SENSE AND THE SINGLE NEURON: Probing the Physiology of Perception
Abstract
▪ Abstract The newly defined field of cognitive neuroscience attempts to draw together the study of all brain mechanisms that underlie our mental life. Historically, the major sensory pathways have provided the most trustworthy insights into how the brain supports cognitive functions such as perception, attention, and short-term memory. The links between neural activity and perception, in particular, have been studied revealingly in recent decades. Here we review the striking progress in this area, giving particular emphasis to the kinds of neural events that underlie the perceptual judgments of conscious observers.
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The influence of a single neuron on the probability of a post-decision wager is expected to be small because it is one member of a large population of neurons that govern behavior.
“The influence of a single neuron on the probability of a post-decision wager is expected to be small because it is but one member of a large population of neurons that govern the behavior, presumably (33–35).”
From Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex (2009) · cites this paper as [33]
In rhesus monkeys, it seems to be possible to assess what an animal is perceiving.
“Although it is challenging to assess what an animal is perceiving, in rhesus monkeys, for example, it seems to be possible78,79.”
From Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom (2008) · cites this paper as [79]
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The Neural Basis of Decision Making
Gold, J. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2007) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.29.051605.113038 · Cited by 3,764 · see citing works
Neuronal Synchrony: A Versatile Code for the Definition of Relations?
Singer, W. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80821-1 · Cited by 2,581 · see citing works
The neural correlates of subjective value during intertemporal choice
Kable, J. W., & Glimcher, P. W. (2007) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn2007 · Cited by 1,916 · see citing works
Probabilistic decision making by slow reverberation in cortical circuits
Wang, X.-J. (2002) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(02)01092-9 · Cited by 1,242 · see citing works
Psychology and neurobiology of simple decisions
Smith, P. L., & Ratcliff, R. (2004) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2004.01.006 · Cited by 1,051 · see citing works
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF VISUAL AREA MT
Born, R. T., & Bradley, D. C. (2005) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.26.041002.131052 · Cited by 1,023 · see citing works
Representation of Confidence Associated with a Decision by Neurons in the Parietal Cortex
Kiani, R., & Shadlen, M. N. (2009) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1169405 · Cited by 1,027 · see citing works
A supramodal accumulation-to-bound signal that determines perceptual decisions in humans
O'Connell, R. G., Dockree, P. M., & Kelly, S. P. (2012) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3248 · Cited by 755 · see citing works
Corollary discharge across the animal kingdom
Crapse, T. B., & Sommer, M. A. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2457 · Cited by 789 · see citing works
Spatial attention decorrelates intrinsic activity fluctuations in macaque area V4
Mitchell, J. F., Sundberg, K. A., & Reynolds, J. H. (2009) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2009.09.013 · Cited by 710 · see citing works
Changes of mind in decision-making
Resulaj, A., Kiani, R., Wolpert, D. M., & Shadlen, M. N. (2009) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature08275 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
A role for neural integrators in perceptual decision making
Mazurek, M. E., Roitman, J. D., Ditterich, J., & Shadlen, M. N. (2003) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhg097 · Cited by 620 · see citing works
Representation of Time by Neurons in the Posterior Parietal Cortex of the Macaque
Leon, M. I., & Shadlen, M. N. (2003) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(03)00185-5 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Decision theory, reinforcement learning, and the brain
Dayan, P., & Daw, N. D. (2008) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/cabn.8.4.429 · Cited by 580 · see citing works
Neural correlates of multisensory cue integration in macaque MSTd
Gu, Y., Angelaki, D. E., & DeAngelis, G. C. (2008) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.2191 · Cited by 554 · see citing works
Choosing the greater of two goods: neural currencies for valuation and decision making
Sugrue, L. P., Corrado, G. S., & Newsome, W. T. (2005) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn1666 · Cited by 536 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural basis of deciding, choosing and acting
Schall, J. D. (2001) · Nature reviews. Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/35049054 · Cited by 528 · see citing works
Internal and External Influences on the Rate of Sensory Evidence Accumulation in the Human Brain
Kelly, S. P., & O'Connell, R. G. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3355-13.2013 · Cited by 455 · see citing works
Kiani, R., Hanks, T. D., & Shadlen, M. N. (2008) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4761-07.2008 · Cited by 500 · see citing works
von der Malsburg, C. (1999) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/s0896-6273(00)80825-9 · Cited by 501 · see citing works
NEURAL SELECTION AND CONTROL OF VISUALLY GUIDED EYE MOVEMENTS
Schall, J. D., & Thompson, K. G. (1999) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev.neuro.22.1.241 · Cited by 489 · see citing works
Membrane potential correlates of sensory perception in mouse barrel cortex
Sachidhanandam, S., Sreenivasan, V., Kyriakatos, A., Kremer, Y., & Petersen, C. C. H. (2013) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.3532 · Cited by 384 · see citing works
Multisensory integration: psychophysics, neurophysiology, and computation
Angelaki, D. E., Gu, Y., & DeAngelis, G. C. (2009) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2009.06.008 · Cited by 383 · see citing works
Feldmeyer, D., Brecht, M., Helmchen, F., Petersen, C. C. H., Poulet, J. F. A., Staiger, J. F., Luhmann, H. J., & Schwarz, C. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2012.11.002 · Cited by 354 · see citing works
“For sensory systems this question is asked by studies on the physiology of perception (Parker and Newsome, 1998), involving simultaneous measurement of neuronal activity and the subject’s behavior and percept.”
BackgroundVariance as a signature of neural computations during decision making
Churchland, A. K., Kiani, R., Chaudhuri, R., Wang, X.-J., Pouget, A., & Shadlen, M. N. (2011) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.12.037 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
“Together, the mean and variance of neural responses furnish rich insight into the limits of perception, motor control and decision making (Faisal et al., 2008; Glimcher, 2005; Parker and Newsome, 1998; Shadlen and Newsome, 1998).”
BackgroundA computational framework for the study of confidence in humans and animals
Kepecs, A., & Mainen, Z. F. (2012) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0037 · Cited by 305 · see citing works
Neural population code for fine perceptual decisions in area MT
Purushothaman, G., & Bradley, D. C. (2005) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn1373 · Cited by 309 · see citing works
Dynamics of neuronal responses in macaque MT and VIP during motion detection
Cook, E. P., & Maunsell, J. H. R. (2002) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn924 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Separate modifiability, mental modules, and the use of pure and composite measures to reveal them
Sternberg, S. (2001) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/s0001-6918(00)00045-7 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
A new perceptual illusion reveals mechanisms of sensory decoding
Jazayeri, M., & Movshon, J. A. (2007) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature05739 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Fetsch, C. R., DeAngelis, G. C., & Angelaki, D. E. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07207.x · Cited by 154 · see citing works
“Vestibular research has lagged behind other sensory systems, particularly vision and somatosensation (Parker & Newsome, 1998; Luna et al., 2005), in terms of understanding the information contained in neuronal responses, the uncertainty associated with that information, and how signals might be…”
BackgroundJoshi, S., & Gold, J. I. (2022) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.63490 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Signal detection theory, uncertainty, and Poisson-like population codes
Ma, W. J. (2010) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2010.08.035 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Cognition as a Window into Neuronal Population Space
Ruff, D. A., Ni, A. M., & Cohen, M. R. (2018) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-080317-061936 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Tasks and their role in visual neuroscience
Kay, K., Bonnen, K., Denison, R. N., Arcaro, M. J., & Barack, D. L. (2023) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2023.03.022 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Behaviorally relevant decision coding in primary somatosensory cortex neurons
Buetfering, C., Zhang, Z., Pitsiani, M., Smallridge, J., Boven, E., McElligott, S., & Häusser, M. (2022) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-022-01151-0 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Dissociating early and late error signals in perceptual recognition
Wheeler, M. E., Petersen, S. E., Nelson, S. M., Ploran, E. J., & Velanova, K. (2008) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2008.20155 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
- Authors
- Parker, A. J., & Newsome, W. T.
- Affiliations
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute (US)
- Venue
- Annual Review of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Annual Reviews
- Published
- 1998-03
- Volume
- 21
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 227-277
- ISSN
- 0147-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1545-4126
- OpenAlex
- W2129389055
- Cited by
- 801
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 29 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 37 · 2014: 29 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 2.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Annual Review of Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Visual perception and processing mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural dynamics and brain function
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- perception, single-unit recording, sensory pathways, neural correlates of perception, conscious perception, perceptual judgment, attention, short-term memory, cognitive neuroscience
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Cognition, Humans, Neurons, Afferent, Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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