The DOI matches its Crossref record; 32 of the 32 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Pathogen Recognition and Inflammatory Signaling in Innate Immune Defenses
Open accessAbstract
SUMMARY: The innate immune system constitutes the first line of defense against invading microbial pathogens and relies on a large family of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), which detect distinct evolutionarily conserved structures on pathogens, termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs). Among the PRRs, the Toll-like receptors have been studied most extensively. Upon PAMP engagement, PRRs trigger intracellular signaling cascades ultimately culminating in the expression of a variety of proinflammatory molecules, which together orchestrate the early host response to infection, and also is a prerequisite for the subsequent activation and shaping of adaptive immunity. In order to avoid immunopathology, this system is tightly regulated by a number of endogenous molecules that limit the magnitude and duration of the inflammatory response. Moreover, pathogenic microbes have developed sophisticated molecular strategies to subvert host defenses by interfering with molecules involved in inflammatory signaling. This review presents current knowledge on pathogen recognition through different families of PRRs and the increasingly complex signaling pathways responsible for activation of an inflammatory and antimicrobial response. Moreover, medical implications are discussed, including the role of PRRs in primary immunodeficiencies and in the pathogenesis of infectious and autoimmune diseases, as well as the possibilities for translation into clinical and therapeutic applications.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Janeway, C. A., & Medzhitov, R. (2002) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.083001.084359 · Cited by 8,394
Akira, S., & Takeda, K. (2004) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri1391 · Cited by 8,312
A Toll-like receptor recognizes bacterial DNA
Hemmi, H., Takeuchi, O., Kawai, T., Kaisho, T., Sato, S., Sanjo, H., Matsumoto, M., Hoshino, K., Wagner, H., Takeda, K., et al. (2000) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35047123 · Cited by 6,491 · cited 2×
“(121) as opposed to methylated DNA present in mammalian cells, which generally does not activate the immune system.”
BackgroundRecognition of double-stranded RNA and activation of NF-κB by Toll-like receptor 3
Alexopoulou, L., Holt, A. C., Medzhitov, R., & Flavell, R. A. (2001) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35099560 · Cited by 6,129
Martinon, F., Burns, K., & Tschopp, J. (2002) · Molecular Cell · doi:10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00599-3 · Cited by 6,066
Gout-associated uric acid crystals activate the NALP3 inflammasome
Martinon, F., Pétrilli, V., Mayor, A., Tardivel, A., & Tschopp, J. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04516 · Cited by 5,326
Taganov, K. D., Boldin, M. P., Chang, K.-J., & Baltimore, D. (2006) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0605298103 · Cited by 4,317
Differential roles of MDA5 and RIG-I helicases in the recognition of RNA viruses
Kato, H., Takeuchi, O., Sato, S., Yoneyama, M., Yamamoto, M., Matsui, K., Uematsu, S., Jung, A., Kawai, T., Ishii, K. J., et al. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04734 · Cited by 3,888
STING is an endoplasmic reticulum adaptor that facilitates innate immune signalling
Ishikawa, H., & Barber, G. N. (2008) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature07317 · Cited by 3,576
Nuclear factor-κB in cancer development and progression
Karin, M. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature04870 · Cited by 3,519
Cited by
NF-κB signaling in inflammation
Liu, T., Zhang, L., Joo, D., & Sun, S.-C. (2017) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/sigtrans.2017.23 · Cited by 8,791
Kelly, J. R., Kennedy, P. J., Cryan, J. F., Dinan, T. G., Clarke, G., & Hyland, N. P. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00392 · Cited by 1,110
Targeting drugs to tumours using cell membrane-coated nanoparticles
Fang, R. H., Gao, W., & Zhang, L. (2023) · Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology · doi:10.1038/s41571-022-00699-x · Cited by 980
Impact of Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome on Immunity
Andersen, C. J., Murphy, K. E., & Fernandez, M. L. (2016) · Advances in Nutrition · doi:10.3945/an.115.010207 · Cited by 701
Obesity, Insulin Resistance, and Type 2 Diabetes: Associations and Therapeutic Implications
Wondmkun, Y. T. (2020) · Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy · doi:10.2147/dmso.s275898 · Cited by 706
Integrating oncolytic viruses in combination cancer immunotherapy
Bommareddy, P. K., Shettigar, M., & Kaufman, H. L. (2018) · Nature reviews. Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41577-018-0014-6 · Cited by 704
Lee (2019) · doi:10.1038/s12276-019-0299-y · Cited by 635
Jensen, S., & Thomsen, A. R. (2012) · Journal of Virology · doi:10.1128/jvi.05738-11 · Cited by 604
Cullin, N., Azevedo Antunes, C., Straussman, R., Stein-Thoeringer, C. K., & Elinav, E. (2021) · Cancer Cell · doi:10.1016/j.ccell.2021.08.006 · Cited by 578
Role of Metabolic Endotoxemia in Systemic Inflammation and Potential Interventions
Mohammad, S., & Thiemermann, C. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.594150 · Cited by 585
Inflammation, Immunity, and Infection in Atherothrombosis
Libby, P., Loscalzo, J., Ridker, P. M., Farkouh, M. E., Hsue, P. Y., Fuster, V., Hasan, A. A., & Amar, S. (2018) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.08.1043 · Cited by 548
Large-scale ruminant genome sequencing provides insights into their evolution and distinct traits
Chen, L., Qiu, Q., Jiang, Y., Wang, K., Lin, Z., Li, Z., Bibi, F., Yang, Y., Wang, J., Nie, W., et al. (2019) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aav6202 · Cited by 441
Matson, V., Chervin, C. S., & Gajewski, T. F. (2021) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2020.11.041 · Cited by 385
Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis and Toll-Like Receptors in Parkinson’s Disease
Caputi, V., & Giron, M. C. (2018) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms19061689 · Cited by 338
The Role of Immune and Inflammatory Cells in Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis
Desai, O., Winkler, J., Minasyan, M., & Herzog, E. L. (2018) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2018.00043 · Cited by 314
The Impact of Systemic Inflammation on Alzheimer’s Disease Pathology
Xie, J., Van Hoecke, L., & Vandenbroucke, R. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.796867 · Cited by 324
Neurobiology of Resilience: Interface Between Mind and Body
Cathomas, F., Murrough, J. W., Nestler, E. J., Han, M.-H., & Russo, S. J. (2019) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.04.011 · Cited by 296
The BET family in immunity and disease
Wang, N., Wu, R., Tang, D., & Kang, R. (2021) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-020-00384-4 · Cited by 295
Lama, L., Adura, C., Xie, W., Tomita, D., Kamei, T., Kuryavyi, V., Gogakos, T., Steinberg, J. I., Miller, M., Ramos-Espiritu, L., et al. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-08620-4 · Cited by 303
Development of PARP and immune-checkpoint inhibitor combinations
Stewart, R. A., Pilié, P. G., & Yap, T. A. (2018) · Cancer Research · doi:10.1158/0008-5472.can-18-2652 · Cited by 239
Ulfig, A., & Leichert, L. I. (2021) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-020-03591-y · Cited by 239
Antidepressant therapies inhibit inflammation and microglial M1-polarization
Kalkman, H. O., & Feuerbach, D. (2016) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.04.001 · Cited by 212
Control of innate immune response by biomaterial surface topography, energy, and stiffness
Abaricia, J. O., Farzad, N., Heath, T. J., Simmons, J., Morandini, L., & Olivares-Navarrete, R. (2021) · Acta Biomaterialia · doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2021.04.021 · Cited by 199
Innate and Adaptive Inflammation as a Therapeutic Target in Vascular Disease
Tousoulis, D., Psarros, C., Demosthenous, M., Patel, R., Antoniades, C., & Stefanadis, C. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Cardiology · doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2014.01.054 · Cited by 187
Kuhlman, K. R., Horn, S. R., Chiang, J. J., & Bower, J. E. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.028 · Cited by 163
Fever and sickness behavior: Friend or foe?
Harden, L. M., Kent, S., Pittman, Q. J., & Roth, J. (2015) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2015.07.012 · Cited by 161
Tanaka, M., Kishimoto, Y., Sasaki, M., Sato, A., Kamiya, T., Kondo, K., & Iida, K. (2018) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2018/9364364 · Cited by 154
Microbiota–neuroepithelial signalling across the gut–brain axis
Ohara, T. E., & Hsiao, E. Y. (2025) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/s41579-024-01136-9 · Cited by 147
Interactions of Aspergillus fumigatus Conidia with Airway Epithelial Cells: A Critical Review
Croft, C. A., Culibrk, L., Moore, M. M., & Tebbutt, S. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.00472 · Cited by 142
Nanotools for Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment
Papafilippou, L., Claxton, A., Dark, P., Kostarelos, K., & Hadjidemetriou, M. (2021) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202001378 · Cited by 118
Hareendran, S., Balakrishnan, B., Sen, D., Kumar, S., Srivastava, A., & Jayandharan, G. R. (2013) · Reviews in Medical Virology · doi:10.1002/rmv.1762 · Cited by 113
The Nlrp3 inflammasome as a “rising star” in studies of normal and malignant hematopoiesis
Ratajczak, M. Z., Bujko, K., Cymer, M., Thapa, A., Adamiak, M., Ratajczak, J., Abdel-Latif, A. K., & Kucia, M. (2020) · Leukemia · doi:10.1038/s41375-020-0827-8 · Cited by 102
Inflammaging and Complement System: A Link Between Acute Kidney Injury and Chronic Graft Damage
Franzin, R., Stasi, A., Fiorentino, M., Stallone, G., Cantaluppi, V., Gesualdo, L., & Castellano, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00734 · Cited by 93
Murphy, E., & Crean, D. (2015) · Biomolecules · doi:10.3390/biom5031302 · Cited by 82
“Innate immune sensors present on resident and infiltrating cells act to detect, initiate and propagate an inflammatory response [3,4].”
BackgroundLipocalin 2 is protective against E. coli pneumonia
Wu, H., Santoni-Rugiu, E., Ralfkiaer, E., Porse, B. T., Moser, C., Høiby, N., Borregaard, N., & Cowland, J. B. (2010) · Respiratory Research · doi:10.1186/1465-9921-11-96 · Cited by 82
miR-15a/16 Regulates Macrophage Phagocytosis after Bacterial Infection
Moon, H.-G., Yang, J., Zheng, Y., & Jin, Y. (2014) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1401372 · Cited by 81
Novel PLCG2 Mutation in a Patient With APLAID and Cutis Laxa
Neves, J. F., Doffinger, R., Barcena-Morales, G., Martins, C., Papapietro, O., Plagnol, V., Curtis, J., Martins, M., Kumararatne, D., Cordeiro, A. I., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.02863 · Cited by 79
Engineering virus resistance via CRISPR–Cas systems
Mahas, A., & Mahfouz, M. (2018) · Current Opinion in Virology · doi:10.1016/j.coviro.2018.06.002 · Cited by 74
Jiang, F., Meng, D., Weng, M., Zhu, W., Wu, W., Kasper, D., & Walker, W. A. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0172738 · Cited by 60
Candida albicans at Host Barrier Sites: Pattern Recognition Receptors and Beyond
Swidergall, M. (2019) · Pathogens · doi:10.3390/pathogens8010040 · Cited by 59
Abecia, L., Jiménez, E., Martínez-Fernandez, G., Martín-García, A. I., Ramos-Morales, E., Pinloche, E., Denman, S. E., Newbold, C. J., & Yáñez-Ruiz, D. R. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0182235 · Cited by 59
“TLRs, β-defensin and PGLYRP1 expression TLRs comprise a family of pattern-recognition receptors that detect conserved molecular products of microorganism, such as lipolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA).”
BackgroundInfluentialHumoral immune responses to AAV gene therapy in the ocular compartment
Whitehead, M., Osborne, A., Yu‐Wai‐Man, P., & Martin, K. (2021) · Biological Reviews · doi:10.1111/brv.12718 · Cited by 52
Trends in adjuvant development for vaccines: DAMPs and PAMPs as potential new adjuvants
Miyaji, E. N., Carvalho, E., Oliveira, M. L. S., Raw, I., & Ho, P. L. (2011) · Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research · doi:10.1590/s0100-879x2011007500064 · Cited by 66
“Activation of the inflammasome by molecules recognized by NLRP3 will catalyze the processing of the IL-1β precursor induced by TLR-dependent mechanisms (26,30-32).”
BackgroundMakarenkova, I. D., Logunov, D. Y., Tukhvatulin, A. I., Semenova, I. B., Besednova, N. N., & Zvyagintseva, T. N. (2012) · Bulletin of Experimental Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10517-012-1922-2 · Cited by 53
Omics Technologies Improving Breast Cancer Research and Diagnostics
Orsini, A., Diquigiovanni, C., & Bonora, E. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms241612690 · Cited by 52
Therapeutic Role of Inflammasome Inhibitors in Neurodegenerative Disorders
Lahooti, B., Chhibber, T., Bagchi, S., Varahachalam, S. P., & Jayant, R. D. (2021) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.004 · Cited by 50
Immunological Responses to Envenomation
Ryan, R. Y. M., Seymour, J., Loukas, A., Lopez, J. A., Ikonomopoulou, M. P., & Miles, J. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.661082 · Cited by 49
Immune-mediated processes in neurodegeneration: where do we stand?
Fakhoury, M. (2016) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-016-8052-0 · Cited by 43
Overlapping evidence of innate immune dysfunction in psychotic and affective disorders
Hughes, H. K., & Ashwood, P. (2020) · Brain, Behavior, & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2020.100038 · Cited by 39
COVID-19 as a Risk Factor for Alzheimer’s Disease
Golzari-Sorkheh, M., Weaver, D. F., & Reed, M. A. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-220800 · Cited by 39
Noya, V., Brossard, N., Rodríguez, E., Dergan-Dylon, L. S., Carmona, C., Rabinovich, G. A., & Freire, T. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40615 · Cited by 19
Kalkman, H. O. (2023) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines11030806 · Cited by 18
Intestinal microbiota modulates adrenomedullary response through Nod1 sensing in chromaffin cells
Xiang, C., Chen, P., Zhang, Q., Li, Y., Pan, Y., Xie, W., Sun, J., & Liu, Z. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102849 · Cited by 15
Fluids or vasopressors for the initial resuscitation of septic shock
Macdonald, S., Peake, S. L., Corfield, A. R., & Delaney, A. (2022) · Frontiers in Medicine · doi:10.3389/fmed.2022.1069782 · Cited by 6
CLINICAL, MOLECULAR, AND EXOSOMAL MECHANISMS OF CARDIAC AND BRAIN DYSFUNCTION IN SEPSIS
Morris, D. C., Zhang, Z. G., Jaehne, A. K., Zhang, J., & Rivers, E. P. (2023) · Shock · doi:10.1097/shk.0000000000002015 · Cited by 5
Metadata
- Authors
- Mogensen, T. H.
- Venue
- Clinical Microbiology Reviews
- Publisher
- American Society for Microbiology
- Published
- 2009-04
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 240-273
- ISSN
- 0893-8512 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-6618
- OpenAlex
- W2106248075
- Cited by
- 3,111
- References
- 32
- FWCI
- 28.77
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
