Effects of spirulina on weight loss and blood lipids: A review
Open accessAbstract
Spirulina, a cyanobacteria commonly referred to as a blue-green algae, is one of the oldest lifeforms on Earth. Spirulina grows in both fresh and saltwater sources and is known for its high protein and micronutrient content. This review paper will cover the effects of spirulina on weight loss and blood lipids. The currently literature supports the benefits of spirulina for reducing body fat, waist circumference, body mass index and appetite and shows that spirulina has significant benefits for improving blood lipids.
AI snapshot
Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This narrative review concludes that spirulina supplementation may aid weight loss and improve blood lipids, based on animal and human studies. It reports reductions in body weight, BMI, waist circumference, appetite, total cholesterol, LDL-C, and triglycerides, while noting that larger trials are needed.
Key findings
- In 52 obese participants, 2 g/day spirulina plus caloric restriction for 12 weeks significantly reduced body weight by −3.22±1.97 kg, waist circumference by −3.37±2.65 kg, body fat by −2.28±1.74 kg, and BMI by −1.23±0.79 kg/m²; triglycerides fell by −18 mg/dL and high-sensitivity C reactive protein by −1.66±1.9 ng/mL.
- In 62 obese subjects, 1 g/day spirulina for 12 weeks reduced appetite by −4.16%, BMI by −1.9%, body weight by −1.79%, and total cholesterol by −4.67%, while HDL-C increased by 1.73%.
- A cited 2018 meta-analysis of 12 clinical studies found spirulina supplementation (1–19 g/day) significantly lowered total cholesterol (−36.60 mg/dL), LDL-C (−33.16 mg/dL), triglycerides (−39.2 mg/dL), VLDL-C (−8.02 mg/dL), fasting blood glucose (−5.01 mg/dL), and diastolic blood pressure (−7.17 mm Hg).
- The review states that supplementing 2–8 g/day may improve lipid profiles, particularly by reducing total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL-C and improving HDL-C, and may aid weight loss and reduce BMI.
Methods
- Narrative review of animal and human clinical trials on spirulina’s effects on weight loss and blood lipids.
- Summarizes multiple clinical studies in tables, including participants with obesity, hypertension, dyslipidaemia, type 2 diabetes, nephrotic syndrome, and elderly populations.
- Main analysis is qualitative synthesis; no new primary data are presented, and the review cites a 2015 systematic review and a 2018 meta-analysis.
Limitations
- The paper states that further research including larger clinical trials is warranted to confirm the benefits.
- The paper attributes variation in clinical trial responses to differences in dose, treatment duration, and patient responsiveness based on comorbidities.
- Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not describe a systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or formal risk-of-bias assessment, and many cited trials are small and heterogeneous.
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
0 of 41 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Interpretationcitation
The current literature shows that spirulina has significant benefits for improving blood lipids.
“and shows that spirulina has significant benefits for improving blood lipids.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
By suppressing adipocyte oxidative stress, spirulina may lead to systemic anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitising effects.
“Thus, by suppressing adipocyte oxidative stress, spirulina may lead to systemic anti-inflammatory and insulin-sensitising effects.12–20”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 9 sources checked- cites [12] Terry, 1993, Inactivation of phytochrome- and phycobiliprotein-chromophore precursors by rat liver biliverdin reductase, J Biol Chem source
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- cites [13] source
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- cites [14] Strasky, 2013, Spirulina platensis and phycocyanobilin activate atheroprotective heme oxygenase-1: a possible implication for atherogenesis, Food Funct source
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- cites [15] source
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- cites [16] source
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- cites [17] source
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- cites [18] source
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- cites [19] Jankovic, 2015, Redox implications in adipose tissue (dys)function-A new look at old acquaintances, Redox Biol source
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- cites [20] Prokudina, 2017, [The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Pathogenesis of Adipocyte Dysfunction in Metabolic Syndrome. Prospects of Pharmacological Correction], Vestn Ross Akad Med Nauk source
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- Rests on an assumption: Spirulina is composed of numerous antioxidants, including beta-carotene, phycocyanin, tocopherols, micronutrients, polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly gamma-linolenic acid and phenolic compounds.
- Premisecitation
In 15 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, 2 g/day spirulina for 2 months significantly reduced TG, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio.
“In 15 patients with non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus, supplementation of 2 g/day of spirulina for 2 months leads to significant reductions in TG, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C and LDL-C/ HDL-C ratio.34”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [34] Mani, 2000, Studies on the long-term effect of Spirulina supplementation on serum lipid profile and glycated proteins in NIDDM patients, J Diet Suppl
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- Premisecitation
In 51 elderly females with hypercholesterolaemia, 7.5 mg/day spirulina for 8 weeks significantly reduced TC, LDL-C, oxidised LDL, and apolipoprotein B.
“In 2005, another study involved 51 elderly females with hypercholesterolaemia (TC >200 mg/dL) aged 60 years and above, where they were supplemented with 7.5 mg/day spirulina for 8 weeks in half of the study population and the other half were given placebo. Findings were significant for reductions in TC, LDL-C, oxidised LDL and apolipoprotein B.40”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [40] Kim, 2005, The change of lipid metabolism and immune function caused by antioxidant material in the hypercholesterolemic elderly women in Korea, Korean J Nutr
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- Interpretationreasoning
Spirulina has shown significant benefits in aiding weight loss.
“Although caloric restriction and exercise are the mainstay treatments for obesity, spirulina has shown significant benefits in aiding weight loss.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The proposed mechanism of action of spirulina for weight loss is a reduction in macrophage infiltration into visceral fat, prevention of hepatic fat accumulation, reduction in oxidative stress, improvement in insulin sensitivity and satiety.
- Premisecitation
The antioxidant activity of spirulina is directly proportional to the quantity of phycocyanin.
“The antioxidant activity of spirulina has been proven to be directly proportional to the quantity of phycocyanin (which contains phycocyanobilin).12–14 45”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [12] Terry, 1993, Inactivation of phytochrome- and phycobiliprotein-chromophore precursors by rat liver biliverdin reductase, J Biol Chem source
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- cites [13] source
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- cites [14] Strasky, 2013, Spirulina platensis and phycocyanobilin activate atheroprotective heme oxygenase-1: a possible implication for atherogenesis, Food Funct source
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- cites [45] source
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- Rests on an assumption: Spirulina is composed of numerous antioxidants, including beta-carotene, phycocyanin, tocopherols, micronutrients, polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly gamma-linolenic acid and phenolic compounds.
- May combine two claims. 26
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 1
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn alloxan-induced diabetic mice, 5% spirulina decreased hepatic triacylglycerols and improved serum HDL and lowered serum LDL and VLDL.
“With administration of 5% spirulina, hepatic triacylglycerols decreased. Improvement in serum HDL and lowered serum LDL as well as VLDL was also noted.28”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [28] Rodríguez-Hernández, 2001, Spirulina maxima prevents fatty liver formation in CD-1 male and female mice with experimental diabetes, Life Sci source
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PremisecitationNagoaka et al demonstrated that spirulina concentrates lower micellar solubility of cholesterol with bile acids, reduce absorption of fats in the small intestine, and increase faecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acid.
“In 2005, Nagoaka et al demonstrated lower micellar solubility of cholesterol with bile acids and as a result reduced absorption of fats in the small intestine with higher faecal excretion of cholesterol and bile acid when fed with spirulina concentrates.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [44] Nagaoka, 2005, A novel protein C-phycocyanin plays a crucial role in the hypocholesterolemic action of Spirulina platensis concentrate in rats, J Nutr source
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PremisecitationA 2015 systematic review of eight human studies concluded that spirulina has blood lipid lowering benefits and antioxidant effects.
“A systematic review published in 2015 encompassing eight humans studies concluded that spirulina has blood lipid lowering benefits and antioxidant effects.43”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [43] Hernández Lepe, 2015, Spirulina and its hypolipidemic and antioxidant effects in humans: a systematic review], Nutr Hosp
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May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationSpirulina can alter gut microbiota to have lipid lowering effects, including increasing abundance of Prevotella, Porphyromonadaceae, Barnesiella, Paraprevotella, Alloprevotella, Ruminococcus, and Firmicutes.
“Additionally, spirulina can alter gut microbiota to have lipid lowering effects. Studies have revealed an increase in abundance of Prevotella, Porphyromonadaceae, Barnesiella and Paraprevotella.”
- Also stated in: § Animal studies · plain
“Firmicutes are another group of bacteria which have been associated with reduction in body weight and serum LDL-C levels, which improved with spirulina supplementation.29”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Li T-T , Liu Y-Y , Wan X-Z , et al . Regulatory Efficacy of the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Microalgae Spirulina platensis on Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19. doi:doi:10.3390/ijms19103075. [Epub ahead of print: 09 Oct 2018]. source
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- Also stated in: § Animal studies · plain
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PremisecitationLi et al found that spirulina given for 8 weeks to high-fat diet rats increased HDL-C and lowered LDL-C, TG, and TC levels, and normalised hepatic steatosis with improvements in liver function tests.
“Li et al found that spirulina given for 8 weeks increased HDL-C and lowered LDL-C, TG and TC levels when fed a high fat diet.29 Similar to other previous studies, it was also shown to normalise hepatic steatosis with improvements in liver function tests, including transaminases, free fatty acids and overall lipid profile.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [29] Li T-T , Liu Y-Y , Wan X-Z , et al . Regulatory Efficacy of the Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids from Microalgae Spirulina platensis on Lipid Metabolism and Gut Microbiota in High-Fat Diet Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2018;19. doi:doi:10.3390/ijms19103075. [Epub ahead of print: 09 Oct 2018]. source
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PremisecitationZeinalian et al found in 62 obese subjects that 1 g/day spirulina for 12 weeks significantly reduced appetite, BMI, body weight, and total cholesterol, and increased HDL-C, with no significant change in triglycerides or LDL.
“Zeinalian et al studied 62 obese subjects after administering 1 g spirulina for 12 weeks and observed a significant reduction in appetite by −4.16% (p=0.008), BMI by −1.9% (p<0.001), body weight by −1.79% (p<0.001) and a reduction in total cholesterol (TC) by −4.67% (p=0.002).22”
- Also stated in: § Weight loss and blood lipids · plain
“Additionally, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) was noted to increase by 1.73% (p=0.05) with no significant change in TG or low density lipoprotein (LDL).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [22] Zeinalian, 2017, The effects of Spirulina platensis on anthropometric indices, appetite, lipid profile and serum vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in obese individuals: a randomized double blinded placebo controlled trial, BMC Complement Altern Med source
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- Rests on an assumption: Reduction in appetite may be due to an improvement in leptin resistance in the arcuate nucleus.
- Also stated in: § Weight loss and blood lipids · plain
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 50 obese subjects with hypertension under antihypertensive treatment, 2 g/day spirulina versus placebo for 3 months significantly improved body mass, BMI, and waist circumference versus baseline, and compared with placebo lowered LDL-C and interleukin-6 and improved total antioxidant status and insulin sensitivity.
“Those given spirulina were found to have significant improvements in their body mass from 92.96±18.58 kg to 88.97±17.13 kg (p<0.001), BMI from 33.5+6.7 kg/m2 to 31.7±5.8 kg/m2 (p<0.001) and waist circumference from 105.2±15.3 to 103.4+14.1 cm (p<0.002) versus baseline, a benefit that was not shown with the placebo.”
- Also stated in: § Weight loss and blood lipids · plain
“Compared with placebo-treated individuals, those given spirulina had significantly lowered LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) from 3.5+0.9 mmol/L to 3.0±0.6 mmol/L (p<0.001) and interleukin-6 from 4.3±0.6 mmol/L to 3.9+0.4 mmol/L (p=0.002) and improved total antioxidant status from 1.8±0.3 to 2.2±1.0 mmol/L (p=0.001) and insulin sensitivity ratio from 3.2±1.8 mg/kg/min to 4.3±2.1 mg/kg/min (p<0.001).23”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [23] Szulinska, 2017, Spirulina maxima improves insulin sensitivity, lipid profile, and total antioxidant status in obese patients with well-treated hypertension: a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci
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- Also stated in: § Weight loss and blood lipids · plain
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InterpretationreasoningSupplementing spirulina at 2-8 g/day may improve lipid profiles, particularly by reducing TC, TG and LDL-c and improving HDL-c; improving apolipoprotein A1 and reducing apolipoprotein B, aiding weight loss and reducing BMI.
“As a whole, supplementing spirulina at 2–8 g/ day may improve lipid profiles, particularly by reducing TC, TG and LDL-c and improving HDL-c; improving apolipoprotein A1 and reducing apolipoprotein B, aiding weight loss and reducing BMI.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The proposed mechanism of action of spirulina for weight loss is a reduction in macrophage infiltration into visceral fat, prevention of hepatic fat accumulation, reduction in oxidative stress, improvement in insulin sensitivity and satiety.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 30 healthy volunteers with mild hypertension or hyperlipidaemia, 4.2 g spirulina for 4 weeks significantly reduced total cholesterol, which returned to baseline after discontinuation, with no changes in HDL, TG, or body weight.
“Results were notable for a significant reduction in TC in the initial 4 weeks of spirulina supplementation, which returned to baseline with its discontinuation. These changes in TC were directly proportional to serum TC and dietary TC concentrations. There were no changes in HDL, TG or body weight.30”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [30] Nakaya, 1988, Cholesterol lowering effect of spirulina, Nutrition reports international
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PremisecitationPhycocyanin residue diet increased the proportion of cholesterol excretion, indicating hypolipaemic effects of spirulina, particularly from phycocyanin.
“Additionally, phycocyanin residue diet increased the proportion of cholesterol excretion, thus indicating the hypolipaemic effects of spirulina, particularly from phycocyanin.44”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [44] Nagaoka, 2005, A novel protein C-phycocyanin plays a crucial role in the hypocholesterolemic action of Spirulina platensis concentrate in rats, J Nutr source
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May combine two claims.
PremisecitationRamamoorthy et al found in 30 patients with ischaemic heart disease and hypercholesterolaemia that 2 g or 4 g spirulina for 3 months lowered total cholesterol and LDL, increased HDL-C, decreased TG and VLDL, and reduced body weight compared with control.
“Towards the end of the study period, plasma TC was lowered by 22.4% and 33.5% in group 1 and 2, respectively (p<0.01) and LDL by 31% and 45% (p<0.01), which were both statistically significant reductions. Higher reductions in both LDL and TC were noted among those treated with 4 g spirulina/day. In addition, HDL-C increased, while TG and VLDL decreased in both the experimental groups.”
- Also stated in: § Clinical trials · plain
“Similarly, body weight was reduced in both the treatment groups while there were no changes in lipid profiles or body weight in the control arm. The reduction in body weight in both groups given spirulina (−2.2 kg) was highly significant compared with control (0.7 kg; p<0.01).31”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [31] Ramamoorthy A , Premakumari S . Effect of supplementation of Spirulina on hypercholesterolemic patients 1996.
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- Also stated in: § Clinical trials · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).
Interpretationnone givenThe variation in response in clinical trials is likely due to difference in dose, duration of treatment and responsiveness among patients based on their comorbidities.
“The variation in response in the clinical trials is likely due to the difference in dose, duration of treatment and responsiveness among patients based on their comorbidities.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 12 elderly Korean patients aged 60-75 years, 7.5 g/day spirulina for 24 weeks significantly reduced TGs, TC, and LDL after 4 weeks, with no difference between mild hypercholesterolaemia and normocholesterolaemia.
“One study included 12 Korean patients between the age 60 and 75 years old who were supplemented with 7.5 g/day of spirulina for 24 weeks. The study found significant reductions in TGs, TC and LDL after 4 weeks of spirulina supplementation. There was no difference in the reduction among patients with mild hypercholesterolaemia (TC at or above 200 mg/dL) vs normocholesterolaemia.39”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [39] Kim, 2003, The effects of Spirulina on lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity and immune function in Korean Elderlies, Korean J Nutr
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PremisecitationMizcke et al found in 40 hypertensive patients without evidence of cardiovascular disease that 2 g/day spirulina versus placebo for 3 months significantly reduced BMI, weight, systolic blood pressure, and arterial stiffness index.
“In those given spirulina, there was significant reduction in BMI (26.9±3.1 vs 25.0±2.7 kg/m2, p=0.0032), weight (75.5±11.8 kg vs 70.5±10.3 kg, p<0.001), systolic blood pressure (149±7 mm Hg vs 143±9 mm Hg, p=0.0023) and arterial stiffness index (7.2±0.6 vs 6.9±0.7 m/s, p<0.001)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [24] Miczke, 2016, Effects of spirulina consumption on body weight, blood pressure, and endothelial function in overweight hypertensive Caucasians: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci
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PremisecitationA 2018 meta-analysis of 12 clinical studies showed that spirulina supplementation (1 g up to 19 g per day) significantly lowered TC, LDL-C, triglycerides, VLDL-C, fasting blood glucose, and diastolic blood pressure.
“Furthermore, a recent 2018 meta-analysis of 12 clinical studies in humans showed that spirulina supplementation (1 g up to 19 g per day) significantly lowered TC (−36.60 mg/dL; p=0.0001), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−33.16 mg/dL; p=0.0002), triglycerides (−39.2 mg/dL; p=0.0001), very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (−8.02 mg/dL; p=0.0001), fasting blood glucose (−5.01 mg/dL; p=0.04)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] Huang, 2018, Quantifying the effects of spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations, body weight, and blood pressure, Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes source
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InterpretationreasoningSpirulina also seems to improve insulin resistance, antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties, blood glucose and blood pressure.
“Spirulina also seems to improve insulin resistance, antioxidant/anti-inflammatory properties, blood glucose and blood pressure as discussed in this article (table 2).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: The proposed mechanism of action of spirulina for weight loss is a reduction in macrophage infiltration into visceral fat, prevention of hepatic fat accumulation, reduction in oxidative stress, improvement in insulin sensitivity and satiety.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 23 paediatric patients with hypercholesterolaemia and nephrotic syndrome, 1 g/day spirulina plus steroid medications for 2 months decreased TC, LDL, and triglycerides, and improved LDL-C:HDL-C and TC:HDL-C ratios compared with controls.
“At the end of study period, TC decreased by 116.33 mg/dL vs 69.87 mg/dL in control; LDL by 94.14 mg/dL vs 61 mg/dL in controls and triglycerides by 67.72 mg/dL vs 22.6 mg/dL in controls. LDL-C:HDL-C ratio decreased significantly by 1.66 vs 1.13 (p<0.05) and TC:HDL-C decreased by 1.96 vs 1.19.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [37] source
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PremisecitationIwata et al found in hyperlipidemic Wistar rats that spirulina improved lipid profile and increased lipoprotein lipase activity, with no significant difference between 5%, 10%, and 15% spirulina concentrations.
“The results revealed a significant improvement in the lipid profile with concomitant increased activity of lipoprotein lipase (LPL), although the difference in lipid levels or LPL was not significantly different between 5%, 10% or 15% spirulina concentration groups.27”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [27] Iwata, 1990, Effects of Spirulina platensis on plasma lipoprotein lipase activity in fructose-induced hyperlipidemic rats, J Nutr Sci Vitaminol source
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May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.
PremisecitationYousefi et al found in 52 obese participants with BMI >25-40 kg/m2 that 2 g/day spirulina with a restricted caloric diet versus placebo for 12 weeks significantly lowered body weight, waist circumference, body fat, BMI, triglycerides, and high-sensitivity C reactive protein.
“Participants in the spirulina group had significantly lower body weight of −3.22+1.97 kg, waist circumference −3.37 ± 2.65 kg, body fat of −2.28+1.74 kg and BMI of −1.23±0.79 kg/m2 (p<0.001, p=0.049, p=0.049 and p=0.02, respectively).”
- Also stated in: § Weight loss and blood lipids · plain
“Additionally, triglycerides (TG) reduced by −18 mg/dL and high-sensitivity C reactive protein levels were lower by −1.66±1.9 ng/mL towards the end of the study period (p=0.03 and p=0.02, respectively).21”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [21] Yousefi, 2018, Spirulina platensis effectively ameliorates anthropometric measurements and obesity-related metabolic disorders in obese or overweight healthy individuals: a randomized controlled trial, Complement Ther Med source
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- Also stated in: § Weight loss and blood lipids · plain
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InterpretationcitationOverall, the evidence in the literature suggests that spirulina improves several well-established CVD risk factors including hyperlipidaemia and provides benefits around weight loss.
“Overall, the evidence in the literature suggests that spirulina improves several well-established CVD risk factors including hyperlipidaemia and seems to provide benefits around weight loss.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationPhycocyanobilin is structurally similar to bilirubin and can inhibit NADPH oxidase.
“Phycocyanobilin is structurally similar to bilirubin and can inhibit NADPH oxidase.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked- cites [12] Terry, 1993, Inactivation of phytochrome- and phycobiliprotein-chromophore precursors by rat liver biliverdin reductase, J Biol Chem source
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- cites [13] source
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- cites [14] Strasky, 2013, Spirulina platensis and phycocyanobilin activate atheroprotective heme oxygenase-1: a possible implication for atherogenesis, Food Funct source
Not checked in the free run.
- cites [45] source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Spirulina is composed of numerous antioxidants, including beta-carotene, phycocyanin, tocopherols, micronutrients, polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly gamma-linolenic acid and phenolic compounds.
May combine two claims.
InterpretationcitationThe current literature supports that spirulina reduces body fat, waist circumference, body mass index, and appetite.
“The currently literature supports the benefits of spirulina for reducing body fat, waist circumference, body mass index and appetite”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationIn 78 individuals aged 60-87 years, 8 g/day spirulina versus placebo for 16 weeks significantly reduced plasma TC and LDL in females, and increased IL-2 and reduced IL-6.
“The most recent randomised controlled trial included 78 individuals aged 60–87 years, who were randomly assigned to 8 g/day spirulina versus placebo for 16 weeks. The female were noted to have higher mean TC and LDL-C and also showed significant reductions in their plasma levels, TC from 200.5 to 184.8 mg/dL (p=0.03) and LDL from 126.7 to 112.1 mg/dL (p=0.05).41 In addition, interleukin-2 (IL-2)”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [41] Huang, 2018, Quantifying the effects of spirulina supplementation on plasma lipid and glucose concentrations, body weight, and blood pressure, Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes source
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PremisecitationParikh et al found in 25 type 2 diabetics that 2 g/day spirulina for 2 months lowered fasting blood glucose, postprandial blood glucose, HbA1c, TG, LDL-C, TC, atherogenic indices, apolipoprotein B, and increased apolipoprotein A1.
“Similarly, Parikh et al enrolled 25 type 2 diabetics and established that 2 g/day of spirulina for 2 months in this population can lower fasting blood glucose by 19.3 mg (p<0.05), postprandial blood glucose by 16.1 mg (p<0.05), HbA1c by 1.0% (p<0.05) in addition to lowering in TG by 6.4 mg, LDL-C by 7.1 mg, TC by 21.3 mg (p<0.05) and overall reduction in atherogenic indices of TC:HDL-C from 5.4±1.”
- Also stated in: § Clinical trials · plain
“Additionally, apolipoprotein B was lowered by 16.1 mg (p<0.05) with subsequent increases in apolipoprotein A1 levels by 11.4 mg (p<0.05), thus a favourable increase in A1:B ratio.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [35] source
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- Also stated in: § Clinical trials · plain
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGlycolipid H-b2 inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in a dose-dependent way, reducing postprandial TG levels.
“One of the components of spirulina is noted to be glycolipid H-b2, which inhibits pancreatic lipase activity in a dose depended way, thus reducing postprandial TG levels.46”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [46] Han, 2006, [Isolation of pancreatic lipase activity-inhibitory component of spirulina platensis and it reduce postprandial triacylglycerolemia], Yakugaku Zasshi source
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Spirulina is composed of numerous antioxidants, including beta-carotene, phycocyanin, tocopherols, micronutrients, polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly gamma-linolenic acid and phenolic compounds.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationSpirulina contains vitamin B3 (niacin), which is known to improve dyslipidaemia.
“Additionally, spirulina also contains vitamin B3, also called niacin, which is also known to improve dyslipidaemia.49”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites [49] Zeb Shah, 2013, Effect of Nicotinic Acid (Vitamin B3 or Niacin) on the lipid profile of diabetic and non - diabetic rats, Pak J Med Sci
Not checked in the free run.
- Rests on an assumption: Spirulina is composed of numerous antioxidants, including beta-carotene, phycocyanin, tocopherols, micronutrients, polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly gamma-linolenic acid and phenolic compounds.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationGLA deficiencies may worsen arterial thickness, hypertension and dyslipidaemia.
“Moreover, GLA deficiencies may worsen arterial thickness, hypertension and dyslipidaemia.47 48”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites [47] Hornych, 2002, The effect of gamma-linolenic acid on plasma and membrane lipids and renal prostaglandin synthesis in older subjects, Bratisl Lek Listy
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- cites [48] source
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The paper relies on this without support.
Spirulina is composed of numerous antioxidants, including beta-carotene, phycocyanin, tocopherols, micronutrients, polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly gamma-linolenic acid and phenolic compounds.
“Spirulina is composed of numerous antioxidants, including beta-carotene, phycocyanin, tocopherols, micronutrients, polyunsaturated fatty acids, particularly gamma-linolenic acid and phenolic compounds.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Spirulina is a low-cost nutritional supplement and has not been established to have any significant side effects.
“Spirulina is a low-cost nutritional supplement and has not been established to have any significant side effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The proposed mechanism of action of spirulina for weight loss is a reduction in macrophage infiltration into visceral fat, prevention of hepatic fat accumulation, reduction in oxidative stress, improvement in insulin sensitivity and satiety.
“The proposed mechanism of action of spirulina is a reduction in macrophage infiltration into visceral fat, prevention of hepatic fat accumulation, reduction in oxidative stress, improvement in insulin sensitivity and satiety.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Reduction in appetite may be due to an improvement in leptin resistance in the arcuate nucleus.
“Reduction in appetite may be due to an improvement in leptin resistance in the arcuate nucleus.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Obese adults who consumed 1-2 g of spirulina per day for a period of three months saw a reduction in their body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference.
“In their study, DiNicolantonio et al. [155] validated the effects of spirulina on weight loss. They found that obese adults who consumed 1–2 g of spirulina per day for a period of three months saw a reduction in their body weight, body mass index (BMI), and waist circumference.”
From Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. (2022) · cites this paper as [155]
The review’s “Weight loss and blood lipids” section reports reductions in weight, BMI, and waist circumference in obese participants given 2 g of spirulina daily for 12 weeks. It also reports weight and BMI reductions at 1 g daily, but not waist circumference. The citing sentence presents these findings as DiNicolantonio et al.’s own study, whereas their paper reviews studies by other researchers. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSpirulina includes vitamin B3 (niacin), which corrects an imbalance in the lipids of the blood.
“In addition, spirulina includes vitamin B3 known as niacin, which corrects an imbalance in the lipids of the blood [155].”
From Trends and Technological Advancements in the Possible Food Applications of Spirulina and Their Health Benefits: A Review. (2022) · cites this paper as [155]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Elderly trial spirulina dose differs by a factor of 1,000
MinorThe narrative gives the 2005 trial dose as 7.5 mg/day, while Table 2 gives 7.5 g/day for the same trial.
“they were supplemented with 7.5 mg/day spirulina for 8 weeks”
“| 2005 | Kim et al40 | 51 elderly females with hypercholesterolaemia (TC >200 mg/dL) aged 60 years and above | 7.5 g/day for 8 weeks |”
Diabetes trial lipid ratio is reversed in Table 2
MinorThe narrative says the LDL-C/HDL-C ratio fell, but Table 2 says the reciprocal HDL-C:LDL-C ratio fell for the same trial.
“supplementation of 2 g/day of spirulina for 2 months leads to significant reductions in TG, TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C and LDL-C/ HDL-C ratio.”
“| 2000 | Mani et al34 | 15 T2DM | 2 g spirulina×2 months | Significant lowering in TC, LDL, VLDL, TG and HDL-C: LDL-C ratio.”
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Spirulina’s impacts on cardiovascular health: Insights from a systematic meta-analysis of RCT
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The Postbiotic Potential of Microalgae
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Protective Effects of Spirulina against Cyclophosphamide Induced Bone Marrow Toxicity in Mice
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From Spirulina platensis to Nanomaterials: A Comparative Study of AgNPs Obtained from Two Extracts
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The effects of Spirulina platensis on behavior in adolescent rats fed a high‐fat diet
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Review Article on Nutritional and Toxicological Aspects of Spirulina (Arthrospira)
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- Authors
- DiNicolantonio, J. J., Bhat, A. G., & OKeefe, J.
- Affiliations
- Mid America Heart Institute, Kansas, Kansas, USA
- Baystate Medical Center (US)
- Saint Lukes Mid America Heart Institute, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
- Corresponding author
- DiNicolantonio, James J
- Venue
- Open Heart
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2020-03
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- e001003
- ISSN
- 2053-3624 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7061888
- OpenAlex
- W3010246130
- Semantic Scholar
- 75bf34f90db87ca50527e69c203b49f0731ed01a
- Cited by
- 98
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 3
- FWCI
- 0.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Open Heart (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Aquatic Science › Seaweed-derived Bioactive Compounds
- Physical Sciences › Energy › Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment › Algal biology and biofuel production
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Fatty Acid Research and Health
- Keywords
- Spirulina, cyanobacteria, weight loss, serum lipids, fat mass, waist circumference, body mass index, appetite, dietary supplementation
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Hypolipidemic Agents, Humans, Lipids, Obesity, Biomarkers, Weight Loss, Treatment Outcome, Anti-Obesity Agents, Dietary Supplements, Dyslipidemias, Spirulina
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