CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 290

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 19 of the 19 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Set points, settling points and some alternative models: theoretical options to understand how genes and environments combine to regulate body adiposity

Speakman, John R., Levitsky, David A., Allison, David B., Bray, Molly S., de Castro, John M., Clegg, Deborah J., Clapham, John C., Dulloo, Abdul G., Gruer, Laurence, Haw, Sally, Hebebrand, Johannes, Hetherington, Marion M., Higgs, Susanne, Jebb, Susan A., Loos, Ruth J. F., Luckman, Simon, Luke, Amy, Mohammed-Ali, Vidya, O’Rahilly, Stephen, Pereira, Mark, Perusse, Louis, Robinson, Tom N., Rolls, Barbara, Symonds, Michael E., Westerterp-Plantenga, Margriet S.·2011·Disease Models & Mechanisms
DOI 10.1242/dmm.008698PMC PMC3209643
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The close correspondence between energy intake and expenditure over prolonged time periods, coupled with an apparent protection of the level of body adiposity in the face of perturbations of energy balance, has led to the idea that body fatness is regulated via mechanisms that control intake and energy expenditure. Two models have dominated the discussion of how this regulation might take place. The set point model is rooted in physiology, genetics and molecular biology, and suggests that there is an active feedback mechanism linking adipose tissue (stored energy) to intake and expenditure via a set point, presumably encoded in the brain. This model is consistent with many of the biological aspects of energy balance, but struggles to explain the many significant environmental and social influences on obesity, food intake and physical activity. More importantly, the set point model does not effectively explain the ‘obesity epidemic’ – the large increase in body weight and adiposity of a large proportion of individuals in many countries since the 1980s. An alternative model, called the settling point model, is based on the idea that there is passive feedback between the size of the body stores and aspects of expenditure. This model accommodates many of the social and environmental characteristics of energy balance, but struggles to explain some of the biological and genetic aspects. The shortcomings of these two models reflect their failure to address the gene-by-environment interactions that dominate the regulation of body weight. We discuss two additional models – the general intake model and the dual intervention point model – that address this issue and might offer better ways to understand how body fatness is controlled.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1242/dmm.008698

Cites

19 of 19 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • There are two set points with a settling between them in body weight regulation.

    “and (ii) there are two set points with a settling between them.”

    From Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans (2016) · cites this paper as [77]

    The dual intervention point model section describes upper and lower intervention points with passive settling-point regulation between them. It does not call those boundaries two set points: it distinguishes the model from a set-point system because there is no defined target. (LLM, conf=0.86)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • A subsequent "settling point" theory evolved based on the possibility of "settling" into a new body weight, on the basis of changing lifestyle and habits.

    “While this might help explain the high rate of weight regain among dieters, a subsequent “settling point” theory evolved based on the possibility of “settling” into a new body weight, on the basis of changing lifestyle and habits [219].”

    From International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: diets for body weight reduction (2026) · cites this paper as [219]

  • Adaptive thermogenesis is part of body weight regulation.

    “the data give rise to the idea that (i) AT is part of body weight regulation”

    From Changes in energy expenditure with weight gain and weight loss in humans (2016) · cites this paper as [77]

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 153

  1. Allison, 1995, Methodological Issues in Obesity Research: Examples from Biometrical Genetics, 122
  2. Allison, 1996, The heritability of BMI among an international sample of monozygotic twins reared apart, Int. J. Obes. Relat. Metab. Disord., 20, 501
  3. Bellinger, 2001, The dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus and its role in ingestive behaviour and body weight regulation: lessons learned from lesioning studies, Physiol. Behav., 76, 431, 10.1016/S0031-9384(02)00756-4 · DOI · Paper page
  4. Berthoud, 2007, Interactions between the ‘cognitive’ and ‘metabolic’ brain in the control of food intake, Physiol. Behav., 91, 486, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.12.016 · DOI
  5. Born, 2010, Acute stress and food-related reward activation in the brain during food choice during eating in the absence of hunger, Int. J. Obes., 34, 172, 10.1038/ijo.2009.221 · DOI
  6. Bouchard, 1988, Sensitivity to over-feeding – the Quebec experiment with identical twins, Prog. Food Nutr. Sci., 12, 45
  7. Bouchard, 1990, The response to long term overfeeding in identical twins, N. Engl. J. Med., 322, 1477, 10.1056/NEJM199005243222101 · DOI · Paper page
  8. Bouchard, 1996, Overfeeding in identical twins: 5-year post overfeeding results, Metab. Clin. Exp., 45, 1042, 10.1016/S0026-0495(96)90277-2 · DOI
  9. Budge, 2005, Maternal nutritional programming of fetal adipose tissue development: long-term consequences for later obesity, Birth Defects Res. C, 75, 193, 10.1002/bdrc.20044 · DOI
  10. Cecil, 2008, An obesity-associated variant in the FTO gene is associated with increased food intake in young children, N. Engl. J. Med., 359, 2558, 10.1056/NEJMoa0803839 · DOI
  11. Chakravarthy, 2004, Eating, exercise, and ‘thrifty’ genotypes: connecting the dots toward an evolutionary understanding of modern chronic diseases, J. Appl. Physiol., 96, 3, 10.1152/japplphysiol.00757.2003 · DOI
  12. Cluskey, 2009, College weight gain and behavior transitions: male and female differences, J. Am. Diet. Assoc., 109, 325, 10.1016/j.jada.2008.10.045 · DOI
  13. Cone, 1999, The central melanocortin system and energy homeostasis, Trends Endocrinol. Metab., 10, 211, 10.1016/S1043-2760(99)00153-8 · DOI
  14. Coners, 1999, The relationship between premorbid body weight, weight loss, and weight at referral in adolescent patients with anorexia nervosa, Int. J. Eat. Disord., 26, 171, 10.1002/(SICI)1098-108X(199909)26:2<171::AID-EAT6>3.0.CO;2-P · DOI
  15. Considine, 1996, Serum immunoreactive leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans, New Engl. J. Med., 334, 292, 10.1056/NEJM199602013340503 · DOI · Paper page
  16. Cornier, 2009, The effects of overfeeding on the neuronal response to visual food cues in thin and reduced-obese individuals, PLoS ONE, 4, e6310, 10.1371/journal.pone.0006310 · DOI
  17. Cowley, 1999, Integration of NPY, AGRP, and melanocortin signals in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus: evidence of a cellular basis for the adipostat, Neuron, 24, 155, 10.1016/S0896-6273(00)80829-6 · DOI
  18. Davis, 2011, Leptin regulates energy balance and motivation through action at distinct neural circuits, Biol. Psychiatry, 69, 668, 10.1016/j.biopsych.2010.08.028 · DOI
  19. de Castro, 1991, Seasonal rhythms of human nutrient intake and meal patterns, Physiol. Behav., 50, 243, 10.1016/0031-9384(91)90527-U · DOI
  20. de Castro, 2006, Macronutrient and dietary energy density influences on the intake of free-living humans, Appetite, 46, 1, 10.1016/j.appet.2005.05.005 · DOI
  21. de Castro, 2010, The control of food intake of free-living humans: putting the pieces back together, Physiol. Behav., 100, 446, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.04.028 · DOI
  22. de Castro, 2002, A general model of intake regulation, Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev., 26, 581, 10.1016/S0149-7634(02)00018-0 · DOI
  23. de los Campos, 2010, Predicting genetic predisposition in humans: the promise of whole-genome markers, Nat. Rev. Genet., 11, 880, 10.1038/nrg2898 · DOI
  24. Den Hoed, 2009, Postprandial responses in hunger and satiety are associated with the rs9939609 single nucleotide polymorphism in FTO, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 90, 1426, 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28053 · DOI
  25. Deriaz, 1992, Lean body mass composition and resting energy expenditure before and after long-term overfeeding, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 56, 840, 10.1093/ajcn/56.5.840 · DOI
  26. Donnelly, 2011, Energy balance and body weight regulation: a useful concept for understanding the obesity epidemic, Am. J. Clin. Nutr.
  27. Duffey, 2011, Energy density, portion size, and eating occasions: contributions to increased energy intake in the United States, 1977–2006, PloS Med., 8, e10010150, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001050 · DOI
  28. Dulloo, 1998, Adaptive reduction in basal metabolic rate in response to food deprivation in humans: a role for feedback signals from fat stores, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 68, 599, 10.1093/ajcn/68.3.599 · DOI
  29. Dulloo, 1997, Poststarvation hyperphagia and body fat overshooting in humans: a role for feedback signals from lean and fat tissues, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 65, 717, 10.1093/ajcn/65.3.717 · DOI
  30. Dykes, 2004, Socioeconomic gradient in body size and obesity among women: the role of dietary restraint, disinhibition and hunger in the Whitehall II study, Int. J. Obes., 28, 262, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802523 · DOI
  31. Eknoyan, 2006, A history of obesity, or how what was good became ugly and then bad, Adv. Chronic Kidney Dis., 13, 421, 10.1053/j.ackd.2006.07.002 · DOI
  32. Epstein, 1992, Habituation and dishabituation of human salivary response, Physiol. Behav., 51, 945, 10.1016/0031-9384(92)90075-D · DOI
  33. Epstein, 1997, Allocation of attentional resources during habituation to food cues, Psychophysiology, 34, 59, 10.1111/j.1469-8986.1997.tb02416.x · DOI
  34. Epstein, 2008, A randomized trial of the effects of reducing television viewing and computer use on body mass index in young children, Arch. Paediatr. Adolesc. Med., 162, 239, 10.1001/archpediatrics.2007.45 · DOI · Paper page
  35. Fam, 2007, Modulation of central leptin sensitivity and energy balance in a rat model of diet-induced obesity, Diabetes Obes. Metab., 9, 840, 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2006.00653.x · DOI
  36. Farooqi, 2008, Mutations in ligands and receptors of the leptin-melanocortin pathway that lead to obesity, Nat. Clin. Pract. Endocrinol. Metab., 4, 569, 10.1038/ncpendmet0966 · DOI
  37. Farooqi, 2002, Beneficial effects of leptin on obesity, T cell hyporesponsiveness, and neuroendocrine/metabolic dysfunction of human congenital leptin deficiency, J. Clin. Invest., 110, 1093, 10.1172/JCI0215693 · DOI · Paper page
  38. Farooqi, 2007, Leptin regulates striatal regions and human eating behavior, Science, 317, 1355, 10.1126/science.1144599 · DOI · Paper page
  39. Fischer, 2009, Inactivation of the Fto gene protects from obesity, Nature, 458, 894, 10.1038/nature07848 · DOI
  40. Flegal, 2010, Prevalence and trends in obesity among US adults, 1999–2008, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 303, 235, 10.1001/jama.2009.2014 · DOI · Paper page
  41. Forbes, 1987, Human Body Composition, 10.1007/978-1-4612-4654-1 · DOI · Paper page
  42. Frayling, 2007, A common variant in the FTO gene is associated with body mass index and predisposes to childhood and adult obesity, Science, 316, 889, 10.1126/science.1141634 · DOI · Paper page
  43. Freathy, 2011, Genetic vatiation at CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 interacts with smoking status to influence body mass index, 10.1093/ije/dyr077 · DOI
  44. Frederich, 1995, Expresson of ob messenger-RNA and its encoded protein in rodents – impact of nutrition and obesity, J. Clin. Invest., 96, 1658, 10.1172/JCI118206 · DOI
  45. Friedman, 1998, Leptin, leptin receptors, and the control of body weight, Nutr. Rev., 56, S38, 10.1111/j.1753-4887.1998.tb01685.x · DOI
  46. Garrow, 1988, Obesity and Related Diseases
  47. Gebhardt, 2010, Body weight gain induced by atypical antipsychotics: an extension of the monozygotic twin and sib pair study, J. Clin. Pharm. Ther., 35, 207, 10.1111/j.1365-2710.2009.01084.x · DOI
  48. Goldberg, 1998, Dietary compensation in response to covert imposition of negative energy balance by removal of fat or carbohydrate, Br. J. Nutr., 80, 141, 10.1017/S0007114598001044 · DOI
  49. Gortmaker, 1996, Television viewing as a cause of increasing obesity among children in the United States, 1986–1990, Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., 150, 356, 10.1001/archpedi.1996.02170290022003 · DOI
  50. Hainer, 2000, Intrapair resemblance in very low calorie diet-induced weight loss in female obese identical twins, Int. J. Obes., 24, 1051, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801358 · DOI
  51. Hall, 2010, Mathematical modelling of energy expenditure during tissue disposition, Br. J. Nutr., 104, 4, 10.1017/S0007114510000206 · DOI
  52. Hall, 2010, Predicting metabolic adaptation, body weight change and energy intake in humans, Am. J. Physiol., 298, E449
  53. Haupt, 2009, Variation in the FTO gene influences food intake but not energy expenditure, Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes, 117, 194, 10.1055/s-0028-1087176 · DOI
  54. Hayes, 2010, Endogenous leptin signaling in the caudal nucleus tractus solitarius and area postrema is required for energy balance regulation, Cell Metab., 11, 77, 10.1016/j.cmet.2009.10.009 · DOI
  55. Hebebrand, 1997, Prediction of low body weight at long-term follow-up in acute anorexia nervosa by low body weight at referral, Am. J. Psychiatry, 154, 566, 10.1176/ajp.154.4.566 · DOI
  56. Hebebrand, 2010, Chipping away the ‘missing heritability’: GIANT steps forward in the molecular elucidation of obesity – but still lots to go, Obes. Facts, 3, 294, 10.1159/000321537 · DOI
  57. Herman, 1984, A boundary model for the regulation of eating, 141
  58. Hetherington, 2008, From protocols to populations: establishing a role for the energy density of food in the obesity epidemic, 301
  59. Hetherington, 2010, Gene-environment interactions in obesity, Forum Nutr., 63, 195, 10.1159/000264407 · DOI
  60. Hetherington, 2006, Situational effects on meal intake: a comparison of eating alone and eating with others, Physiol. Behav., 88, 498, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2006.04.025 · DOI
  61. Heymsfield, 1999, Recombinant leptin for weight loss in obese and lean adults: a randomized, controlled, dose-escalation trial, JAMA, 282, 1568, 10.1001/jama.282.16.1568 · DOI · Paper page
  62. Hill, 2009, Can a small-changes approach help address the obesity epidemic? A report of the joint task force of the American Society of Nutrition, Institute of Food Technologists and International Food Information Council, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 89, 477, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26566 · DOI · Paper page
  63. Hukshorn, 2003, Pegylated human recombinant leptin (PEG-OB) causes additional weight loss in severely energy-restricted, overweight men, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 77, 771, 10.1093/ajcn/77.4.771 · DOI
  64. Hull, 2006, The effect of the holiday season on body weight and composition in college students, Nutr. Metab., 3, 44, 10.1186/1743-7075-3-44 · DOI
  65. Jackson, 2009, Increased television viewing is associated with elevated body fatness but not with lower total energy expenditure in children, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 89, 1031, 10.3945/ajcn.2008.26746 · DOI
  66. Johnson, 2009, Dietary energy density affects fat mass in early adolescence and is not modified by FTO variants, PLoS ONE, 4, e4594, 10.1371/journal.pone.0004594 · DOI
  67. Jordan, 2008, Children, television viewing, and weight status: summary and recommendations from an expert panel meeting, Ann. Am. Acad. Polit. Soc. Sci., 615, 119, 10.1177/0002716207308681 · DOI
  68. Keesey, 1997, Body weight set-points: determination and adjustment, J. Nutr., 127, 1875S, 10.1093/jn/127.9.1875S · DOI
  69. Kennedy, 1953, The role of depot fat in the hypothalamic control of food intake in the rat, Proc. R. Soc. B, 140, 578
  70. King, 1997, High dose exercise does not increase hunger or energy intake in free-living males, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 51, 478, 10.1038/sj.ejcn.1600432 · DOI
  71. Kuczmarski, 1994, Increasing prevalence of overweight among US adults – the national health and nutrition examination surveys 1960 to 1991, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 272, 205, 10.1001/jama.1994.03520030047027 · DOI
  72. Leibel, 1984, Diminished energy requirements in reduced obese patients, Metabolism, 33, 164, 10.1016/0026-0495(84)90130-6 · DOI
  73. Lejeune, 2003, Effect of dietary restraint during and following pegylated recombinant leptin (PEG-OB) treatment of overweight men, Int. J. Obes., 27, 1494, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802431 · DOI
  74. Lemmens, 2009, Eating what you like induces a stronger decrease of ‘wanting’ to eat, Physiol. Behav., 98, 318, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.06.008 · DOI
  75. Lemmens, 2010, Dietary restraint and control over ‘wanting’ following consumption of ‘forbidden’ food, Obesity, 18, 1926, 10.1038/oby.2010.36 · DOI
  76. Levitsky, 2002, Putting behavior back into feeding behavior: a tribute to George Collier, Appetite, 38, 143, 10.1006/appe.2001.0465 · DOI · Paper page
  77. Levitsky, 2010, One day of food restriction does not result in an increase in subsequent daily food intake in humans, Physiol. Behav., 99, 495, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2009.12.020 · DOI
  78. Levitsky, 2011, Free will and the obesity epidemic, Public Health Nutr., 19, 1
  79. Levitsky, 2005, Imprecise control of energy intake: absence of a reduction in food intake following overfeeding in young adults, Physiol. Behav., 84, 669, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.01.004 · DOI
  80. Li, 2010, Physical activity attenuates the genetic predisposition to obesity in 20,000 men and women from EPIC-Norfolk prospective population study, PLoS Med., 7, e1000332, 10.1371/journal.pmed.1000332 · DOI
  81. Luke, 1992, Basal metabolic rate, fat-free mass, and body cell mass during energy restriction, Metabolism, 41, 450, 10.1016/0026-0495(92)90083-M · DOI
  82. Luke, 2001, Heritability of obesity-related traits among Nigerians, Jamaicans and US black people, Int. J. Obes., 25, 1034, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801650 · DOI
  83. Maffei, 1996, Absence of mutations in the human OB gene in obese diabetic subjects, Diabetes, 45, 679, 10.2337/diab.45.5.679 · DOI
  84. Makowsky, 2011, Beyond missing heritability: prediction of complex traits, PLoS Genet., 7, e1002051, 10.1371/journal.pgen.1002051 · DOI
  85. Martens, 2010, Changes in liking of foods during stress as a function of body weight, Obes. Rev., 11, 313
  86. Matheson, 2004, Children’s food consumption during television viewing, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 79, 1088, 10.1093/ajcn/79.6.1088 · DOI
  87. Mercer, 1996, Localization of leptin receptor mRNA and the long form splice variant (Ob-Rb) in mouse hypothalamus and adjacent brain regions by in situ hybridization, FEBS Lett., 387, 113, 10.1016/0014-5793(96)00473-5 · DOI
  88. Mrosovsky, 1977, Set points for body-weight and fat, Behav. Biol., 20, 205, 10.1016/S0091-6773(77)90773-8 · DOI
  89. Neel, 1962, Diabetes mellitus a ‘thrifty’ genotype rendered detrimental by ‘progress’?, Am. J. Hum. Genet., 14, 352
  90. Ogden, 1997, Prevalence of overweight among preschool children in the United States, 1971 through 1994, Pediatrics, 99, E1, 10.1542/peds.99.4.e1 · DOI
  91. O’Rahilly, 1998, Life without leptin, Nature, 392, 330, 10.1038/32769 · DOI
  92. O’Rahilly, 2009, Human genetics illuminates the paths to metabolic disease, Nature, 462, 307, 10.1038/nature08532 · DOI
  93. Payne, 1977, Mechanisms for the control of body weight, Lancet, 8011, 583, 10.1016/S0140-6736(77)92010-4 · DOI
  94. Payne, 1977, A model for the prediction of energy balance and body weight, Ann. Hum. Biol., 4, 525, 10.1080/03014467700002521 · DOI
  95. Piernas, 2011, Food portion patterns and trends among U.S. children and the relationship to total eating occasion size, 1977–2006, J. Nutr., 141, 1159, 10.3945/jn.111.138727 · DOI
  96. Poskitt, 2009, Countries in transition: underweight to obesity non-stop?, Ann. Trop. Paediatr., 29, 1, 10.1179/146532809X401971 · DOI
  97. Prentice, 2001, Obesity and its potential mechanistic basis, Br. Med. Bull., 60, 51, 10.1093/bmb/60.1.51 · DOI
  98. Prentice, 2008, Obesity in emerging nations: evolutionary origins and the impact of a rapid nutrition transition emerging societies – coexistence of childhood malnutrition and obesity, 47
  99. Prentice, 2005, Insights from the developing world: thrifty genotypes and thrifty phenotypes, Proc. Nutr. Soc., 64, 153, 10.1079/PNS2005421 · DOI
  100. Prentice, 2008, Evolutionary origins of the obesity epidemic: natural selection of thrifty genes or genetic drift following predation release?, Int. J. Obes., 32, 1607, 10.1038/ijo.2008.147 · DOI
  101. Robinson, 1999, Reducing children’s television viewing to prevent obesity: a randomized controlled trial, J. Am. Med. Assoc., 282, 1561, 10.1001/jama.282.16.1561 · DOI · Paper page
  102. Robinson, 2001, Television viewing and childhood obesity, Pediatr. Clin. North Am., 48, 1017, 10.1016/S0031-3955(05)70354-0 · DOI · Paper page
  103. Rolls, 2010, Dietary strategies for the prevention and treatment of obesity, Proc. Nutr. Soc., 69, 70, 10.1017/S0029665109991674 · DOI
  104. Rolls, 1989, The role of variety in eating and body weight, 58
  105. Rolls, 2007, The effect of large portion sizes on energy intake is sustained for 11 days, Obesity, 15, 1535, 10.1038/oby.2007.182 · DOI
  106. Romero-Corral, 2008, Accuracy of body mass index in diagnosing obesity in the adult general population, Int. J. Obes., 32, 959, 10.1038/ijo.2008.11 · DOI · Paper page
  107. Rosenbaum, 1997, Effects of weight change on plasma leptin concentrations and energy expenditure, J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 82, 3647
  108. Rosenbaum, 2008, Long-term persistence of adaptive thermogenesis in subjects who have maintained a reduced body weight, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 88, 906, 10.1093/ajcn/88.4.906 · DOI · Paper page
  109. Rosenbaum, 2010, Energy intake in weight-reduced humans, Brain Res., 1350, 95, 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.05.062 · DOI · Paper page
  110. Ruiz, 2010, Attenuation of the effect of the FTO rs9939609 polymorphism on total and central body fat by physical activity in adolescents: the HELENA study, Arch. Pediatr. Adolesc. Med., 164, 328, 10.1001/archpediatrics.2010.29 · DOI · Paper page
  111. Saladin, 1995, Transient increase in obese gene expression after food intake or insulin administration, Nature, 377, 527, 10.1038/377527a0 · DOI
  112. Satia, 2010, Dietary acculturation and the nutrition transition: an overview, Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab., 35, 219, 10.1139/H10-007 · DOI
  113. Schoeller, 1997, Entrainment of the diurnal rhythm of plasma leptin to meal timing, J. Clin. Invest., 100, 1882, 10.1172/JCI119717 · DOI
  114. Schrauwen, 2000, The role of high-fat diets and physical activity in the regulation of body weight, Br. J. Nutr., 84, 417, 10.1017/S0007114500001720 · DOI
  115. Schrauwen, 1997, The adaptation of nutrient oxidation to nutrient intake on a high-fat diet, Z. Ernahrungswiss., 36, 306, 10.1007/BF01617804 · DOI
  116. Schrauwen, 1998, Fat balance in obese subjects: role of glycogen stores, Am. J. Physiol., 274, E1027
  117. Schrauwen, 2000, Fat and carbohydrate balances during adaptation to a high-fat diet, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 72, 1239, 10.1093/ajcn/72.5.1239 · DOI
  118. Schwartz, 2000, Central nervous system control of food intake, Nature, 404, 661, 10.1038/35007534 · DOI · Paper page
  119. Scott, 2011, Leptin receptor expression in hindbrain Glp-1 neurons regulates food intake and energy balance in mice, J. Clin. Invest., 121, 2413, 10.1172/JCI43703 · DOI
  120. Sebert, 2010, Influence of prenatal nutrition and obesity on tissue specific fat mass and obesity-associated (FTO) gene expression, Reproduction, 139, 265, 10.1530/REP-09-0173 · DOI
  121. Segal, 2002, Twins and virtual twins: bases of relative body weight revisited, Int. J. Obes., 26, 437, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801941 · DOI
  122. Segal, 2009, Genetic and environmental contributions to body mass index: comparative analysis of monozygotic twins, dizygotic twins and same-age unrelated siblings, Int. J. Obes., 33, 37, 10.1038/ijo.2008.228 · DOI
  123. Sobal, 2009, Gender, ethnicity, marital status, and body weight in the United States, Obesity, 17, 2223, 10.1038/oby.2009.64 · DOI
  124. Sousa, 2009, The role of leptin in the regulation of energy balance, Acta Med. Port., 22, 291
  125. Speakman, 2004, Obesity: the integrated roles of environment and genetics, J. Nutr., 134, 2090S, 10.1093/jn/134.8.2090S · DOI
  126. Speakman, 2010, Associations between energy demands, physical activity and body composition in adult humans between 18 and 96 years of age, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 92, 826, 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28540 · DOI · Paper page
  127. Speakman, 2002, Does body weight play a role in the regulation of food intake?, Proc. Nutr. Soc., 61, 473, 10.1079/PNS2002194 · DOI
  128. Speakman, 2008, Polymorphisms of the FTO gene are associated with variation in energy intake but not energy expenditure, Obesity, 16, 1961, 10.1038/oby.2008.318 · DOI
  129. Speliotes, 2010, Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index, Nat. Genet., 42, 937, 10.1038/ng.686 · DOI · Paper page
  130. Symonds, 2009, Nutritional programming of the metabolic syndrome, Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 5, 604, 10.1038/nrendo.2009.195 · DOI
  131. Symonds, 2011, Adipose tissue development – impact of the early life environment, Prog. Biophys. Mol. Biol., 106, 300, 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2010.11.008 · DOI
  132. Tam, 2009, A mathematical model of murine metabolic regulation by leptin: energy balance and defense of a stable body weight, Cell Metab., 9, 52, 10.1016/j.cmet.2008.11.005 · DOI · Paper page
  133. Temple, 2007, Television watching increases motivated responding for food and energy intake in children, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 85, 355, 10.1093/ajcn/85.2.355 · DOI · Paper page
  134. Thornton, 2010, Who is eating where? Findings from the SocioEconomic Status and Activity in Women (SESAW) study, Public Health Nutr., 10, 1
  135. Timpson, 2008, The fat mass- and obesity-associated locus and dietary intake in children, Am J. Clin. Nutr., 88, 971, 10.1093/ajcn/88.4.971 · DOI
  136. Tremblay, 2004, Energy balance and body-weight stability: impact of gene-environment interactions, Br. J. Nutr., 92, S63, 10.1079/BJN20041144 · DOI
  137. Troiano, 1995, Overweight prevalence and trends for children and adolescents – the national health and nutrition examination surveys 1963 to 1991, Arch. Paediatr. Adolesc. Med., 149, 1085, 10.1001/archpedi.1995.02170230039005 · DOI
  138. Van Gemert, 2000, Energy, substrate and protein metabolism in morbid obesity before, during and after massive weight loss, Int. J. Obes., 24, 711, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801230 · DOI
  139. Van Wye, 2007, Adult obesity does not predict 6-year weight gain in men: the aerobics center longitudinal study, Obesity, 15, 1571, 10.1038/oby.2007.186 · DOI
  140. Vogels, 2005, Categorical strategies based on subject characteristics of dietary restraint and physical activity, for weight maintenance, Int. J. Obes., 29, 849, 10.1038/sj.ijo.0802984 · DOI
  141. Vogels, 2005, Relation of weight maintenance and dietary restraint to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma2, glucocorticoid receptor, and ciliary neurotrophic factor polymorphisms, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 82, 740, 10.1093/ajcn/82.4.740 · DOI
  142. Wansink, 2004, Environmental factors that increase the food intake and consumption volume of unknowing consumers, Annu. Rev. Nutr., 24, 455, 10.1146/annurev.nutr.24.012003.132140 · DOI · Paper page
  143. Wardle, 2009, The FTO gene and measured food intake in children, Int. J. Obes., 33, 42, 10.1038/ijo.2008.174 · DOI
  144. Wells, 2006, The evolution of human fatness and susceptibility to obesity: an ethological approach, Biol. Rev., 81, 183, 10.1017/S1464793105006974 · DOI
  145. Westerterp, 1995, Energy intake, physical activity and body weight: a simulation model, Br. J. Nutr., 73, 337, 10.1079/BJN19950037 · DOI
  146. Westerterp-Plantenga, 2004, Effects of energy density of daily food intake on long-term energy intake, Physiol. Behav., 81, 765, 10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.04.030 · DOI
  147. Westerterp-Plantenga, 2004, Modulatory factors in the effect of energy density on energy intake, Br. J. Nutr., 92, S35, 10.1079/BJN20041140 · DOI
  148. Westerterp-Plantenga, 1996, Energy intake adaptation of food intake to extreme energy densities of food by obese and non-obese women, Eur. J. Clin. Nutr., 50, 401
  149. Westerterp-Plantenga, 2001, Effects of weekly administration of pegylated recombinant human OB protein on appetite profile and energy metabolism in obese men, Am. J. Clin. Nutr., 74, 426, 10.1093/ajcn/74.4.426 · DOI
  150. Westerterp-Plantenga, 2003, Habitual meal frequency in relation to resting and activity-induced energy expenditure in human subjects: the role of fat-free mass, Br. J. Nutr., 90, 643, 10.1079/BJN2003940 · DOI
  151. Wirtshafter, 1977, Set points, settling points and the control of body weight, Physiol. Behav., 19, 75, 10.1016/0031-9384(77)90162-7 · DOI
  152. Wu, 2002, A combined analysis of genome-wide linkage scans for BMI from the NHLBI Family Blood Pressure Program, Am. J. Human Genet., 70, 1247, 10.1086/340362 · DOI
  153. Zhu, 2002, A genome-wide scan for obesity in African Americans, Diabetes, 51, 541, 10.2337/diabetes.51.2.541 · DOI

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Metadata

Authors
Speakman, J. R., Levitsky, D. A., Allison, D. B., Bray, M. S., de Castro, J. M., Clegg, D. J., Clapham, J. C., Dulloo, A. G., Gruer, L., Haw, S., Hebebrand, J., Hetherington, M. M., Higgs, S., Jebb, S. A., Loos, R. J. F., Luckman, S., Luke, A., Mohammed-Ali, V., O’Rahilly, S., Pereira, M., Perusse, L., Robinson, T. N., Rolls, B., Symonds, M. E., & Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S.
Affiliations
  • Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences (IBES), University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, Scotland, AB39 2PN, UK
  • Division of Nutritional Sciences and the Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA
  • Office of Energetics, Ryals Public Health Building, Rm 140J, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1665 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
  • Heflin Center for Genomic Sciences Illumina Core Lab, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1530 3rd Avenue S, RPHB 230H, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
  • College of Humanities and Social Sciences, Sam Houston State University, Box 2509, Huntsville, TX 77341-2509, USA
  • Touchstone Diabetes Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX 75390-8854, USA
  • Research and Development (CVGI), AstraZeneca, Alderley Park, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK
  • Department of Medicine/Physiology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg CH 1700, Switzerland
  • NHS Health Scotland, 65 West Regent St, Glasgow, G2 2AF, UK
  • Centre for Public Health and Population Health Research, School of Nursing, Midwifery and Health, University of Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
  • Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, University Duisburg-Essen, Virchowstrasse 174, 45147, Essen, Germany
  • Institute of Psychological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
  • School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
  • MRC Human Nutrition Research, Elsie Widdowson Laboratory, Fulbourn Road, Cambridge, CB1 9NL, UK
  • MRC Epidemiology Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ, UK
  • Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
  • Department of Preventive Medicine and Epidemiology, Loyola University Chicago, 2160 South First Avenue, Maywood, IL 60153, USA
  • University College London Division of Medicine, Rayne Building, 5 University Street, London, WC1E 6JF, UK
  • University of Cambridge Metabolic Research Laboratories, Institute of Metabolic Science, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 OQQ, UK
  • Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, 1300 South Second Street, Suite 300, Minneapolis, MN 55454, USA
  • Division of Kinesiology, Department of Preventive Medicine, Laval University, Sainte-Foy, Quebec, G1K 7P4, Canada
  • Lucile Packard Children’s Hospital, Stanford University School of Medicine, 725 Welch Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
  • Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
  • Early Life Nutrition Research Unit, Academic Division of Child Health, School of Clinical Sciences, University Hospital, Nottingham, NG7 2UH, UK
  • Department of Human Biology, Nutrim, FHML, MUMC, Maastricht University, PO Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
Venue
Disease Models & Mechanisms
Publisher
The Company of Biologists
Published
2011-11-01
Volume
4
Issue
6
Pages
733-745
ISSN
  • 1754-8411
  • 1754-8403
DOI
10.1242/dmm.008698
PMC
PMC3209643
Cited by
290
References
19
Language
en

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review