreparation of these stockpiled foods (Chandon and Wansink, 2002), or by the over-serving that can occur because of large serving bowls or plates (Wansink and van Ittersum, 2014;Wansink et al., 2014).”

• cites Wansink and van Ittersum, 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Wansink et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The relationship between excess food and receptiveness is described by Cascudo as a habit of the colonial period, a trace of Portuguese culture absorbed by Brazil.

“The relationship between excess food and receptiveness is described by Cascudo (1968) as a habit of the colonial period, a trace of Portuguese culture absorbed by Brazil.”

• cites Cascudo, 1968Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Compared with developed nations, this income is representative of the low-income segment, but within Brazil it is classified as lower-middle class.

“Compared with developed nations, this is representative of the low-income segment, but within Brazil it is classified as lower-middle class, the term used to refer to the sample in this article.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The sample might not be representative of the Brazilian lower-middle class.

“That being said, the sample might not be representative of the Brazilian lower-middle class.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Income is positively related to general waste generation.

“It is known that income is positively related to general waste generation (Palatnik et al., 2014), but the literature seems to lack a clear understanding of the relationship between income and food waste.”

• cites Palatnik et al., 2014Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The most common reason for unopened food waste is that people purchase products for special occasions that never happen or forget about them until they are too old to use.

“The most common reason for this is because people purchase them for special occasions that never happen or because they forget about them until they are too old to use (Wansink et al., 2000).”

• cites Wansink et al., 2000Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Hospitality is a category that emerged in the study and is embedded in the practice of 'having a social life' identified by Ganglbauer et al. (2013).

“Hospitality, a category that emerged in our study, is embedded in the practice of 'having a social life', identified by Ganglbauer et al. (2013).”

• cites Ganglbauer et al. (2013) sourceNot checked — no full text of the source