Probiotics treatment improves diabetes-induced impairment of synaptic activity and cognitive function: behavioral and electrophysiological proofs for microbiome–gut–brain axis
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus-induced metabolic disturbances underlie the action of many systems including some higher functions of the brain such as learning and memory. Plenty of evidence supports the effects of probiotics on the function of many systems including the nervous system. Here we report the effect of probiotics treatment on the behavioral and electrophysiological aspects of learning and memory disorders. Diabetic rats were made through intraperitoneal injection of streptozocin. The control and diabetic rats were fed with either normal regimen (control rats recieving normal regimen (CO) and diabetics rats receiving normal regimen (DC), respectively) or normal regimen plus probiotic supplementation for 2months (control rats receiving probiotic supplementation (CP) and diabetics rats recieving probiotic supplementation (DP), respectively). The animals were first introduced to spatial learning task in the Morris water maze. Then, in electrophysiological experiments, stimulating the Schaffer collaterals the basic and potentiated excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSPs) were recorded in the CA1 area of the hippocampus. Finally, the serum levels of glucose, insulin, superoxide dismutase and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) were measured. We found that probiotics administration considerably improved the impaired spatial memory in the diabetic animals. The probiotics supplementation in the diabetic rats recovered the declined basic synaptic transmission and further restored the hippocampal long-term potentiation (LTP). While the probiotics administration enhanced the activation of superoxide dismutase and increased the insulin level of serum it decreased both the glucose level of serum and the 8-OHdG factor. From the present results we concluded that probiotics efficiently reverse deteriorated brain functions in the levels of cognitive performances and their proposed synaptic mechanisms in diabetes mellitus. These considerations imply on the necessity of an optimal function of the microbiome-gut-brain axis in the behavioral as well as electrophysiological aspects of brain action.
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Probiotic supplementation with a mixture of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains considerably improved spatial memory deficits in diabetic animals.
“For example, probiotic supplementation with a mixture of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains considerably improved spatial memory deficits in diabetic animals (Davari et al., 2013).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Davari et al., 2013
In a diabetic rat model, neurophysiological and behavioral impairments were rescued with probiotic treatment of L. acidophilus, B. lactis and L. fermentum.
“In a seminal in vivo, hippocampal electrophysiology experiment neurophysiological and behavioral impairments in a diabetic rat model of diabetes mellitus were rescued with the probiotic treatment of L. acidophilus, B. lactis and L. fermentum (Davari et al., 2013).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Davari et al., 2013
Animal studies suggest that probiotics can modulate endogenous neuroactive molecules, prevent and treat neuronal autoimmune diseases, and ameliorate impaired spatial memory in diabetic rats.
“Animal studies suggest that probiotics can modulate endogenous neuroactive molecules [17], prevent and treat neuronal autoimmune diseases [18], and ameliorate impaired spatial memory in diabetic rats [19].”
From Effect of Supplementation with Probiotics in Patients with Schizophrenia: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials (2025) · cites this paper as [19]
Animal studies imply that optimal function of the microbiome-gut-brain axis is necessary for behavioral and electrophysiological aspects of brain action.
“In addition, animal studies imply on the necessity of an optimal function of what is known as the microbiome-gut-brain axis in the behavioral as well as electrophysiological aspects of brain action (Davari et al., 2013).”
From Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial (2016) · cites this paper as Davari et al., 2013
Data on the effects of probiotics on improving cognitive disorders are scarce.
“However, data on the effects of probiotics on improving cognitive disorders are scarce (Bhattacharjee and Lukiw, 2013; Davari et al., 2013).”
From Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial (2016) · cites this paper as Davari et al., 2013
In the authors' previous work, probiotics efficiently reversed impaired spatial learning and memory as well as synaptic transmission in diabetes mellitus.
“In our previous work, we have shown that probiotics efficiently reverse the impaired spatial learning and memory as well as synaptic transmission in diabetes mellitus (Davari et al., 2013).”
From Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial (2016) · cites this paper as Davari et al., 2013
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Poutahidis, T., Kearney, S. M., Levkovich, T., Qi, P., Varian, B. J., Lakritz, J. R., Ibrahim, Y. M., Chatzigiagkos, A., Alm, E. J., & Erdman, S. E. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0078898 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
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BackgroundCross talk: the microbiota and neurodevelopmental disorders
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“By conducting behavioral tests in animal models, psychobiotic strains were reported to improve depression-like behaviors [47–49], anxiety-like behaviors [30,47–52], memory [53,54], cognition [55], and autism-like behaviors [56].”
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“1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 18 and long-term potentiation in diabetic rats (Davari et al., 2013).”
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“Probiotics were administered to animal models of neuroin-flammation, AD or vascular dementia in eleven studies, 69–79 whose results have been summarized in Table 3.”
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“However, despite probiotics are able to decrease the plasmatic levels of cortisol with a consequent psychological wellbeing and a reduction of depressive symptoms [90], literature data are still inconsistent.”
ResultMicrobiota-gut-brain axis and cognitive function
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“[47] found that probiotic administration in rats with metabolic changes in learning and memory, secondary to diabetes mellitus, reversed a decline in synaptic activity, and additionally restored a disturbance in hippocampal LTP [47].”
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“Animal studies have shown some psychobiotic strains can improve depression-like behavior [8], anxiety-like behavior [9], cognition [10], and autism-like behaviors, such as communication defect and stereotypic behaviors [11].”
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“Fermentum) reversed diabetes-induced cognitive and electrophysiologiocal changes (Davari et al. 2013) whereas a combination of L.”
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“Similarly, supplementation with various probiotic strains has been observed to improve cognitive functions and alleviate symptoms in several diseases such as diabetes [37], among others [38].”
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“Within the RBANS test, there were statistically significant differences between those who had detectable oropharyngeal ATCV-1 DNA and those who did not in the domains of delayed memory (P 0.039) and attention (P 0.011).”
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“Probiotic supplements rich in lactobacilli and bifidobacteria have also been shown to improve spatial memory in a cognitively impaired mouse model (106) and one explanation for these observed improvements is evidenced by VSL#3 (a commercial, medical-grade probiotic rich in lactic acid bacteria) rescuing hippocampal ne…”
BackgroundAnesthesia and surgery induce age-dependent changes in behaviors and microbiota
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“Probiotic has been shown to improve cognitive function in diabetic rats [38].”
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“LTP is a marker of brain plasticity and is reduced in the hippocampus of middle and old aged rats.”
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“fermentum Rat Improved cognitive function [170]”
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“Mediterranean diets, omega-3) on mental health and cognitive performance are starting to be recognized (Bellisario et al., 2014;Bruce et al., 2002;Davari et al., 2013;Dimmitt et al., 2010;Dinan and Cryan, 2016;Kelly et al., 2016;Milior et al., 2016;Mrizak et al., 2014;Patterson et al., 2016;Sherwin et al., 2016).”
BackgroundGut microbiota regulates key modulators of social behavior
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Probiotics as an Adjuvant Therapy in Major Depressive Disorder
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“longum) administration considerably improved impaired spatial memory, recovered declined basic synaptic transmission and further restored disturbed hippocampal long-term potentiation [56].”
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“Consistent with to previous reports [31, 32], increase of body weight and high plasma level of insulin were observed after 8-week of HFD feeding.”
Gut-brain axis: A matter of concern in neuropsychiatric disorders…!
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“Davari et al. (2013) also reported that probiotic supplementation of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats improved impaired spatial memory and helped reverse the declines in hippocampal LTP.”
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“Accordingly, the microbiome-gut-brain axis interactions have emerged as a new target in the understanding of the complex pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders (Grenham et al., 2011; Foster et al., 2013; Davari et al., 2013).”
Alzheimer’s Disease and Diabetes: Role of Diet, Microbiota and Inflammation in Preclinical Models
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The Gut Microbiome as a Therapeutic Target for Cognitive Impairment
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“Although less is known regarding probiotic effects on cognitive impairment, several clinical and preclinical intervention studies have reported beneficial effects of probiotics in several age-related diseases such as AD (28–30), neuroinflammation (31), diabetes (32), and vascular dementia (33).”
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“Based on the information published so far, it is very likely that this concept can be extended to the ‘‘microbiome-gut-brain’’ axis, as even the intestinal microbiome can affect the brain (Bercik et al., 2011; Davari et al., 2013; Hsiao et al., 2013; Bruce-Keller et al., 2015).”
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“[52] Davari S, Talaei SA, Alaei H, Salami M.”
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Influence of the Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis on Cognition in Alzheimer’s Disease
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“In diabetic rats, the administration of probiotics Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium lactis, and Lactobacillus fermentum was able to re-establish synaptic activity in the hippocampus and improve spatial learning tasks through upregulation of synaptic plasticity markers.(104) Likewise, Akkermansia muciniphila…”
Background
- Authors
- Davari, S., Talaei, S. A., Alaei, H., & salami, M.
- Affiliations
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Kashan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- salami, M.
- Venue
- Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2013-06
- Volume
- 240
- Pages
- 287-296
- ISSN
- 0306-4522 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2082281485
- Cited by
- 290
- References
- 53
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 31 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 31 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9
- FWCI
- 33.73
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Neuroscience (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Deputy of Research, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences (390491)
- Deputy of Research, Kashan University of Medical Sciences (9020)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neuropharmacology Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Keywords
- probiotics, diabetes mellitus, microbiome-gut-brain axis, spatial memory, learning disabilities, hippocampus, synaptic transmission, long-term potentiation, excitatory postsynaptic potentials, Schaffer collaterals, oxidative stress, superoxide dismutase, 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine, insulin, streptozotocin-induced diabetes, cognitive function
- MeSH terms
- 8-Hydroxy-2'-Deoxyguanosine, Analysis of Variance, Animals, Biophysics, Blood Glucose, Brain, Cognition Disorders, Deoxyguanosine, Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental, Disease Models, Animal, Drug Administration Schedule, Electric Stimulation, Hippocampus, Insulin, Male, Streptozocin, Superoxide Dismutase, Rats, Wistar, Long-Term Potentiation, Maze Learning, Probiotics, Rats, Metagenome, In Vitro Techniques
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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