Lipopolysaccharide activates an innate immune system response in human adipose tissue in obesity and type 2 diabetes
Abstract
UNLABELLED: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) is associated with chronic low-grade inflammation. Adipose tissue (AT) may represent an important site of inflammation. 3T3-L1 studies have demonstrated that lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activates toll-like receptors (TLRs) to cause inflammation. For this study, we 1) examined activation of TLRs and adipocytokines by LPS in human abdominal subcutaneous (AbdSc) adipocytes, 2) examined blockade of NF-kappaB in human AbdSc adipocytes, 3) examined the innate immune pathway in AbdSc AT from lean, obese, and T2DM subjects, and 4) examined the association of circulating LPS in T2DM subjects. The findings showed that LPS increased TLR-2 protein expression twofold (P<0.05). Treatment of AbdSc adipocytes with LPS caused a significant increase in TNF-alpha and IL-6 secretion (IL-6, CONTROL: 2.7+/-0.5 vs. LPS: 4.8+/-0.3 ng/ml; P<0.001; TNF-alpha, CONTROL: 1.0+/-0.83 vs. LPS: 32.8+/-6.23 pg/ml; P<0.001). NF-kappaB inhibitor reduced IL-6 in AbdSc adipocytes ( CONTROL: 2.7+/-0.5 vs. NF-kappaB inhibitor: 2.1+/-0.4 ng/ml; P<0.001). AbdSc AT protein expression for TLR-2, MyD88, TRAF6, and NF-kappaB was increased in T2DM patients (P<0.05), and TLR-2, TRAF-6, and NF-kappaB were increased in LPS-treated adipocytes (P<0.05). Circulating LPS was 76% higher in T2DM subjects compared with matched controls. LPS correlated with insulin in controls (r=0.678, P<0.0001). Rosiglitazone (RSG) significantly reduced both fasting serum insulin levels (reduced by 51%, P=0.0395) and serum LPS (reduced by 35%, P=0.0139) in a subgroup of previously untreated T2DM patients. In summary, our results suggest that T2DM is associated with increased endotoxemia, with AT able to initiate an innate immune response. Thus, increased adiposity may increase proinflammatory cytokines and therefore contribute to the pathogenic risk of T2DM.
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Patients with T2D have increased plasma levels of LPS.
“Correspondingly, patients suffering from T2D have been reported to exhibit increased plasma levels of LPS (Creely et al., 2007).”
From Understanding the Holobiont: How Microbial Metabolites Affect Human Health and Shape the Immune System (2017) · cites this paper as Creely et al., 2007
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- Authors
- Creely, S. J., McTernan, P. G., Kusminski, C. M., Fisher, F. M., Da Silva, N. F., Khanolkar, M., Evans, M., Harte, A. L., & Kumar, S.
- Affiliations
- University Hospital Coventry (GB)
- Venue
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism
- Publisher
- American Physiological Society
- Published
- 2007-03
- Volume
- 292
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- E740-E747
- ISSN
- 0193-1849 (ISSN-L)
- 1522-1555
- OpenAlex
- W2153406190
- Cited by
- 1,043
- References
- 41
- Citations by year
- 2026: 29 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 48 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 59 · 2021: 74 · 2020: 57 · 2019: 62 · 2018: 48 · 2017: 72 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 63 · 2014: 63 · 2013: 81 · 2012: 64
- FWCI
- 18.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- American Journal of Physiology-Endocrinology and Metabolism (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Adipose Tissue and Metabolism
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Immune Response and Inflammation
- Keywords
- lipopolysaccharide, obesity, type 2 diabetes, adipose tissue inflammation, TLR2, NF-κB signaling, MyD88, TRAF6, adipokines, TNF-α, interleukin-6, insulin resistance, rosiglitazone, 3T3-L1 adipocytes, low-grade inflammation
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Cells, Cultured, Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2, Female, Humans, Immunity, Innate, Lipopolysaccharides, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, NF-kappa B, TNF Receptor-Associated Factor 6, Subcutaneous Fat, Abdominal, Toll-Like Receptors, Adipocytes, White, Myeloid Differentiation Factor 88
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