Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways Mediated by ERK, JNK, and p38 Protein Kinases
Abstract
Multicellular organisms have three well-characterized subfamilies of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) that control a vast array of physiological processes. These enzymes are regulated by a characteristic phosphorelay system in which a series of three protein kinases phosphorylate and activate one another. The extracellular signal–regulated kinases (ERKs) function in the control of cell division, and inhibitors of these enzymes are being explored as anticancer agents. The c-Jun amino-terminal kinases (JNKs) are critical regulators of transcription, and JNK inhibitors may be effective in control of rheumatoid arthritis. The p38 MAPKs are activated by inflammatory cytokines and environmental stresses and may contribute to diseases like asthma and autoimmunity.
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ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 are activated by dedicated MAP2Ks MKK1/2, MKK4/7, and MKK3/4/6, respectively.
“MAPKs are part of multi-tiered kinase cascades in which ERK1/2, JNK and p38 are activated by dedicated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinases (MAP2Ks) MKK1/2, MKK4/7 and MKK3/4/6, respectively (5).”
From Specificity of Linear Motifs That Bind to a Common Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Docking Groove (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
MAPKs regulate diverse cellular processes and interact with proteins through linear binding motifs.
“Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) regulate diverse aspects of cellular life such as cell division, differentiation or apoptosis and interact with proteins through linear binding motifs (5-6).”
From Specificity of Linear Motifs That Bind to a Common Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Docking Groove (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
MAPKs contain a docking groove that binds linear motifs in partner proteins.
“Mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have a docking groove that interacts with linear motifs in binding partners.”
From Specificity of Linear Motifs That Bind to a Common Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Docking Groove (2012) · cites this paper as [5]
Each MAPK is separately regulated within individual cells.
“Each one is separately regulated within individual cells (184)”
From Immunosenescence and Its Hallmarks: How to Oppose Aging Strategically? A Review of Potential Options for Therapeutic Intervention (2019) · cites this paper as [184]
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- Authors
- Johnson, G. L., & Lapadat, R.
- Affiliations
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA.
- Corresponding author
- Johnson, Gary L.
- Venue
- Science
- Published
- 2002-12-06
- Volume
- 298
- Issue
- 5600
- Pages
- 1911-1912
- ISSN
- 0036-8075 (ISSN-L)
- 1095-9203
- OpenAlex
- W2060630008
- Cited by
- 4,295
- References
- 11
- Citations by year
- 2026: 98 · 2025: 139 · 2024: 153 · 2023: 157 · 2022: 193 · 2021: 185 · 2020: 189 · 2019: 190 · 2018: 205 · 2017: 190 · 2016: 166 · 2015: 192 · 2014: 196 · 2013: 203 · 2012: 217
- FWCI
- 58.16
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Science (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Melanoma and MAPK Pathways
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Kinase Regulation and GTPase Signaling
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Tyrosine Phosphatases
- Keywords
- mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK, JNK, p38 MAPK, MAPK signaling, phosphorelay, cell division, JNK inhibitor, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory cytokines, asthma, autoimmunity, transcriptional regulation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cell Division, Enzyme Activation, Gene Expression Regulation, Humans, Neoplasms, Phosphorylation, Protein-Tyrosine Kinases, Transcription, Genetic, Cytokines, Apoptosis, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, MAP Kinase Kinase Kinases, MAP Kinase Signaling System, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 8, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 9, Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 10
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