Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease, Depression, and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: The Role of Oxidative Stress
Open accessAbstract
Gut microbiota consists of over 100 trillion microorganisms including at least 1000 different species of bacteria and is crucially involved in physiological and pathophysiological processes occurring in the host. An imbalanced gastrointestinal ecosystem (dysbiosis) seems to be a contributor to the development and maintenance of several diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Interestingly, the three disorders are frequently associated as demonstrated by the high comorbidity rates. In this review, we introduce gut microbiota and its role in both normal and pathological processes; then, we discuss the importance of the gut-brain axis as well as the role of oxidative stress and inflammation as mediators of the pathological processes in which dysbiosis is involved. Specific sections pertain the role of the altered gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s disease, depression, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The therapeutic implications of microbiota manipulation are briefly discussed. Finally, a conclusion comments on the possible role of dysbiosis as a common pathogenetic contributor (via oxidative stress and inflammation) shared by the three disorders.
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Metal ions specifically zinc and copper may bind to the Aβ plaque and produce reactive oxygen species (ROS).
“Metal ions specifically zinc and copper may bind to the Aβ plaque and produce ROS.”
From Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
ROS produced brings about oxidative change in the Aβ peptide itself making its removal difficult and also causes lipid and protein oxidation of the cell membrane making it permeable and hence susceptible to degeneration.
“ROS thus produced brings about oxidative change in the Aβ peptide itself making its removal difficult and also cause lipid and protein oxidation of the cell membrane making it permeable and hence susceptible to degeneration [24, 29, 30].”
From Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
Alteration in the activity of gut microbes along with increased nitrate intake can lead to overproduction of NO, which can cause axonal degeneration, neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disorders.
“Alteration in the activity of any of these gut microbes along with increase nitrate intake, can lead to overproduction of NO, which can cause axonal degeneration, neuro inflammation and neurodegenerative disorders [24].”
From Recent Advancements in Pathogenesis, Diagnostics and Treatment of Alzheimer’s Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Luca, M., Di Mauro, M., Di Mauro, M., & Luca, A.
- Affiliations
- University of Catania (IT)
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Italy
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
- Corresponding author
- Luca, Antonina
- Venue
- Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2019-04-17
- Volume
- 2019
- Pages
- 1-10
- ISSN
- 1942-0994 (ISSN-L)
- 1942-0900
- PMC
- PMC6501164
- OpenAlex
- W2939350834
- Cited by
- 190
- References
- 117
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 26 · 2023: 50 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 8
- FWCI
- 1.92
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Gastroenterology › Gastrointestinal motility and disorders
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, dysbiosis, Alzheimer's disease, depression, type 2 diabetes, oxidative stress, inflammation, gut-brain axis, comorbidities, microbiome manipulation, pathogenesis
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Alzheimer Disease, Depression, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Humans, Oxidative Stress
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