Emergence of a stable cortical map for neuroprosthetic control
Open accessAbstract
Cortical control of neuroprosthetic devices is known to require neuronal adaptations. It remains unclear whether a stable cortical representation for prosthetic function can be stored and recalled in a manner that mimics our natural recall of motor skills. Especially in light of the mixed evidence for a stationary neuron-behavior relationship in cortical motor areas, understanding this relationship during long-term neuroprosthetic control can elucidate principles of neural plasticity as well as improve prosthetic function. Here, we paired stable recordings from ensembles of primary motor cortex neurons in macaque monkeys with a constant decoder that transforms neural activity to prosthetic movements. Proficient control was closely linked to the emergence of a surprisingly stable pattern of ensemble activity, indicating that the motor cortex can consolidate a neural representation for prosthetic control in the presence of a constant decoder. The importance of such a cortical map was evident in that small perturbations to either the size of the neural ensemble or to the decoder could reversibly disrupt function. Moreover, once a cortical map became consolidated, a second map could be learned and stored. Thus, long-term use of a neuroprosthetic device is associated with the formation of a cortical map for prosthetic function that is stable across time, readily recalled, resistant to interference, and resembles a putative memory engram.
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Evidence from invasive and semi-invasive BCI shows that learning and co-adaptation have been well documented.
“Another similar, overstated extrapolation regards evidence from invasive and semi-invasive BCI, where learning and co-adaptation have been well documented [19,23,24,57–59].”
From The Cybathlon BCI race: Successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users (2018) · cites this paper as [57]
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- Authors
- Ganguly, K., & Carmena, J. M.
- Affiliations
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Carmena, Jose M.
- Venue
- PLoS Biology
- Publisher
- Public Library of Science (PLoS)
- Published
- 2009-07-21
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- e1000153
- ISSN
- 1544-9173 (ISSN-L)
- 1545-7885
- PMC
- PMC2702684
- OpenAlex
- W2048272660
- Cited by
- 578
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 31 · 2023: 21 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 27 · 2020: 43 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 37 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 32 · 2015: 44 · 2014: 58 · 2013: 44 · 2012: 42
- FWCI
- 15.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- PLoS Biology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- American Heart Association
- Christopher and Dana Reeve Foundation
- American Stroke Association
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- neuroprosthetic control, primary motor cortex, cortical maps, neuroplasticity, memory engrams, neural decoding, macaque
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Mapping, Macaca, Motor Activity, Motor Cortex, Motor Neurons, Motor Skills, Neuronal Plasticity, Mental Recall, Time Factors, User-Computer Interface, Evoked Potentials, Motor, Prostheses and Implants
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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