The DOI matches its Crossref record; 221 of the 221 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 1 of the 81 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Socio‐economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load
Open accessAbstract
This chapter focuses on evidence linking socio‐economic status (SES) to “downstream” peripheral biology. Drawing on the concept of allostatic load, we examine evidence linking lower SES with greater cumulative physiological toll on multiple major biological regulatory systems over the life course. We begin by reviewing evidence linking lower SES to poorer trajectories of aging in multiple, individual physiological systems, followed by evidence of the resulting cumulative, overall burdens of physiological dysregulation seen among those of lower SES. The role of cumulative physiological dysregulation in mediating SES gradients in morbidity and mortality is then examined. We conclude with discussion of the question of interactions between SES (and other such environmental factors) and genetic endowment, and their potential consequences for patterns of physiological activity—an area of research that appears poised to contribute significantly to our understanding of how social conditions “get under the skin” to affect health and aging.
Overview
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This chapter reviews evidence that lower socioeconomic status (SES) is linked to greater cumulative physiological dysregulation across major regulatory systems, conceptualized as allostatic load (AL). It argues that cumulative multisystem AL helps explain SES gradients in morbidity and mortality and may serve as an intermediate outcome for evaluating policies to reduce health disparities.
Key findings
- Lower SES is associated with higher AL across the life course; SES gradients in AL emerge as early as the first 5 years of life and persist through childhood, adulthood, and older age.
- In the MacArthur Study of Successful Aging, the total AL index mediated about 35% of the education gradient in mortality, whereas none of its component items or subscales accounted for anything close to this, with most accounting for under 15%.
- The original simple count AL index showed correlations with decline in cognitive and physical function of 0.12 and 0.30, respectively, compared with 0.17 and 0.39 for a canonical AL index (Karlamangla and Seeman, unpublished data).
- NHANES data show SES gradients in AL by education and age; higher SES older adults exhibit AL levels similar to those of lower SES middle-aged adults.
Methods
- Narrative review/chapter synthesizing evidence linking SES to peripheral biology and allostatic load, including conceptual background and empirical literature.
- Draws on cohorts and surveys including the MacArthur Study of Successful Aging (70–79-year-olds), NHANES III (1988–1994), CARDIA, and Whitehall II.
- The initial AL operationalization used 10 biological parameters across HPA, SNS, cardiovascular, and metabolic systems, counting parameters in the top quartile (bottom quartile for HDL cholesterol and DHEA-S); later work added inflammatory markers CRP and IL-6. Main analyses reviewed associations of AL with mortality, cardiovascular disease, cognitive and physical decline, and mediation of SES gradients.
Limitations
- The paper states that AL is multifaceted and difficult to operationalize, with no accepted “gold standard”; debate continues about which systems and aspects to measure and how to summarize them into cumulative indices.
- The paper states that comparative data on scoring methods remain sparse, and more work is needed before “best practice” guidelines can be offered for AL scoring.
- The paper states that the literature on whether AL mediates SES differentials in health outcomes is small, and additional work is needed to clarify how SES contributes to AL accumulation. Evident from the text: this is a narrative review rather than a systematic review or meta-analysis, and it presents no new primary data collection.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
43 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 6 No basis given · 4 Own result · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although SES gradients in accumulated AL narrow in the oldest age group, consistent with the hypothesis that all are susceptible to age-associated increases in AL”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > SES gradients in cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“the effects were found to result from the contributions of multiple regulatory systems represented in the index, 164”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Empirical efforts to operationalize allostatic load
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As shown in Figure 1A, gradients in HgA1c levels are seen even as early as ages 1-5, with those from lower income (lower PIR) households showing higher prevalence of elevated HgA1c levels compared with children from higher income (higher PIR) families”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Socioeconomic status gradients in patterns of activity in major regulatory systems
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using this simple count index, analyses of the MacArthur Study data demonstrated that baseline AL was associated with significantly increased risks for a range of major outcomes, including risks for mortality, incident and recurrent cardiovascular disease, cognitive and physical decline.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Empirical efforts to operationalize allostatic load
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“For example, data from the MacArthur Aging Study suggests that the original simple count index captures a majority of the relevant health risk information-e.g., correlations with decline in cognitive and physical function of 0.12 and 0.30, respectively, for the count index as compared with correlations of 0.17 and 0.39 based on the canonical AL index (Karlamangla and Seeman, unpublished data).”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Empirical efforts to operationalize allostatic load
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Karlamangla and Seeman, unpublished data
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 1B documents that these gradients continue throughout adulthood as well.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Socioeconomic status gradients in patterns of activity in major regulatory systems
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“it is important to note that higher SES older adults exhibit levels of AL that are similar to levels experienced in lower SES adults during middle-age.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > SES gradients in cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“showing that a more comprehensive assessment of biological risks associated with SES (i.e., our index of AL) does the best job of explaining observed SES gradients in mortality risk.85”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Elevated HPA and cardiovascular parameters have also been linked to poor cognitive functioning in many studies.29,31,[49][50][51][52][53][54]”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Socioeconomic status gradients in patterns of activity in major regulatory systems
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although lower SES is nearly always associated with poorer trajectories of physiological aging when individual biological parameters are examined, the gradients are generally relatively modest while larger gradients are frequently evident when examining”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Introduction
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Excessive fluctuations in physiologic activity in extent, duration, or frequency can result in wear and tear on the body's regulatory systems.
- The authors state this as an assumption: Relatively modest dysregulation when cumulated across multiple systems may have significant impacts on health risks, even if none of the individual effects would be deemed statistically or clinically significant.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 13
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Moreover, each mediator involved in allostasis is part of a nonlinear network in which each mediator has biphasic effects on physiological outcomes and also has reciprocal regulatory influences on other mediators.115”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [115] sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Protection and damage as the two sides of the response to stressors” (page unavailable), the paper describes a nonlinear network in which mediators regulate one another reciprocally. It says this regulation is *sometimes* biphasic; it does not say that each mediator has biphasic effects on physiological outcomes. (LLM, conf=0.87)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“As shown in Figure 2, similar SES gradients are seen for a wide array of additional biological risk factors, including blood pressure, total and HDL cholesterol, and C-reactive protein (CRP) with lower SES associated with a higher prevalence of”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Socioeconomic status gradients in patterns of activity in major regulatory systems
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Figure 3 illustrates both of these trends, showing SES gradients in each of three adult age groupings as well as the greater cumulative AL among those of lower SES within each of these age groups.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > SES gradients in cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“These associations were found both with respect to an initial 2.5 year follow-up period 176 as well as a longer 7-year period, 164”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Empirical efforts to operationalize allostatic load
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Analyses from the MacArthur Study of Successful Aging, for example, document that the total AL index mediates some 35% of the education gradient in mortality while none of its component items or subscales accounts for anything close to this, with most accounting for under 15%.85”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > SES gradients in cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [85] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although lower SES is nearly always associated with poorer trajectories of physiological aging when individual biological parameters are examined, the gradients are generally relatively modest while larger gradients are frequently evident when examining”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Introduction
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exposure to chronically elevated inflammation processes has also been increasingly recognized as a significant health risk with links to increased risks for osteoporosis, 38,39 cardiovascular disease, [40][41][42][43][44][45] and cognitive decline.[46][47][48]”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Socioeconomic status gradients in patterns of activity in major regulatory systems
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The negative health consequences of high blood pressure (particularly systolic) have been recognized for decades, including higher death rates, the onset of cardiovascular disease, and the loss of both physical and cognitive functioning.[6][7][8][9]”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Socioeconomic status gradients in patterns of activity in major regulatory systems
What the sources say
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Similarly, more chronic elevations in SNS activity can raise blood pressure and heart rate that promotes atherosclerosis, and appears to be independently associated with cancer mortality.37”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Socioeconomic status gradients in patterns of activity in major regulatory systems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [37] source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several studies have also found that high resting heart rate is associated with increased mortality risk (see Ref. 10 for review).”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Socioeconomic status gradients in patterns of activity in major regulatory systems
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Elevated glucose levelsas indexed by fasting glucose or more integrated assessments of glucose metabolism such as glycosylated hemoglobin (HgA1c)-have also been related to heart disease risk; 15 to higher mortality; 16 and to poorer cognitive [17][18][19][20] and physical function.8”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Socioeconomic status gradients in patterns of activity in major regulatory systems
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Metabolic parameters, including higher total serum and LDL cholesterol, lower HDL cholesterol, and higher relative weight, are also recognized risk factors for poor health outcomes including mortality, cardiovascular disease, and functioning loss.7,[11][12][13][14]”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Socioeconomic status gradients in patterns of activity in major regulatory systems
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the capacity of our brains to imagine scenarios (e.g., potential outcomes of situations) contributes a special feature to human stress responses, so that in the extreme case, one could experience prolonged stress responses solely due to perceptions/beliefs regardless of the actual, objective presence of danger or stressors.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A growing body of evidence documents consistent SES gradients for nearly all of these biological risk parameters-with lower SES groups exhibiting higher levels of risk.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Socioeconomic status gradients in patterns of activity in major regulatory systems
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Accumulating evidence also indicates that inflammatory processes in the body are associated with reductions in volume of a key brain structure, the hippocampus 55 as well as poor sleep 56”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Socioeconomic status gradients in patterns of activity in major regulatory systems
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, use of such cumulative assessment is now recommended for clinical decision-making related cardiovascular disease risk management.80,180”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Empirical efforts to operationalize allostatic load
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] source
- Not checked yetcites [180]
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Consistent with the hypothesis that lower SES is associated with faster accumulation of AL (i.e., greater “wear-and-tear” on physiological regulatory systems), SES related gradients emerge as early as the first 5 years of life and persist throughout childhood, adulthood, and older age.58,83,85,[185][186][187]”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > SES gradients in cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites 58,83,85,[185][186][187]
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Conversely, some individuals may respond only minimally if at all to what most would view as major life challenges.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Analyses of nationally representative U.S. data for adults aged 20 and over from the National Health & Nutrition Survey (NHANES) have also documented these same SES gradients in AL [188][189][190] and the faster age-specific accumulation associated with poverty.191”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > SES gradients in cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [188][189][190]
- Not checked yetcites [191] source
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Though supported by less empirical evidence, additional factors likely to influence the frequency of reactivity include: (1) environmental exposures (e.g., neighborhoods where you live and work);”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, such individual differences in the interpretation of situations can result in dramatically different patterns of response at all levels (cognitive/emotional, behavioral, and physiological).”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Factors that may influence characteristic patterns of reactivity (i.e., maximum change from basal levels and duration of the response) include such things as (1) age (e.g., prolonged neuroendocrine responses at older ages have been found in some studies 124,128 though not all (see Epel et al., 2007 129 for review), as well as decreased vagal tone at rest, 130 decreased cardiovagal baroreflex”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [124]
- Not checked yetcites [128] source
- Not checked yetcites [129]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“evidence to date clearly points to the value of finding ways to evaluate the multiple, cumulative impacts of SES on our physiology if we are to gain a true understanding of how the consistent and persistent SES gradients in nearly all health outcomes come to be”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Future directions
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistent with the basic concept of AL (focusing on the known co-occurrence of biological risks), examination of specific biological parameters or regulatory systems/processes provides more modest evidence of mediation, with the most extensive/complete mediation seen when the broadest array of biological systems are taken into account.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > SES gradients in cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Adverse early childhood conditions, for example, have been found to increase the genetic contribution to patterns of morning cortisol rise 196 as well as cortisol reactivity to an unfamiliar situation 197 with MZ twins showing increased concordance as compared with DZ twins.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [196]
- Not checked yetcites [197] source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For example, shift work 201 and short-turn around time for air crews on trans-meridianal flights 202 have health and cognitive effects that could be ameliorated by work policies.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Policy
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among those reporting changes in SES, increases in SES from childhood to adulthood were associated with levels of AL closer to the “consistently high SES” group while downward mobility was associated with levels closer to the “consistently low SES” group.184”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > SES gradients in cumulative biological "wear and tear" (that is, allostatic load)
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [184] source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Evidence linking lower SES conditions to greater/faster cumulative dysregulation in nearly all major biological systems provides clear evidence of the health toll such socio-economic conditions exact.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Policy
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Peripheral biological parameters represent a potentially valuable category of such “intermediate” or short-term outcomes.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Policy
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Rests on an assumption: Peripheral biological parameters have shorter time horizons than downstream disease outcomes in terms of responsiveness to changing conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: Peripheral biological parameters are known risk factors for major disease outcomes.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“With their likely shorter time horizon, peripheral biological profiles would appear to be good candidates for such shorter-term evaluations-providing early evidence of the impact of a program or policy on risk profiles that are known to predict longer-term disease risks.”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Policy
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Peripheral biological parameters have shorter time horizons than downstream disease outcomes in terms of responsiveness to changing conditions.
- Rests on an assumption: Peripheral biological parameters are known risk factors for major disease outcomes.
In the paper
“To date, a small but growing body of evidence points to significant interactions between genetic endowment and environmental conditions, with different genetic profiles rendering individuals more or less responsive to environmental conditions.134”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Future directions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [134]
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Poorer childhood conditions have also been associated with differences in neural responses to negative emotional stimuli 199 as well as differences in physiological reactivity to challenge in college-aged students.84”
§ The Biology of Disadvantage Socio-economic differentials in peripheral biology: Cumulative allostatic load > Future directions
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The authors state this as an assumption.
Excessive fluctuations in physiologic activity in extent, duration, or frequency can result in wear and tear on the body's regulatory systems.
“The premise is that while relatively short-term fluctuations in levels of physiologic activity are necessary for the body to respond successfully to stimuli (e.g., the fight or flight response in the face of various types of danger), excessive fluctuations either in terms of the extent, duration or frequency (e.g., responding to perceived”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Allostatic load develops over the life course, with individuals accumulating allostatic load at different rates.
“As a cumulative phenomenon, allostatic load is postulated to develop over the life course, with individuals accumulating AL at different rates.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
The initiation and progression of allostatic load dysregulation is driven by individual differences in the frequency of exposure to real and perceived challenges and differences in patterns of physiological responses to these challenges.
“Both the initiation and progression of such dysregulation is postulated to be driven by individual differences in the frequency of exposure to real and perceived challenges and differences in their patterns of physiological responses to these challenges.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Population differences in allostatic load develop over time as a result of individual differences in exposure to different situations and stimuli and individual differences in cognitive/emotional reactions to these stimuli.
“Over time, as a result of individual differences in exposure to different situations and stimuli, and individual differences in cognitive/emotional reactions to these stimuli, population differences in allostatic load are postulated to develop.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Older individuals generally have more cumulative allostatic load; within any given age group, there is a range of allostatic loads reflecting differences in prior exposures and reactions to life-time experiences.
“Older individuals will generally have more cumulative load; but within any given age group, there will be a range of allostatic loads that reflect differences in prior exposures and reactions to one's life-time experiences.”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Relatively modest dysregulation when cumulated across multiple systems may have significant impacts on health risks, even if none of the individual effects would be deemed statistically or clinically significant.
“This view of biological risk proposes that relatively modest dysregulation (e.g., somewhat elevated BP and/or more frequent or prolonged elevations in response to stimuli) when cumulated across multiple systems may have significant impacts on health risks, even if none of the individual effects would be deemed either statistically or clinically”
The paper relies on this without support.
Peripheral biological parameters have shorter time horizons than downstream disease outcomes in terms of responsiveness to changing conditions.
“Because such parameters are known risk factors for major disease outcomes but have shorter time horizons than do more downstream disease outcomes in terms of their responsiveness to changing conditions”
The paper relies on this without support.
Peripheral biological parameters are known risk factors for major disease outcomes.
“such parameters are known risk factors for major disease outcomes”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Theoretically, stressful experiences directly increase allostatic load”
From Allostatic load and biological anthropology (2017) · cites this paper as Seeman et al., 2010
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“A key mechanism for explaining this association is chronic stress, which is believed to degrade physiological functioning (3)(4)(5)(6)”
From Social disadvantage, genetic sensitivity, and children's telomere length (2014) · cites this paper as [5]
Citations
Cites
Grundy, S. M., Bilheimer, D. W., Chait, A., Clark, L. T., Denke, M. A., Havel, R. J., Hazzard, W. R., Hulley, S. B., Hunninghake, D. B., Kreisberg, R. A., et al. (1993) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.269.23.3015 · Cited by 27,944
Expert Panel on Detection, E. (2001) · JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association · doi:10.1001/jama.285.19.2486 · Cited by 26,011
Chobanian, A. V. (2003) · JAMA · doi:10.1001/jama.289.19.2560 · Cited by 25,386
Chobanian, A. V., Bakris, G. L., Black, H. R., Cushman, W. C., Green, L. A., Izzo, J. L., Jones, D. W., Materson, B. J., Oparil, S., Wright, J. T., et al. (2003) · Hypertension · doi:10.1161/01.hyp.0000107251.49515.c2 · Cited by 13,271
Role of Insulin Resistance in Human Disease
Reaven, G. M. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diab.37.12.1595 · Cited by 12,154
Prediction of coronary heart disease using risk factor categories
Wilson, P. W. F., D’Agostino, R. B., Levy, D., Belanger, A. M., Silbershatz, H., & Kannel, W. B. (1998) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/01.cir.97.18.1837 · Cited by 9,581
Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene
Caspi, A., Sugden, K., Moffitt, T. E., Taylor, A., Craig, I. W., Harrington, H., McClay, J., Mill, J., Martin, J., Braithwaite, A., et al. (2003) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1083968 · Cited by 8,120
Selye, H. (1956) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 5,224
Banting lecture 1988. Role of insulin resistance in human disease.
Reaven, G. (1988) · Diabetes · doi:10.2337/diabetes.37.12.1595 · Cited by 3,801
Danesh, J., Wheeler, J. G., Hirschfield, G. M., Eda, S., Eiriksdottir, G., Rumley, A., Lowe, G. D. O., Pepys, M. B., & Gudnason, V. (2004) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmoa032804 · Cited by 2,953
Research works printed but not linked: 4
- Seeman T., 2007, Social determinants of health inequalities: drivers of cumulative risks and biological consequences
- Bernard C., 1878, Les Phenomenes de la vie
- Epel E., 2007, Handbook of health psychology of aging, 119
- Seeman T., In press. Modeling multi‐system biological risk in young adults: coronary artery risk development in young adults study (CARDIA), Am. J. Hum. Biol.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 301–400 of 577
The Embodiment Dynamic over the Life Course: A Case for Examining Cancer Aetiology
Kelly‐Irving, M., & Delpierre, C. (2017) · Palgrave Macmillan UK eBooks · doi:10.1057/978-1-137-52879-7_22 · Cited by 22
A life-course, epigenetic perspective on resilience in brain and body
McEwen, B. S. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813983-7.00001-x · Cited by 18
Self-citationLate-life depression, allostatic load, and risk of dementia: The AGES-Reykjavik study
Twait, E. L., Basten, M., Gerritsen, L., Gudnason, V. G., Launer, L. J., & Geerlings, M. I. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105975 · Cited by 18
Immune and neuroendocrine correlates of temperament in infancy
O’Connor, T. G., Scheible, K. M., Sefair, A. V., Gilchrist, M., Blackmore, E. R., Winter, M. A., Gunnar, M. R., Wyman, C. P., Carnahan, J. A., Moynihan, J. A., et al. (2017) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579417001250 · Cited by 19
Jackman, M. R., & Shauman, K. A. (2019) · Du Bois Review Social Science Research on Race · doi:10.1017/s1742058x20000028 · Cited by 20
Kim, J., & Tong, Y. (2020) · Social Science Research · doi:10.1016/j.ssresearch.2020.102465 · Cited by 17
Kautz, M. M. (2021) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2021.100322 · Cited by 17
What do GPs actually know about their patients as persons?
Mjølstad, B. P., Kirkengen, A. L., Getz, L., & Hetlevik, I. (2013) · European Journal for Person Centered Healthcare · doi:10.5750/ejpch.v1i1.647 · Cited by 17
Malecki, K. M. C., Schultz, A., & Bergmans, R. S. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15010084 · Cited by 17
Romo‐Nava, F., Tafoya, S. A., & Heinze, G. (2013) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2013.046 · Cited by 16
Ben-Shaanan, T. L., Schiller, M., & Rolls, A. (2016) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2016.11.024 · Cited by 16
Calcaterra, V., Cena, H., Silvestri, A. D., Albertini, R., AMICI, M. D., Valenza, M., & Pelizzo, G. (2017) · Hormone Research in Paediatrics · doi:10.1159/000477906 · Cited by 16
Leone, T. (2018) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2018.100341 · Cited by 16
Evaluation of Nutritional Status and Allostatic Load in Adult Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Macit, M. S., & Tek, N. A. (2019) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2019.05.011 · Cited by 16
Peterson, R. L., Butler, E. A., Ehiri, J. E., Fain, M. J., & Carvajal, S. C. (2020) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbaa003 · Cited by 16
Biological Aging Marker p16INK4a in T Cells and Breast Cancer Risk
Shen, J., Song, R., Fuemmeler, B. F., McGuire, K. P., Chow, W., & Zhao, H. (2020) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers12113122 · Cited by 16
Dich, N., Doan, S. N., & Evans, G. W. (2014) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/0165025414544232 · Cited by 16
Sociodemographic disparities in corticolimbic structures
Shaked, D., Millman, Z. B., Moody, D. L. B., Rosenberger, W. F., Shao, H., Katzel, L. I., Davatzikos, C. A., Gullapalli, R. P., Seliger, S. L., Erus, G., et al. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0216338 · Cited by 17
Falcone, M., Salhia, B., Halbert, C. H., Torres, E. T. R., Stewart, D. B., Stern, M. C., & Lerman, C. E. (2024) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-24-1359 · Cited by 16
The quantified self: closing the gap between general knowledge and particular case?
Thornquist, E., & Kirkengen, A. L. (2014) · Journal of Evaluation in Clinical Practice · doi:10.1111/jep.12239 · Cited by 15
Schüle, S. A., Nanninga, S., Dreger, S., & Bolte, G. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15081562 · Cited by 15
Stress-related health depreciation: Using allostatic load to predict self-rated health
Barry, L. E., O’Neill, S., Heaney, L. G., & O’Neill, C. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114170 · Cited by 15
Sánchez-Vincitore, L. V., & Castro, A. (2022) · PLOS Global Public Health · doi:10.1371/journal.pgph.0000465 · Cited by 15
Social Support and Strain Across Close Relationships: A Twin Study
Kutschke, J., Bengtson, M., Seeman, T. E., & Harris, J. R. (2018) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/s10519-018-9899-x · Cited by 17
Self-citationEffects of Metabolic Syndrome on Language Functions in Aging
Cahana-Amitay, D., Spiro, A., Cohen, J. A., Oveis, A. C., Ojo, E. A., Sayers, J. T., Obler, L. K., & Albert, M. L. (2015) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617715000028 · Cited by 14
Brasher, M. S., George, L. K., Shi, X., Yin, Z., & Zeng, Y. (2017) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2017.07.003 · Cited by 14
Werdecker, L., & Esch, T. (2019) · Springer Reference Pflege, Therapie, Gesundheit · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-58314-2_33 · Cited by 16
Suicide: Allostatic regulation and resilience
Stacy, M. A., & Schulkin, J. A. (2022) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2022.105691 · Cited by 16
Automobile dependence: A contributing factor to poorer health among lower-income households
Rachele, J. N., Sugiyama, T., Turrell, G., Healy, A. M., & Sallis, J. F. (2017) · Journal of Transport & Health · doi:10.1016/j.jth.2017.11.149 · Cited by 14
On psychology and psychiatry in diabetes
Sridhar, G. R. (2020) · Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism · doi:10.4103/ijem.ijem_188_20 · Cited by 14
Li, K., Xue, C., Chen, L., Liu, Y., Huang, J., Li, P., Liang, D., & Chen, J. (2025) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2025.1532372 · Cited by 13
Pageot, Y. K., Stanton, A. L., Ganz, P. A., Irwin, M. R., Cole, S. W., Crespi, C. M., Breen, E. C., Kuhlman, K. R., & Bower, J. E. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.10.008 · Cited by 13
Zandara, M., Garcia‐Lluch, M., Villada, C., Hidalgo, V., & Salvador, A. (2017) · Stress and Health · doi:10.1002/smi.2757 · Cited by 13
Dent, S. C., Berger, S. M., & Griffin, J. S. (2020) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23549 · Cited by 13
Stress of stoicism: Low emotionality and high control lead to increases in allostatic load
Doan, S. N., Dich, N., & Evans, G. W. (2016) · Applied Developmental Science · doi:10.1080/10888691.2016.1171716 · Cited by 14
Impact of Social Vulnerability and Allostatic Load on Postoperative Outcomes
Khalil, M., Woldesenbet, S., King, J., Shaw, S., Rashid, Z., Altaf, A., Zindani, S., Obeng‐Gyasi, S., & Pawlik, T. M. (2025) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-025-18144-5 · Cited by 12
Secondhand smoke’s effects on brain development: ADHD and associated behaviors in children
El‐Beeh, M. E. (2023) · Journal of Umm Al-Qura University for Applied Sciences · doi:10.1007/s43994-023-00065-2 · Cited by 12
Ren, Y., Zuo, C., Ming, H., Zhang, Y., & Huang, S. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2023.08.027 · Cited by 12
Allostatic load as a predictor of postoperative complications in patients with breast cancer
Chen, J., Elsaid, M. I., Handley, D., Anderson, L., Andersen, B. L., Carson, W. E., Beane, J. D., Kim, A., Skoracki, R. J., Pawlik, T. M., et al. (2024) · npj Breast Cancer · doi:10.1038/s41523-024-00654-2 · Cited by 12
Poteat, T., Gallo, L. C., Harkness, A., Isasi, C. R., Matthews, A. K., Schneiderman, N., Thyagarajan, B., Daviglus, M. L., Sotres‐Alvarez, D., & Perreira, K. M. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/28997 · Cited by 13
Gilmore, D. R., Carreño, T. M., Zare, H., Moore, J. X., Rogers, C. R., Brooks, E., Petersen, E. M., Kennedy, C. D., & Thorpe, R. J. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19095486 · Cited by 12
Read-Wahidi, M. R., & DeCaro, J. A. (2017) · Medical Anthropology Quarterly · doi:10.1111/maq.12372 · Cited by 12
Tribble, R. C., & Kim, P. (2019) · Emerging issues in family and individual resilience · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05952-1_4 · Cited by 12
Kane, J. B., & Margerison-Zilko, C. E. (2017) · Population Research and Policy Review · doi:10.1007/s11113-017-9430-8 · Cited by 12
Duff, I. T., Krolick, K. N., Mahmoud, H., & Chidambaran, V. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12165176 · Cited by 11
The Hidden Burden: Impact of Allostatic Load on Colorectal Cancer Surgery Outcomes
Khalil, M., Woldesenbet, S., Rashid, Z., Altaf, A., Zindani, S., Huang, E. S., Husain, S. A., Kalady, M. F., Obeng‐Gyasi, S., & Pawlik, T. M. (2025) · Annals of Surgical Oncology · doi:10.1245/s10434-025-17711-0 · Cited by 11
Falco, A., Girardi, D., Elfering, A., Peric, T., Pividori, I., & Corso, L. D. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20136220 · Cited by 12
Jansen, S. W. M., Roelfsema, F., Akintola, A. A., Oei, N. Y. L., Cobbaert, C. M., Ballieux, B. E. P. B., van der Grond, J., Westendorp, R. G. J., Pijl, H., & van Heemst, D. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0133119 · Cited by 11
Patton, K. K., Benjamin, E. J., Kosheleva, A., Curtis, L. H., & Glymour, M. M. (2011) · Annals of Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.annepidem.2011.06.003 · Cited by 11
8. John Henryism, Structural Racism, and Cardiovascular Health Risks in Black Americans
James, S. A. (2019) · Racism: Science & Tools for the Public Health Professional · doi:10.2105/9780875533049ch08 · Cited by 11
Applebaum, J. W., McDonald, S. E., & Zsembik, B. A. (2023) · SSM - Population Health · doi:10.1016/j.ssmph.2023.101344 · Cited by 11
Soria, C., Remedi, C., Nunez, D. A., D'Alessio, L., & Roldán, E. (2015) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2014-007231 · Cited by 11
Crimmins, E. M., & Vasunilashorn, S. M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417235-7.00003-2 · Cited by 11
Crouch, M. C., Salazar, M. B. R. C., Harris, S. J., & Rosich, R. (2023) · Chronic Stress · doi:10.1177/24705470221149479 · Cited by 11
Halbert, C. H., Allen, C. G., Jefferson, M. S., Magwood, G., Melvin, C. L., Babatunde, O. A., Baquet, C. R., Delmoor, E., Johnson, J. C., Mathews, D., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Men s Health · doi:10.1177/1557988320979236 · Cited by 10
Raphael, C., & Matsuoka, M. (2024) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520384347 · Cited by 11
Healthy Aging in the Context of Educational Disadvantage: The Role of “Ordinary Magic”
McLaughlin, S. J. (2016) · Journal of Aging and Health · doi:10.1177/0898264316659994 · Cited by 11
Akrivos, J., Zhu, C. W., & Haroutunian, V. H. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-035847 · Cited by 10
Glymour, M. M., Benjamin, E. J., Кошелева, А., Gilsanz, P., Curtis, L. H., & Patton, K. K. (2013) · Health & Place · doi:10.1016/j.healthplace.2012.12.008 · Cited by 10
Hansen, Å. M., Andersen, L. L., Mendes de Leon, C. F., Bruunsgaard, H., & Lund, R. (2016) · Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health · doi:10.1136/jech-2015-205664 · Cited by 8
Elfering, A., Grebner, S., Ganster, D. C., Berset, M., Kottwitz, M. U., & Semmer, N. K. (2017) · Work & Stress · doi:10.1080/02678373.2017.1417337 · Cited by 14
McEwen, B. S. (2018) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2018.09.011 · Cited by 10
Self-citationJames, S. A. (2017) · American Journal of Epidemiology · doi:10.1093/aje/kwx070 · Cited by 10
Lee, B., Ciciurkaite, G., Peng, S., Mitchell, C. M., & Perry, B. L. (2026) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.2515331123 · Cited by 10
Arbeitsbedingter Stress und der Allostatic Load Index – eine systematische Übersichtsarbeit
Mauss, D., Li, J., Schmidt, B., Angerer, P., & Jarczok, M. N. (2015) · Das Gesundheitswesen · doi:10.1055/s-0035-1555951 · Cited by 9
Kiser, L. J., Fishbein, D. H., Gatzke‐Kopp, L. M., Vivrette, R. L., Creavey, K. L., Stevenson, J., Medoff, D. R., & Busuito, A. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01487-5 · Cited by 9
Muennig, P. A., Vail, D. G., & Hakes, J. K. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2020-037051 · Cited by 9
From work stress to disease: A computational model
de Grave, R. B., Hasselman, F., & Bijleveld, E. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0263966 · Cited by 10
Petteway, R. J., & González, L. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19138187 · Cited by 13
Social Sciences and Health: A Framework for Building and Strengthening Social Connectedness
Haslam, C., & Haslam, S. A. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781911623069.003 · Cited by 9
Hardiman, G., Savage, S. J., Hazard, E. S., da Silveira, W. A., Morgan, R. A., Harris, A., Jefferson, M. S., Wilson, R. C., Caulder, S., Ambrose, L., et al. (2021) · Cancers · doi:10.3390/cancers13205143 · Cited by 9
Nicod, E., Stringhini, S., Marques-Vidal, P. M., Paccaud, F. M., Waeber, G., Lamiraud, K., Vollenweider, P., & Bochud, M. (2014) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2014.03.013 · Cited by 9
LeBrón, A. M. W., Schulz, A. J., Mentz, G. B., Israel, B. A., & Stokes, C. (2019) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s002193201900004x · Cited by 9
Parental Education and Delirium Risk after Surgery in Older Adults
Arias, F., Chen, F., Shiff, H. M., Marcantonio, E. R., Jones, R. N., Schmitt, E. M., Metzger, E. D., Fong, T. G., Travison, T. G., & Inouye, S. K. (2022) · Clinical Gerontologist · doi:10.1080/07317115.2022.2111289 · Cited by 9
Ray, M., Heinsberg, L. W., McNeil, R. B., Grobman, W. A., Lueth, A. J., Silver, R. M., Merz, C. N. B., Levine, L. D., Yee, L. M., Weeks, D. E., et al. (2025) · Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1097/aog.0000000000006062 · Cited by 8
Wickrama, K. A. S., O’Neal, C. W., & Holmes, C. J. (2017) · Adolescent Research Review · doi:10.1007/s40894-017-0054-3 · Cited by 8
Temple, D. H., & Edes, A. N. (2022) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198849711.003.0014 · Cited by 8
Futureproofing Social Support Policies for Population Health
Muennig, P. A. (2023) · Milbank Quarterly · doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12630 · Cited by 9
Liao, X., Wang, H., Ni, X., & Yu, C. (2024) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs14121234 · Cited by 8
Racial and Ethnic Inequalities in Health
Angel, J. L., Mudražija, S., & Benson, R. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-417235-7.00006-8 · Cited by 8
Allostatic load and risk of hearing impairment
Matthews, K., Dawes, P., Elliott, R., Maharani, A., Pendleton, N., & Tampubolon, G. (2022) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2022.100496 · Cited by 9
Levine, C. S., Atkins, A. H., Waldfogel, H. B., & Chen, E. (2016) · Self and Identity · doi:10.1080/15298868.2016.1173090 · Cited by 8
Jabson, J. M., Bowen, D. J., Weinberg, J., Kroenke, C. H., Luo, J., Messina, C. R., Shumaker, S. A., & Tindle, H. A. (2016) · Clinical Medicine Insights Women s Health · doi:10.4137/cmwh.s34692 · Cited by 8
Brown, K. K., Lewis, R. K., Baumgartner, E., Schunn, C., Maryman, J., & LoCurto, J. (2016) · Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities · doi:10.1007/s40615-016-0250-z · Cited by 8
La santé et le développement de l’enfant dans la perspective de leurs déterminants sociaux
Denny, K., & Brownell, M. D. (2010) · Canadian Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/bf03403974 · Cited by 8
Stress, Depression, Mental Illness, and Men's Health
Agochukwu, N. Q., & Wittmann, D. A. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-816665-9.00010-x · Cited by 10
Toward an Affective Political Ecology of Obesity
Abbots, E., Eli, K., & Ulijaszek, S. J. (2020) · Cultural Politics an International Journal · doi:10.1215/17432197-8593550 · Cited by 8
Authors Build an Important Foundation for Further Research
Sibille, K. T., Riley, J. L., & McEwen, B. S. (2012) · Journal of Pain · doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2012.09.010 · Cited by 7
Self-citationJinez, A. M., Cabriales, E. C. G., D’Alonzo, K. T., Esquivel, A. U., López-Rincón, F. J., & Salazar-González, B. C. (2018) · Aquichan · doi:10.5294/aqui.2018.18.3.5 · Cited by 7
The role of co-morbidity in accumulating risk of chronic pain
van der Windt, D. (2011) · Pain · doi:10.1016/j.pain.2011.10.040 · Cited by 7
To what extent are biological pathways useful when aiming to reduce social inequalities in cancer?
Delpierre, C., & Kelly‐Irving, M. (2011) · European Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1093/eurpub/ckr076 · Cited by 7
Ye, X., Zhu, D., Ding, R., & He, P. (2021) · Health Policy and Planning · doi:10.1093/heapol/czab147 · Cited by 6
What impact does hearing impairment have on cognitive health in older married couples in China?
Du, Y., Luo, Y., Ren, Z., Gram, L., Zheng, X., & Liu, J. (2024) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2024.116999 · Cited by 6
Cumulative adversity and survival in the wild
Ortiz‐Ross, X., & Blumstein, D. T. (2024) · Ecology Letters · doi:10.1111/ele.14485 · Cited by 7
Mackenbach, J. P. (2019) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oso/9780198831419.003.0001 · Cited by 6
Shaping a Healthier LIHTC Housing Stock: Examining the Role of States’ Qualified Allocation Plans
Ahrentzen, S. B., Dearborn, L. M., Momen-Heravi, A., & Sadoughi, A. (2022) · Housing Policy Debate · doi:10.1080/10511482.2022.2086896 · Cited by 6
Zhang, L., Muscat, J. E., Chinchilli, V. M., Kris‐Etherton, P. M., Al‐Shaar, L., & Richie, J. P. (2024) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu16030403 · Cited by 6
Behavioral Factors of Longevity
Martin, P., Poon, L. W., & Hagberg, B. (2011) · Journal of Aging Research · doi:10.4061/2011/197590 · Cited by 6
Soria, C., Remedi, C., D’Alessio, L., & Ej, R. (2018) · Open Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4236/ojpsych.2018.83019 · Cited by 6
The role of allostatic load in adverse pregnancy outcomes: a multisystem, developmental perspective
Costello, L., Banker, S. M., Morales, S., Barber, M., Hockett, C. W., McCormack, L. A., Rauth, V. A., Elliott, A. J., & Shuffrey, L. C. (2026) · Frontiers in Global Women s Health · doi:10.3389/fgwh.2025.1725275 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Seeman, T., Epel, E., Gruenewald, T., Karlamangla, A., & McEwen, B. S.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Rockefeller University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Seeman, Teresa
- Venue
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2010-02
- Volume
- 1186
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 223-239
- ISSN
- 0077-8923 (ISSN-L)
- 1749-6632
- OpenAlex
- W1619226291
- Cited by
- 579
- References
- 219
- Citations by year
- 2026: 17 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 24 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 44 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 50 · 2017: 39 · 2016: 39 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 46 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 40
- FWCI
- 7.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Health › Public Health and Social Inequalities
- Keywords
- socioeconomic status, allostatic load, physiological dysregulation, aging trajectories, life course, health disparities, morbidity and mortality, gene-environment interaction
- MeSH terms
- Adaptation, Physiological, Health Status, Humans, Social Class, Social Environment, Socioeconomic Factors, Allostasis
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-10, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-10 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
