Developing Mechanisms of Self-Regulation in Early Life
Open accessAbstract
Children show increasing control of emotions and behavior during their early years. Our studies suggest a shift in control from the brain’s orienting network in infancy to the executive network by the age of 3—4 years. Our longitudinal study indicates that orienting influences both positive and negative affect, as measured by parent report in infancy. At 3—4 years of age, the dominant control of affect rests in a frontal brain network that involves the anterior cingulate gyrus. Connectivity of brain structures also changes from infancy to toddlerhood. Early connectivity of parietal and frontal areas is important in orienting; later connectivity involves midfrontal and anterior cingulate areas related to executive attention and self-regulation.
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An inverse correlation between the dorsal attention network and the default-mode network emerges during the first year of life.
“Moreover, the inverse correlation between the dorsal attention network and the default-mode network, interpreted by most as a sign of ‘competition’ between the processing of external and internal events in the mature brain106, also emerges during the first year of life112.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [106]
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“This brain network assumes dominant control of behavior by middle childhood (Posner et al., 2012; Rothbart et al., 2011).”
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“Emotional and attentional regulation have a neurobiological basis, as identified in early temperament research (Rothbart et al. 2011) and later brain imaging research (Posner et al. 2014).”
BackgroundUnderstanding the Emergence of Social Anxiety in Children With Behavioral Inhibition
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Meditation-Related Increases in GABAB Modulated Cortical Inhibition
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“The anterior cingulate cortex is a key structure associated with regulation of emotional experience [92,93] and multiple studies have found that short termmeditation practice enhances the connectivity and efficiency of the anterior cingulate cortex [94e96].”
BackgroundSelective sustained attention: a developmental foundation for cognition
Fisher, A. V. (2019) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2019.06.002 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Temperament and brain networks of attention
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0254 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
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Mother-child behavioral and physiological synchrony
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“, 2010), impair emotion regulation (Rothbart et al., 2011), and exacerbate vulnerabilities to stress (De Bellis and Zisk, 2014).”
BackgroundEarly identification of ADHD risk via infant temperament and emotion regulation: a pilot study
Sullivan, E. L., Holton, K. F., Nousen, E. K., Barling, A. N., Sullivan, C. A., Propper, C. B., & Nigg, J. T. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12426 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Furthermore, emerging evidence indicates that the evolution of effortful control depends in part on the degree to which negative emotionality is present in early life (Posner, Rothbart, Sheese, & Voelker, 2014; Rothbart et al., 2011).”
Early Development of Visual Attention: Change, Stability, and Longitudinal Associations
Hendry, A. J., Johnson, M. H., & Holmboe, K. (2019) · Annual Review of Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-devpsych-121318-085114 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“…the stimulus is processed—can be characterized by looking in the absence of these additional behavioral markers; by manipulating, banging, or mouthing without visual exploration; or by stereotyped repetitive activity (Oakes & Tellinghuisen 1994, Ruff 1986, Ruff et al. 1996, Ruff & Lawson 1990).”
BackgroundInhibitory Control Across the Preschool Years: Developmental Changes and Associations with Parenting
Geeraerts, S. B., Endendijk, J. J., Deković, M., Huijding, J., Deater-Deckard, K. D., & Mesman, J. (2020) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/cdev.13426 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“In keeping with theoretical work (Ainsworth, 1969; Rothbart et al., 2011; Sroufe, 2000), parental sensitivity was associated with a higher initial level of inhibitory control.”
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“This integration of neural circuitry for emotional and cognitive regulation in the frontal areas of the brain builds capacities for self-regulation (Rothbart et al., 2011).”
BackgroundAttention: The grounds of self‐regulated cognition
Rueda, M. R., Moyano, S., & Rico‐Picó, J. (2021) · Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews Cognitive Science · doi:10.1002/wcs.1582 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
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“In particular, unsupportive early environments affect neurobiological systems related to attention and self-regulation [60].”
BackgroundIndividual Differences in Early Executive Functions: A Longitudinal Study from 12 to 36 Months
Johansson, M., Marciszko, C., Brocki, K. C., & Bohlin, G. (2015) · Infant and Child Development · doi:10.1002/icd.1952 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
A lifespan perspective on attachment and care for others: Empathy, altruism, and prosocial behavior
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Attention to learning of school subjects
Posner, M. I., & Rothbart, M. K. (2014) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2014.02.003 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“During infancy, emotional and cognitive control primarily involve the orienting network [25,28].”
BackgroundSelf-citationParental Influences on Neural Mechanisms Underlying Emotion Regulation
Kerr, K. L., Ratliff, E. L., Cosgrove, K., Bodurka, J., Morris, A., & Simmons, W. K. (2019) · Trends in Neuroscience and Education · doi:10.1016/j.tine.2019.100118 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Preschool screen media exposure, executive functions and symptoms of inattention/hyperactivity
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Self-citation“How does the broader construct of self-regulation relate to emotion regulation in young children?”
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Advances in temperament: History, concepts, and measures
Rothbart, M. K. (2012) · Dialnet (Universidad de la Rioja) · Cited by 60 · see citing works
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“…have outlined three neural attentional networks associated with early reactivity and regulation: the alerting (arousal and vigilance), orienting (task shifting), and executive attention (attentional control) networks (Posner, 2012; Posner & Rothbart, 2009; Rothbart, Sheese, Rueda, & Posner, 2011).”
BackgroundVeer, I. M., Luyten, H., Mulder, H., van Tuijl, C., & Sleegers, P. J. C. (2017) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2017.06.005 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The role of eye fixation in memory enhancement under stress – An eye tracking study
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Loss of Temper and Irritability: The Relationship to Tantrums in a Community and Clinical Sample
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“The use of attentional control to regulate emotions is thought to be supported by the system related to attentional selectivity (i.e., orienting network) in the early years, and relying on the developing EAN later on (Rothbart et al., 2011).”
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“[23] mentioned that younger infants present relatively undifferentiated distress, but later it is possible to differentiate anger/frustration from fear.”
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The emergence and evolution of infant externalizing behavior
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Methylation polymorphism influences practice effects in children during attention tasks
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“It is an umbrella term that encompasses elements such as emotional reactivity and effortful control and can be applied to modulate reactions of different domains such as cognitive/attentional regulation, emotional regulation, and behavioral regulation (Posner & Rothbart, 2000; Rothbart et al., 2011).”
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“Throughout development, the child gradually shifts from complete reliance on parental regulation to regulating her own emotions (Mangelsdorf et al. 1995; Rothbart et al. 2011).”
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The impact of negative affect on attention patterns to threat across the first 2 years of life.
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Adolescent risk-taking and resting state functional connectivity
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The developmental neuropsychology of executive functions
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Temperament and Attention as Core Mechanisms in the Early Emergence of Anxiety
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“While some work has begun to dig into the basic mechanisms underlying the seeming success of ABM [Rothbart et al., 2011; Shechner et al., 2012], it is crucial to further explore the psychological and biological mechanism in-”
Enhancing behavioral control increases sharing in children
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Self-regulation gains in kindergarten related to frequency of green schoolyard use
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“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript Putnam, & Rothbart, 2012; Parade & Leerkes, 2008; Rothbart, 2011).”
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- Authors
- Rothbart, M. K., Sheese, B. E., Rueda, M. R., & Posner, M. I.
- Affiliations
- University of Oregon (US)
- Illinois Wesleyan University (US)
- Universidad de Granada (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Rothbart, Mary K.
- Venue
- Emotion Review
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2011-04
- Volume
- 3
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 207-213
- ISSN
- 1754-0739 (ISSN-L)
- 1754-0747
- PMC
- PMC3164871
- OpenAlex
- W2014863700
- Semantic Scholar
- 51f0fc5d25fde313cc4e2e13d5557cffe6e53ff6
- Cited by
- 538
- References
- 50
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 55 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 43 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 35 · 2014: 33 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 12.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Emotion Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (P01HD038051, P01HD060563)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Child and Animal Learning Development
- Keywords
- self-regulation, emotion regulation, executive function, orienting network, executive network, anterior cingulate cortex, brain connectivity, infancy, toddlerhood, positive and negative affect, frontoparietal network
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