Brain computer interface learning for systems based on electrocorticography and intracortical microelectrode arrays
Open accessAbstract
A brain-computer interface (BCI) system transforms neural activity into control signals for external devices in real time. A BCI user needs to learn to generate specific cortical activity patterns to control external devices effectively. We call this process BCI learning, and it often requires significant effort and time. Therefore, it is important to study this process and develop novel and efficient approaches to accelerate BCI learning. This article reviews major approaches that have been used for BCI learning, including computer-assisted learning, co-adaptive learning, operant conditioning, and sensory feedback. We focus on BCIs based on electrocorticography and intracortical microelectrode arrays for restoring motor function. This article also explores the possibility of brain modulation techniques in promoting BCI learning, such as electrical cortical stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and optogenetics. Furthermore, as proposed by recent BCI studies, we suggest that BCI learning is in many ways analogous to motor and cognitive skill learning, and therefore skill learning should be a useful metaphor to model BCI learning.
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Co-adaptive interfaces have been proposed as a remedy and increasingly adopted and modeled as a training strategy.
“On the contrary, co-adaptive (a term we use interchangeably to mutual learning) interfaces, in which the capacities of both learning agents—the brain and the machine—are accommodated and coordinated, has been very early proposed as a remedy [18] and more recently increasingly adopted and modeled as a training strategy [19–21].”
From The Cybathlon BCI race: Successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
Evidence from invasive and semi-invasive BCI shows that learning and co-adaptation have been well documented.
“Another similar, overstated extrapolation regards evidence from invasive and semi-invasive BCI, where learning and co-adaptation have been well documented [19,23,24,57–59].”
From The Cybathlon BCI race: Successful longitudinal mutual learning with two tetraplegic users (2018) · cites this paper as [19]
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Alchalabi, B., Faubert, J., & Labbé, D. R. (2021) · International Winter Conference on Brain-Computer Interface (BCI) · doi:10.1109/bci51272.2021.9385324
Nano-Neurosurgery: Nanoparticle-Guided Strategies
Muhammad, P., Hanif, S., Ieva, A. D., & Shi, B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-80662-0_44
Shalabny, N., Saleh, M. A., Snezhko, A., Vatine, G. D., & Ben‐Yoav, H. (2025) · Sensing and Bio-Sensing Research · doi:10.1016/j.sbsr.2025.100894
- Authors
- Hiremath, S. V., Chen, W., Wang, W., Foldes, S., Yang, Y., Tyler-Kabara, E. C., Collinger, J. L., & Boninger, M. L.
- Affiliations
- United States Department of Veterans Affairs (US)
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Wang, Wei
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-06-10
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 40-40
- ISSN
- 1662-5145 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4462099
- OpenAlex
- W1558497503
- Cited by
- 53
- References
- 154
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 8 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 0.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- TUScholarShare (Temple University) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Office of Research and Development
- University of Pittsburgh
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000005, KL2TR000146, 3r01ns050256-05s1)
- Rehabilitation Research and Development Service
- Medical Center, University of Pittsburgh
- National Institute on Aging (P30AG024827)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01-NS050256)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery
- Keywords
- electrocorticography, intracortical microelectrode arrays, motor recovery, computer-assisted instruction, operant conditioning, sensory feedback, brain modulation, cortical electrical stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation, optogenetics
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