The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention

In the paper

“But the self-integrity motive is so strong that mundane events can threaten the self as well and instigate defensive responses to protect it (Sherman & Cohen 2006).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In “IV. Moderator Variables and Qualifying Conditions” (page not available), the paper lists everyday events, including a team’s defeat and failure at an intellectual or athletic task, as threats to self-integrity. It says people may respond to such threats with defensive adaptations. Section 2 likewise describes defensive responses as a way to diminish threats and restore perceived self-integrity. (LLM, conf=0.90)

  cites Sherman & Cohen 2006 source

In the paper

“Even small inputs into the self-system can have large effects, because a healthy self-system is motivated to maintain integrity and generate affirming meanings (Steele 1988; see also Sherman & Cohen 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Steele 1988 source
• Supported

  In “The Self-System is Flexible” (page not available), the paper says the self-system seeks to maintain integrity and can respond to a threat by affirming another domain. In “Are People Aware of Self-Affirmation Processes?” (page not available), it reports that a subtle priming task had an effect on interest in math careers equal in magnitude to the effect of participants’ sex. Together, these support the claim that small inputs can have substantial effects through self-affirmation. (LLM, conf=0.86)

  cites Sherman & Cohen 2006 source

In the paper

“In one series of studies, much of the effect of affirmation on second-year grades was mediated by its effect on first-year grades, suggesting that early strong performance begot later strong performance (Cohen et al. 2009, Harackiewicz et al. 2014).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al. 2009 source
• Partly supported

  The Results (Mediation analysis; page unavailable) report that first-course grades partially mediated affirmation’s effect on enrollment in the next course, not its effect on second-year grades. The Discussion (page unavailable) describes longer-term GPA effects and the possibility that early performance carries forward, but does not report the claimed first-year-to-second-year grade mediation. (LLM, conf=0.87)

  cites Harackiewicz et al. 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“For example, effects on academic grades and health outcomes have endured months and years after the commencement of the intervention”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al. 2009 source
• Partly supported

  The Theoretical Framework reports that effects on academic grades persisted for two or three years in earlier values-affirmation studies, and the Discussion reports effects on grades in the same semester of this study. The Theoretical Framework also describes reduced physiological stress, but it does not say that health-related effects endured for months or years. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Harackiewicz et al. 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Logel & Cohen 2012 source

In the paper

“To the extent that financial distress can imprint on children a view of the world as threatening and requiring vigilance, interventions later in life may need to assure them that their school or work environment is a safe place where they belong and good things eventually happen”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Chen & Miller 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
• Partly supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Harackiewicz et al. 2014 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“This can help them retain the support of family, friends, and coworkers through the lifespan (Caspi & Moffitt 1995, Lyubomirsky & Della Porta 2010) and attract the interest of a role model (Chen & Miller 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Caspi & Moffitt 1995
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Lyubomirsky & Della Porta 2010
• Partly supported

  The Benefits of Role Models section (page unavailable) reports that resilient children had close bonds with supportive adults, including teachers. It does not say that being good-natured attracted those adults’ interest. The family-and-friends portion of the sentence is attached to other citations, not Chen and Miller. (LLM, conf=0.78)

  cites Chen & Miller 2012 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“For example, the finding that children's performance on laboratory self-control tasks can be boosted by situational intervention (e.g., Karniol et al. 2011) seems to clash with the finding that childhood variation on such self-control measures predicts health, wealth, employment, and crime decades later (Moffitt et al. 2011).”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Results report that childhood self-control predicted health, wealth, and criminal convictions at age 32, including when measured by staff observation at ages 3–5. But the paper distinguishes its observational ratings and reports from laboratory self-control tasks, and the cited passages do not establish employment as a measured adult outcome. No page numbers are available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.88)

  cites Moffitt et al. 2011 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“Beyond unblinding instructors to students' condition assignment, the evaluative and public nature of the activity may have compromised its ability to be affirming.”

What the sources say

• Partly supported

  The Methods (Procedures and Interventions; page unavailable) say tutors marked the reflective exercises and selected a few submissions for discussion in tutorials, supporting the description of the activity as evaluative and potentially public. The paper does not say that these features may have compromised the activity’s ability to be affirming; that is the citing authors’ interpretation. (LLM, conf=0.83)

  cites Woolf et al. 2009 sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured

In the paper

“First, it was unclear whether identity threat contributed to the performance of the ethnic minority sample, a heterogeneous group consisting primarily of Asian Indian, Pakistani, and Bangladeshi participants.”

What the sources say

• Supported

  In the Discussion and conclusion (page not supplied), the authors say most ethnic minority participants were Asian Indian, Pakistani or Bangladeshi and explicitly question whether stereotype threat applied to them. They also state that the degree of threat they experienced was not known. This supports the citing sentence’s uncertainty about identity threat in that sample. (LLM, conf=0.93)

  cites Woolf et al. 2009 source

In the paper

“Another affirmation intervention with an ethnically heterogeneous sample of medical students in England found mixed effects, improving the performance of all students on their clinical evaluations and undermining the performance of white students on a written examination(Woolf et al. 2009).”

What the sources say

• Supported

  Split into 2 atoms — 2 confirmed, 0 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

  cites Woolf et al. 2009 source

In the paper

“But they did lead to positive and in some cases lasting changes in academic performance, health, and the quality of interpersonal and intergroup relations.”

In the paper

“The interventions did not eliminate the problems under study and, of course, were not expected to do so.”

In the paper

“The affirmation did not boost GPA but rather slowed its decline.”

In the paper

“Timely affirmations have been shown to improve education, health, and relationship outcomes, with benefits that sometimes persist for months and years.”

In the paper

“The self has a powerful need to see itself as having integrity, but it must do so within the constraints of reality (Adler 2012, Kunda 1990, Pennebaker & Chung 2011, Wilson 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Adler 2012 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Kunda 1990 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Pennebaker & Chung 2011

In the paper

“Although psychological threat can sometimes trigger positive change (Rokeach 1973, Stone et al. 1994), it can also impede adaptive coping.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Rokeach 1973
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Stone et al. 1994 source

In the paper

“The interventions bring about a more expansive view of the self and its resources, weakening the implications of a threat for personal integrity.”

In the paper

“The goal is not to appraise every threat in a self-flattering way but rather to maintain an overarching narrative of the self 's adequacy.”

In the paper

“Times of high need can be identified, making possible well-timed self-affirmation interventions.”

In the paper

“Rather, it is a psychological time-out (Lyubomirsky & Della Porta 2010): a moment to pull back and regain perspective on what really matters.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Lyubomirsky & Della Porta 2010

In the paper

“Although these defenses protect self-integrity in the short term, they can undermine growth and prove self-defeating in the long term.”

In the paper

“For a wide range of challenges, this is what self-affirmation interventions enable people to do.”

In the paper

“Self-affirmations given at these times can help people navigate difficulties and set them on a better path.”

In the paper

“An implication for intervention is that rewards and praise are secondary to opportunities for people to manifest their integrity through meaningful acts, thoughts, and feelings.”

In the paper

“Self-affirmations bring about a more expansive view of the self and its resources.”

In the paper

“Neither social support nor values affirmation eliminated the stressor.Rather they placed it in a larger context of”

In the paper

“Although the flexibility of the self-system can be adaptive, it can also prove costly when people cannot find constructive avenues to achieve self-integrity.”

In the paper

“Self-affirmations can reassure people that they have integrity and that life, on balance, is okay in spite of an adversity before them.”

In the paper

“Against this broadened conception of the self in the world, a particular threat that confronts a person feels less dire.”

In the paper

“But there are times when sources of self-affirmation may be few, or threats to the self may run especially high.”

In the paper

“Time does not necessarily weaken the influence of the past, but can, it seems, preserve and strengthen it.”

In the paper

“For example, if self-affirmed students perform better, they may find themselves held to higher expectations by their teachers or placed in a higher track, which could raise their performance further and open new opportunities.”

In the paper

“They thus buffer individuals against threat and reduce defensive responses to it.”

In the paper

“The effect is catalytic.Forces that would otherwise be suppressed by psychological threat-such as cognitive aptitude or persuasive evidence-are unleashed.”

In the paper

“First, affirmations remind people of psychosocial resources beyond a particular threat and thus broaden their perspective beyond it (Sherman & Hartson 2011).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Sherman & Hartson 2011

In the paper

“A positive feedback loop between these two powerful systems can drive adaptive outcomes over time.”

In the paper

“Affirmations lift psychological barriers to change through two routes: the buffering or lessening of psychological threat and the curtailing of defensive adaptations to it.”

In the paper

“The self may then seek out alternative domains in which to invest itself.”

In the paper

“Many events in a given day are seen as relevant to the self in some way and this enables people to continually refresh their sense of adequacy.”

In the paper

“Recursion, interaction, and subjective construal can channel people into a cycle of adaptive potential.”

In the paper

“Indeed, fewer minority students were placed in their school's remedial track or retained in grade in the affirmation condition (3%) than in the control condition (9%); affirmed minorities also took more advanced math courses (Cohen et al. 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al. 2009 source

In the paper

“The closure corresponded to roughly 30% for Latino and African American students at two school sites (Cohen et al. 2009;Sherman et al. 2013, study 2) and 22% for economically disadvantaged Latino American students at another (see Figure 2) (Sherman et al. 2013, study 1).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al. 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sherman et al. 2013 source

In the paper

“Indeed, many social environments abound with change processes (G.L. Cohen & J. Garcia, manuscript in preparation).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites G.L. Cohen & J. Garcia, manuscript in preparation

In the paper

“Because the intervention benefited ethnic minority students but not white students, it closed the achievement gap.”

In the paper

“Women who had been randomly assigned to complete values affirmation exercises in their class performed better on their course exams and earned higher grades than did those who completed control exercises.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miyake et al. 2010 source

In the paper

“In summary, psychological threat contributes not only to underperformance but also to bullying and aggression, important problems that have proved difficult to change.”

In the paper

“Academic institutions teem with processes that recognize, reinforce, and provide resources for student success.”

In the paper

“As hundreds of studies have shown, social identity threat-awareness that one could be devalued on the basis of one's group-can be stressful and undermine learning and performance (Inzlicht & Schmader 2011, Steele 2010, Steele et al. 2002).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Inzlicht & Schmader 2011 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Steele 2010
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Steele et al. 2002 source

In the paper

“Self-affirmation processes bear not only on underperformance but also on bullying and aggression.”

In the paper

“Indeed, the three domains where affirmation has had lasting benefit-education, health, and relationships-are ones where problems emerge from a slow-moving accumulation of costs.”

In the paper

“Self-affirmation interventions will not cure serious illness, but they can catalyze the impact of other positive health-related forces, such as health information, postoperative care regimens, and a person's goal to live a healthful life.”

In the paper

“Because affirmations help people postpone shortterm gratifications for the sake of long-term goals (Schmeichel & Vohs 2009), and reduce stress that people might otherwise manage by drinking and smoking (Steele et al. 1981), it may be important to time affirmations to moments of greatest vulnerability (O.Fotuhi, S. Spencer, G.T. Fong, & M.P. Zanna, manuscript in preparation).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schmeichel & Vohs 2009 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Steele et al. 1981

In the paper

“Illness, frailty, and the prospect of death represent some of the most powerful challenges to adaptive adequacy (see Greenberg et al. 1997).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Greenberg et al. 1997 source

In the paper

“Relative to participants in a control condition, participants who first completed a self-affirmation-listing their desirable qualities-saw the advertisements as more distressing, expressed greater confidence in their ability to stop smoking, and had a stronger motivation to quit.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Harris et al. 2007 source

In the paper

“However, providing them with the opportunity to reflect on important values before reviewing the information decreased their denigration of the health message and increased their likelihood of agreeing to take a screening test (see also Howell & Shepperd 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites van Koningsbruggen & Das 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Howell & Shepperd 2012 source

In the paper

“Beyond recursion and interaction, subjective construal can fuel a cycle of adaptive potential.”

In the paper

“Self-affirmed minority students also displayed lower cognitive accessibility of the racial stereotype, suggesting that they were less likely to filter classroom experience through the lens of race (Cohen et al. 2006).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al. 2006 source

In the paper

“Between the two time points, the percentage of participants drinking within healthful government-recommended levels jumped by an average of 32 percentage points in the affirmation conditions, more than double the change observed in the control condition.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Armitage et al. 2011 source

In the paper

“Indeed, over two years, minority students saw their sense of belonging in school fall, as if successive adversities reinforced the narrative that they did not belong (Cook et al. 2012).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cook et al. 2012 source

In the paper

“Among nonaffirmed minority students, a poor grade or a stressful day predicted a lower sense of belonging in school and a higher sense of racial threat (see Cook et al. 2012, Sherman et al. 2013).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cook et al. 2012 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sherman et al. 2013 source

In the paper

“Although three null findings have been published (Dillard et al. 2005, Fry & Prentice-Dunn 2005, Zhao et al. 2012)foot_4 , on the whole the research paints a picture of the affirmed mind as an open mind (Correll et al. 2004).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Dillard et al. 2005
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Fry & Prentice-Dunn 2005 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Zhao et al. 2012

In the paper

“Thus, affirmation does not produce change by itself but enables change to occur if evidence warrants it.”

In the paper

“In summary, affirmation interventions can trigger a series of reciprocally reinforcing interactions between the self-system and the social system that foster students' adaptive potential over time.”

In the paper

“Interventions that used these tactics to increase the adhesiveness of a single affirmation yielded long-term improvements in smoking cessation (O.Fotuhi, S. Spencer, G.T. Fong, & M.P. Zanna, manuscript in preparation) and GPA (G.M. Walton, C. Logel, J.M. Peach, S.J. Spencer, M.P. Zanna, manuscript under review).”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites O.Fotuhi, S. Spencer, G.T. Fong, & M.P. Zanna, manuscript in preparation
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites G.M. Walton, C. Logel, J.M. Peach, S.J. Spencer, M.P. Zanna, manuscript under review

In the paper

“A second strategy to promote long-term behavior change reinstates affirmation at the choice point, when the risk behavior occurs.”

In the paper

“Affirmation produced these effects, the authors speculated, because it buffered women against weight-related stress and thus helped them to tap into psychological resources to meet their weight-related goals”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Schmeichel & Vohs 2009 source

In the paper

“In a negotiation over abortion rights, participants whose commitment to their political views had been made salient proved responsive to affirmation.When affirmed, they made more compromises in a negotiation over abortion legislation, and they left the negotiation with stronger trust of the advocate on the other side of the issue”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al. 2007 source

In the paper

“In arguments, unhappy couples often sink into a mire of reciprocal retaliation.Each person's defensiveness evokes a response in kind from the other, a downward spiral of tit-for-tat that is not only mathematically predictable, consistent with a recursive cycle, but also predictive of early divorce.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Gottman 2011

In the paper

“If success occurs at a timely moment, it can set in motion a cycle of adaptive potential that benefits long-term health.”

In the paper

“By contrast, happy couples seem to escape these recursive cycles by parrying with a surprising moment of affirmation-a disarming compliment, an assurance of regard, a bit of shared humor.Indeed, this pattern of disarming affirmation proved among the strongest predictors of marital stability and happiness”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Gottman 2011

In the paper

“Among people in Israel and Bosnia, historically conflict-ridden areas, self-affirmed participants were more likely to acknowledge wrongdoings inflicted by their group on the other side and to support reparations to those harmed”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Čehajić-Clancy et al. 2011 source

In the paper

“As in other domains, affirmation acts as a catalyst in the health domain.It allows people to take advantage of the opportunities for improvement available in a medical regimen or persuasive information, and to deal more adaptively with stress.”

In the paper

“Affirmed patients gave and requested more information about their medical condition.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Havranek et al. 2012 source

In the paper

“In a third study on young asthma patients, affirmation had a null effect on physical activity, although a positive effect emerged among young patients who had had a serious medical episode that required hospitalization or intensive care and who thus presumably faced the greatest psychological threat”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Mancuso et al. 2012

In the paper

“Many of the health-based affirmations also seem to encourage a habit of self-affirming in challenging circumstances, which may help explain the longevity of their effects.”

In the paper

“Relative to a writing control group, self-affirmed students reported less stress and better health, as assessed by a composite measure of illness, physical symptoms, and health center visits.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Keough & Markus 1998 source

In the paper

“Stress can undermine self-control, which can increase the likelihood that one will fail to meet health-related goals, which can increase stress further, in a repeating cycle.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Logel & Cohen 2012 source

In the paper

“In these studies, the intervention also contained a positive mood component (e.g., patients received happiness-inducing gifts in the mail), so it is unclear whether affirmation or positive mood drove the effects.”

In the paper

“Indeed, affirmations have been shown to lessen defensive behavior in interpersonal and intergroup encounters and to promote trust, compromise, and closeness”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Crocker et al. 2008 source

In the paper

“After viewing presidential debates on the eve of the 2008 election, affirmed Democrats and Republicans were less partisan in their evaluations of Barack Obama's debate performance, and 10 days after the election, previously affirmed Republicans thought that President Obama would govern in a more balanced and objective fashion”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Binning et al. 2010 source

In the paper

“They also had lower body mass index (BMI) and a smaller waist circumference, a health factor independent of BMI.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Logel & Cohen 2012 source

In the paper

“Consistent with the effects of stress on self-control, preoccupation with one's weight predicts distress, poor eating, lack of exercise, and-ironically-weight gain”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Haines et al. 2007 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Logel & Cohen 2012 source

In the paper

“This vigilance can create a self-fulfilling prophecy wherein the expectation of threat readies people to perceive it, thereby reinforcing the expectation of threat in a recursive loop that imposes an increasingly heavy toll on health (Miller et al. 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miller et al. 2009 source

In the paper

“When people are affirmed in valued domains unrelated to a dispute, they are more open to otherwise identity-threatening political information and less intransigent in negotiations”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen 2012 source

In the paper

“The most effective way to do so is to change the social environment-classrooms, work, home, society-so that it better provides everyday opportunities to manifest adequacy, such as through meaningful work and civic engagement (Sterling 2004).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sterling 2004 source

In the paper

“Such race discordances predict poorer patient-physician communication, a cause of racial disparities in compliance and health care”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Havranek et al. 2012 source

In the paper

“By helping patients to see themselves as people with adaptive adequacy in spite of their illness, or even because of their ability to cope with it, the writing exercise seemed to lessen the stress of chronic illness and thus improved long-term health.”

In the paper

“Chronic stressors at sensitive periods can keep the stress system on alert for threat even years later, a risk factor for cardiovascular disease (see Miller et al. 2009).”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Miller et al. 2009 source

In the paper

“Once people begin to achieve important health goals, they may feel more affirmed and receive more affirming feedback from others, each of which could reinforce the change and carry it forward through time.”

In the paper

“But short of this, timely interventions that assuage threat at sensitive periods can help.”

In the paper

“Patients who affirmed important values, such as relationships or religion, or who reflected on valued personal qualities benefited most.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Creswell et al. 2007 source

In the paper

“Their interactions evinced greater attentiveness, warmth, and respect, and less depression and distress.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Havranek et al. 2012 source

In the paper

“Poor communication between patients and their physicians contributes to patient nonadherence to prescribed care, a major health problem”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Zolnierek & DiMatteo 2009

In the paper

“Third, because a process interacts with the system in which it occurs, field studies provide a necessary supplement to lab studies.”

In the paper

“Affirmed students may be placed in more demanding courses (see Cohen et al. 2009) and come to befriend peers who set a norm for higher achievement”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al. 2009 source
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Alwin et al. 1991

In the paper

“At the end of two weeks, affirmed participants reported that their partners had acted more supportively and less critically toward them”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Marigold et al. 2007 source

In the paper

“Other examples of disappointing interventions include the Cambridge-Somerville youth program (McCord 1978;see Ross & Nisbett 2011), which provided substantial material and social resources to at-risk juveniles.Such resources may be necessary for change to occur, but not sufficient.”

What the sources say

• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites McCord 1978
• ?Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  cites Ross & Nisbett 2011

In the paper

“Self-affirmed individuals narrate adversity in a manner that better maintains the adequacy of the self and helps them to adaptively engage with threats; this narrative can build on itself over time”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al. 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cook et al. 2012 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Sherman et al. 2013 source

In the paper

“This negative spiral can be interrupted, and a positive trajectory fostered, through values affirmation.”

In the paper

“Self-affirmed children took more advanced courses in math, which suggests that they put themselves on a positive trajectory”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Cohen et al. 2009 source
• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Yeager & Walton 2011 source

In the paper

“After a standard relationship threat induction-thinking about personal traits they wanted to keep secret from their partner-affirmed low-self-esteem participants proved less prone to derogate their partner and to contemplate relationship-sabotaging behaviors such as starting arguments.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Jaremka et al. 2011 source

In the paper

“Relative to various control conditions, including one that asked participants only to recall the compliment, the intervention led low-self-esteem participants to feel more secure both in their relationship and about themselves.”

What the sources say

• ?Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites Marigold et al. 2007 source