Cited by 6,143Immune Response and InflammationInvertebrate Immune Response MechanismsInflammasome and immune disorders

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Toll-Like Receptors

Takeda, Kiyoshi, Kaisho, Tsuneyasu, Akira, Shizuo·2003·Annual Review of Immunology

DOI 10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126

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Abstract

The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of host defense mechanisms. In drosophila antimicrobial responses rely on two signaling pathways: the Toll pathway and the IMD pathway. In mammals there are at least 10 members of the Toll-like receptor (TLR) family that recognize specific components conserved among microorganisms. Activation of the TLRs leads not only to the induction of inflammatory responses but also to the development of antigen-specific adaptive immunity. The TLR-induced inflammatory response is dependent on a common signaling pathway that is mediated by the adaptor molecule MyD88. However, there is evidence for additional pathways that mediate TLR ligand-specific biological responses.

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Authors: Takeda, K., Kaisho, T., & Akira, S.
Affiliations: RIKEN (JP)
ORCID: Takeda, Kiyoshi
Kaisho, Tsuneyasu
Akira, Shizuo
Venue: Annual Review of Immunology
Publisher: Annual Reviews
Published: 2003-04
Volume: 21
Issue: 1
Pages: 335-376
ISSN: 0732-0582 (ISSN-L)
1545-3278
DOI: 10.1146/annurev.immunol.21.120601.141126
OpenAlex: W2101363646
Cited by: 6,143
References: 11
Citations by year: 2026: 52 · 2025: 76 · 2024: 93 · 2023: 95 · 2022: 114 · 2021: 178 · 2020: 206 · 2019: 159 · 2018: 202 · 2017: 214 · 2016: 228 · 2015: 226 · 2014: 343 · 2013: 306 · 2012: 301
FWCI: 37.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Annual Review of Immunology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Invertebrate Immune Response Mechanisms
Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Inflammasome and immune disorders
Keywords: Toll-like receptors, innate immunity, Drosophila, Toll pathway, Imd pathway, MyD88, inflammation, adaptive immunity, microbial identification, TLR signaling pathways
MeSH terms: Animals, Antigens, Differentiation, Drosophila, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Infections, Ligands, Mammals, Membrane Glycoproteins, Phylogeny, Receptors, Cell Surface, Receptors, Immunologic, Transcription Factors, Signal Transduction, Models, Immunological, Drosophila Proteins, Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing, Toll-Like Receptors, Toll-Like Receptor 5, Mice, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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Toll-Like Receptors

Abstract

Overview

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Citations

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About these checks