Out of the ESCPE room: Emerging roles of endosomal SNX‐BARs in receptor transport and host–pathogen interaction

Abstract

Several functions of the human cell, such as sensing nutrients, cell movement and interaction with the surrounding environment, depend on a myriad of transmembrane proteins and their associated proteins and lipids (collectively termed “cargoes”). To successfully perform their tasks, cargo must be sorted and delivered to the right place, at the right time, and in the right amount. To achieve this, eukaryotic cells have evolved a highly organized sorting platform, the endosomal network. Here, a variety of specialized multiprotein complexes sort cargo into itineraries leading to either their degradation or their recycling to various organelles for further rounds of reuse. A key sorting complex is the Endosomal SNX‐BAR Sorting Complex for Promoting Exit (ESCPE‐1) that promotes the recycling of an array of cargos to the plasma membrane and/or the trans ‐Golgi network. ESCPE‐1 recognizes a hydrophobic‐based sorting motif in numerous cargoes and orchestrates their packaging into tubular carriers that pinch off from the endosome and travel to the target organelle. A wide range of pathogens mimic this sorting motif to hijack ESCPE‐1 transport to promote their invasion and survival within infected cells. In other instances, ESCPE‐1 exerts restrictive functions against pathogens by limiting their replication and infection. In this review, we discuss ESCPE‐1 assembly and functions, with a particular focus on recent advances in the understanding of its role in membrane trafficking, cellular homeostasis and host–pathogen interaction.