Immunocytochemical localization of tubulin and microtubule-associated protein 2 during the development of hippocampal neurons in culture

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

There are molecular differences between microtubules and neurofilaments in different regions of a neuron and in different classes of neurons.

“In addition, recent biochemical and immunocytochemical studies have established that there are molecular differences between the microtubules (Caceres et al., 1984b;Matus et al., 198 1;Vallee, 1982) and neurofilaments (Hirokawa et al., 1984;Shaw et al., 198 1) in different regions of a neuron, and in different classes of neurons (Goldstein et al., 1983).”

• cites Caceres et al., 1984bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Matus et al., 198 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Vallee, 1982 sourceSupported

May combine two claims.

Microtubules are apt to be especially important in neuronal development because they arise early, usually much before neurofilaments, and because they have been implicated in outgrowth of neuronal processes and transport within axons and dendrites.

“In this regard, microtubules are apt to be especially important because they arise early in neuronal development, usually much before neurofilaments (Pachter and Liem, 1984;Peters and Vaughn, 1967;Shaw et al., 1985), and because they have been implicated in a variety of cellular events, including the outgrowth of neuronal processes and the transport of materials within axons and dendrites.”

• cites Pachter and Liem, 1984 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Peters and Vaughn, 1967 sourceSupported
• cites Shaw et al., 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In a pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12), neurite outgrowth induced by NGF is accompanied by a selective induction of MAP1.

“In a pheochromocytoma cell line (PC12), neurite outgrowth induced by NGF is accompanied by a selective induction of MAP 1 (Greene et al., 1983).”

• cites Greene et al., 1983 sourceSupported

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MAP1 appears to be present in both axons and dendrites.

“By contrast, MAP1 appears to be present in both axons and dendrites (Bloom et al., 1984;Huber and Matus, 1984b).”

• cites Bloom et al., 1984 sourceSupported
• cites Huber and Matus, 1984bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MAP2 is preferentially distributed in gray matter.

“This is consistent with its preferential distribution in gray matter, as has been shown biochemically (Vallee, 1982).”

• cites Vallee, 1982 sourceSupported

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Various components of the neuronal cytoskeleton are crucial for the differentiation, elaboration, and maintenance of axons and dendrites.

“Several lines of evidence indicate that the various components of the neuronal cytoskeleton are crucial for the differentiation, elaboration, and maintenance of axons and dendrites (for reviews, see Lasek et al., 1983;Solomon, 1981;Solomon and Zurn, 198 1).”

• cites Lasek et al., 1983 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Solomon, 1981 sourcePartly supported

  The opening discussion (p. 547) reports that disrupting microtubules or microfilaments inhibits extension of axonlike neurites in cultured cells of neuronal origin, and says three cytoskeletal components may participate in the assumption and loss of asymmetric shape. This supports a role in neurite elaboration and retention, but the paper's qualified discussion does not establish that these components are crucial for the differentiation, elaboration, and maintenance of both axons and dendrites generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Solomon and Zurn, 198 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Different classes of microtubules appear to contain different isotypes of the tubulin subunits, and these different microtubules appear to be compartmentalized within neurons.

“Different classes of microtubules appear to contain different isotypes of the tubulin subunits (Gazes and Bamstable, 1982;Gazes and Sweadner, 1981;Moura Neto et al., 1983), and these different microtubules appear to be compartmentalized within neurons (Cumming et al., 1983).”

• cites Gazes and Bamstable, 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Gazes and Sweadner, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Moura Neto et al., 1983 sourcePartly supported

  Moura Neto et al. is cited for the first clause, not the later claim about compartmentalization. The Results section ('Tubulin heterogeneity in virtually pure neuronal cells') and Discussion show multiple tubulin isoforms in neuronal cultures, but do not establish that distinct classes of microtubules contain different isotypes. The Introduction explicitly leaves open whether tubulin heterogeneity reflects different microtubules within individual cells or differences among cells; page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Rings of microtubules have been observed in the growth cones of sensory neurons in culture.

“Rings of microtubules have been observed in the growth cones of sensory neurons in culture (Tsui et al., 1983).”

• cites Tsui et al., 1983 sourcePartly supported

  The Abstract reports microtubules in the growth cones of cultured embryonic chicken retina neurons. It does not describe rings of microtubules or identify the studied cells as sensory neurons, so those parts of the claim are unsupported by our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

An analogous situation occurs in dorsal root ganglion cells, where there are differences in the structure and transport of cytoskeletal elements in the peripheral and central branches of the axon.

“An analogous situation occurs in dorsal root ganglion cells, where there are differences in the structure and transport of cytoskeletal elements in the peripheral and central branches of the axon (Mori et al., 1979;Smith, 1973;Wujek and Lasek, 1983;Zenker et al., 1975).”

• cites Mori et al., 1979 sourceSupported
• cites Smith, 1973 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Wujek and Lasek, 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Within neurons, MAP2 is present in soma and dendrites, but little or no immunostaining is detectable in axons.

“In contrast, MAP2 was preferentially localized to nerve cells; within neurons, MAP2 was present in soma and dendrites, but little or no immunostaining was detectable in axons.”

• Also stated in: § Results · plain

  “Both perikarya and dendrites were intensely immunoreactive for MAP2, but little or no reactivity was observed in any of the axonal processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Dendrites in these cultures are thick at the base, taper with distance from the cell body, branch in Y-shaped angles, and are relatively short (roughly 100-250 μm long at this stage).

“The dendrites are thick at the base, taper with increasing distance from the cell body, branch in Y-shaped angles, and are relatively short (roughly loo-250 Mm long at this stage of development).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In cultures maintained for 1-5 weeks in vitro, the distinctive appearance of axons and dendrites is readily apparent by light microscopy.

“In cultures that have been maintained for l-5 weeks in vitro, the distinctive appearance of axons and dendrites is readily apparent by LM.”

May combine two claims.

In flattened regions of the cell, MAP2 staining sometimes has a filamentous character, and in one neuron MAP2 appeared associated with filamentous structures forming a ring within the growth cone.

“In flattened regions of the cell, the MAP2 staining could sometimes be seen to have a filamentous character.For example, in the neuron shown in Figure 5D, the MAP2 appears to be associated with filamentous structures that form a ring within the body of the growth cone.”

May combine two claims.

The loss of MAP2 staining in axons appears to occur in a proximal-to-distal direction, with axonal staining persisting for the longest time in the region of the growth cone.

“The loss in MAP2 staining appears to occur in a proximal-to-distal direction, with axonal staining persisting for the longest time in the region of the growth cone.”

May combine two claims.

Immunoreactivity for MAP2 at the origin of the axon was also seen following formaldehyde or methanol fixation and persisted at later developmental stages, after MAP2 staining of the distal axon had disappeared.

“Immunoreactivity for MAP2 at the origin of the axon was also seen following formaldehyde or methanol fixation and persisted at later developmental stages, after MAP2 staining of the distal axon had disappeared.”

May combine two claims.

Within a day after plating, most neurons have begun to extend processes, typically one major process 50-100 μm long and several shorter minor processes.

“Within a day after plating, most neurons had begun to extend processes, as shown in Figure 4. Typically these included one major process, which at this stage was 50-100 pm in length, and several, much shorter, minor processes (see Banker and Cowan, 1977).”

• cites Banker and Cowan, 1977 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

The quote only partly states this claim.

MAP2 immunoreactivity can be followed to the tips of axons as far as 150 μm from the cell bodies after 2 d in culture.

“This was also true following culture for 2 d, when MAP2 immunoreactivity could be followed to the tips of axons as far as 150 pm from the cell bodies.”

May combine two claims.

MAP2 is preferentially expressed by neurons and becomes preferentially localized to neuronal dendrites in dissociated cell culture, where cell-cell interactions are greatly disrupted.

“It is also significant that MAP2 is preferentially expressed by neurons and becomes preferentially localized to neuronal dendrites in dissociated cell culture, where cell<ell interactions are greatly disrupted.”

May combine two claims.

Beta-tubulin is uniformly distributed in axonal and dendritic processes of hippocampal neurons and is present in all classes of non-neuronal cells in these cultures.

“Beta-tubulin appears to be uniformly distributed in the axonal and dendritic processes of hippocampal neurons and is present as well in all of the classes of non-neuronal cells found in these cultures.”

May combine two claims.

In hippocampal neurons in culture, beta-tubulin immunoreactivity is uniformly distributed throughout the cell, and all processes, both axons and dendrites, are heavily stained from the outset.

“In hippocampal neurons in culture, immunoreactivity for beta-tubulin appeared to be uniformly distributed throughout the cell (Fig. 4B).All of the processes, both axons and dendrites, were from the outset heavily stained following exposure to antibodies against beta-tubulin.”

May combine two claims.

Vimentin filaments largely disappear from hippocampal neurons during the first week in culture, roughly paralleling the period when MAP2 becomes restricted to dendrites.

“Vimentin filaments largely disappear from hippocampal neurons during the first week in culture, which roughly parallels the period when MAP2 becomes restricted to dendrites.”

May combine two claims.

In hippocampal neurons in culture, the parent segment and the branch that maintains a dendritic character contain MAP2, while the other, axonal, branch does not.

“This is just what we have observed (see Fig. 6): the parent segment and the branch that maintains a dendritic character contain MAP2, while the other, axonal, branch does not.”

May combine two claims.

In dissociated-cell cultures prepared from embryonic rat hippocampus, neurons establish both axons and dendrites, which differ in geometry, in ultrastructure, and in synaptic polarity.

“In dissociated-cell cultures prepared from.the.embryonic rat hippocampus, neurons establish both axons and dendrites, which differ in geometry, in ultrastructure, and in synaptic polarity.”

• Also stated in: § Introduction · plain

  “Most important, they establish two distinct classes of processes that can be identified as axons and dendrites based on their geometry, their ultrastructural features, and their synaptic polarity (Banker and Cowan, 1979;Bartlett and Banker, 1984a, b).”

• cites Banker and Cowan, 1979 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Bartlett and Banker, 1984a, bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Alpha-tubulin is also present in all neuronal processes that develop from hippocampal neurons in culture.

“It has been shown by immunofluorescence microscopy that alpha-tubulin is also present in all of the neuronal processes that develop from hippocampal neurons in culture (Shaw et al., 1985).”

• cites Shaw et al., 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Identical results were obtained with both MAP2-specific monoclonal antibodies.

“Identical results were obtained with both MAP2-specific monoclonal antibodies.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Among the lower molecular weight MAPs, the tau proteins are also differentially distributed.

“Among the lower molecular weight MAPS, there is recent evidence that the “tau” proteins are also differentially distributed (Binder et al., 1984b, Tytell et al., 1984).”

• cites Binder et al., 1984bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Tytell et al., 1984 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

MAP2, one of the two classes of high-molecular-weight MAPs, is preferentially associated with dendritic microtubules.

“For example, immunocytochemical studies show that MAP2, one of the two classes of high-molecular-weight MAPS (HMW-MAPS), is preferentially associated with dendritic microtubules (Caceres et al., 1984b;DeCamilli et al., 1984;Huber and Matus, 1984a).”

• cites Caceres et al., 1984bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites DeCamilli et al., 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Huber and Matus, 1984aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

HMW-MAPs are present during the initial phases of dendritic development in cerebellar Purkinje cells.

“Bemhardt and Matus (1982) have shown that HMW-MAPS are present during the initial phases of dendritic development in cerebellar Purkinje cells.”

• cites Bemhardt and Matus (1982)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The H subunit of neurofilaments (200 kDa) is present in some axons that develop in culture, as shown by immunocytochemistry, but is undetectable in the dendrites.

“In contrast, the H subunit of neurofilaments (200 kDa) is present in some of the axons that develop in culture, as shown by immunocytochemistry, but is undetectable in the dendrites (Shaw et al., 1985).”

• cites Shaw et al., 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Axons and dendrites that form in culture differ in the molecular composition of their cytoskeletons; MAP2 is restricted to the soma and dendritic processes, as it is in the hippocampus in situ.

“We have recently shown that the axons and dendrites that form in culture also differ in the molecular composition of their cytoskeletons.MAP2 is restricted to the soma and dendritic processes, as it is in the hippocampus in situ (Caceres et al., 1984a).”

• cites Caceres et al., 1984aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The binding specificity of each monoclonal antibody clone was examined by solid-phase enzyme-linked immunoassay, and cross-reactivity to other proteins was tested by reacting the antibodies with electroblots of rat hippocampus or cerebellum.

“The binding specificity of each clone was examined by solid-phase-enzyme-linked immunoassay, and cross-reactivity to other proteins was tested by reacting the antibodies with electroblots of rat hippocampus or cerebellum.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Taken collectively, results suggest an important role for MAPs in neuronal development, but a clear picture of the function MAPs play has not yet emerged.

“Taken collectively these results suggest an important role for MAPS in neuronal development, but because of the different model systems and experimental approaches used, a clear picture of the function MAPS play has not yet emerged.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

HMW-MAPs appear only in differentiated neuroblastoma cells, and the biochemical composition of MAPs changes profoundly during brain development.

“Other studies have shown that HMW-MAPS appear only in differentiated neuroblastoma cells (Izant and Macintosh, 1980;Olmsted and Lyon, 198 1) and that the biochemical composition of the MAPS changes profoundly during brain development (Binder et al., 1984a;Burgoyne and Cumming, 1984;Francon et al., 1982;Mareck et al., 1980).”

• cites Izant and Macintosh, 1980Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Olmsted and Lyon, 198 1Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Binder et al., 1984aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Cultures treated identically except for omission of the primary antibody or pretreated with an excess of purified antigen served as controls.

“Cultures treated identically except for omission of the primary antibody or pretreated with an excess of purified antigen served as controls.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Dendrites in these cultures contain ribosomes, exhibit spines, and are exclusively postsynaptic.

“EM has shown that these processes contain ribosomes, exhibit spines, and are exclusively postsynaptic (Bartlett and Banker, 1984b).”

• cites Bartlett and Banker, 1984bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Co-culture of hippocampal neurons with astroglial cells greatly enhances neuronal survival.

“It has previously been shown that co-culture of hip-pocampal neurons with astroglial cells greatly enhances neuronal survival (Banker, 1980).”

• cites Banker, 1980 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Axons in these cultures are long, thin, uniform in diameter, lack ribosomes, and are exclusively presynaptic.

“Axonal processes are long, thin, and quite uniform in diameter.They intersect one another, fasciculate, and form an extensive plexus, so that individual axons cannot be distinguished from small fascicles by LM and axons cannot be followed to their cells of origin.At the electron-microscopic level, the axons lack ribosomes and are exclusively presynaptic (Bartlett and Banker, 1984b).”

• cites Bartlett and Banker, 1984bNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some regional differences in microtubules occur early in neuronal development.

“Some of the regional differences in microtubules occur early in neuronal development (Bemhardt and Matus, 1982).”

• cites Bemhardt and Matus, 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

MAP2 is present in rat cerebellum, telencephalon, and thalamus on postnatal Day 10, the earliest stage yet examined.

“Biochemical studies have shown that MAP2 is present in the rat cerebellum, telencephalon, and thalamus on postnatal Day 10, the earliest stage yet examined (Binder et al., 1984a;Burgoyne and Cumming, 1984).”

• cites Binder et al., 1984aNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Burgoyne and Cumming, 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

HMW-MAPs are present in cerebellar Purkinje cells as early as 3 d after birth.

“MAPS are present in cerebellar Purkinje cells as early as 3 d after birth (Bernhardt and Matus, 1982).”

• cites Bernhardt and Matus, 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The presence of MAP2 and beta-tubulin so soon after plating almost certainly indicates that they were present in situ, and hence that MAP2 appears very early in neuronal development.

“The presence of these proteins so soon after plating almost certainly indicates that they were present in situ, and hence that MAP2 appears very early in neuronal development.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Proteins detected in neurons 30 min after plating were present in situ rather than synthesized during the 30 min after plating.

May combine two claims.

Hippocampal neurons do not contain neurofilaments detectable by immunocytochemistry during the first few days in culture, but many cells contain vimentin filaments, which are present in both developing axons and dendrites.

“Although hippocampal neurons do not contain neurofilaments detectable by immunocytochemistry during the first few days in culture, many of the cells contain vimentin filaments, which are present in both developing axons and dendrites (Shaw et al., 1985).”

• cites Shaw et al., 1985Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The compartmentalization of MAP2 immunoreactivity occurs in an unexpected way: MAP2 is not selectively excluded from the axon at early stages of axonal outgrowth, but rather is selectively lost from the axon following an initial period when its distribution is uniform throughout the cell.

“Our observations show that the compartmentalization of MAP2 immunoreactivity occurs in an unexpected way: MAP2 is not selectively excluded from the axon at early stages of axonal outgrowth, but rather is selectively lost from the axon following an initial period when its distribution is uniform throughout the cell.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

MAP1 and MAP2 have been detected in cerebellar Purkinje cells on postnatal Day 3, roughly 10 d after Purkinje cell generation; earlier stages were not examined.

“Immunocytochemical studies us-ing a polyclonal antibody that recognizes both MAP 1 and MAP2 have detected these proteins in cerebellar Purkinje cells on postnatal Day 3, roughly 10 d after Purkinje cell generation; earlier stages were not examined (Bernhardt and Matus, 1982).”

• cites Bernhardt and Matus, 1982Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Neurons are quite different from epithelial cells, which become polarized only under culture conditions that permit the establishment of intercellular junctions.

“In this regard neurons are quite different from epithelial cells, which become polarized only under culture conditions that permit the establishment of intercellular junctions (Imhof et al., 1983;Ojakian and Herzlinger, 1984;Sabatini et al., 1983).”

• cites Imhof et al., 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Ojakian and Herzlinger, 1984Not checked — no full text of the source
• cites Sabatini et al., 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In cerebellar Purkinje cells, tubulin immunoreactivity cannot be detected at early stages of dendritic outgrowth.

“Bemhardt and Matus (1982) have reported that, in the case of cerebellar Purkinje cells, tubulin immunoreactivity cannot be detected at early stages of dendritic outgrowth.”

• cites Bemhardt and Matus (1982)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Retraction of some axonal processes occurs during this stage of axonal development, although many initial axons persist.

“Sequential observation of individual cells has established that retraction of some axonal processes does occur during this stage of axonal development, although many of the initial axons do persist (Banker, unpublished observations).”

• cites Banker, unpublished observationsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The axonal arborization arises by continued growth of the major process while many minor processes persist to become the definitive dendrites.

“Sequential photography of individual cells during the first week in culture has shown that the axonal arborization arises by continued growth of the major process while many of the minor processes persist to become the definitive dendrites (Banker, unpublished observations).”

• cites Banker, unpublished observationsNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

The beta-tubulin staining in developing dendrites is not attributable solely to unpolymerized tubulin; tubulin immunoreactivity is retained after extraction with Triton X-100 under conditions that remove unpolymerized cytoskeletal subunits but preserve microtubules.

“This staining was not attributable solely to unpolymerized tubulin.Immunofluorescence observations clearly revealed fibrillar staining in the flattened regions from which the dendrites arise, and tubulin immunoreactivity was retained in the developing dendrites following extraction with Triton X-100 under conditions that remove unpolymerized cytoskel-eta1 subunits but preserve microtubules.”

May combine two claims.

At later stages of development, MAP2 is preferentially localized to dendrites, but there appears to be more staining of axons than is seen in the mature brain.

“At later stages of development, MAP2 is preferentially localized to dendrites, but there appears to be more staining of axons than is seen in the mature brain (Frankfurter et al., 1983).”

• cites Frankfurter et al., 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Purkinje cells appear to be exceptional, since microtubules are a prominent element in the developing dendrites of nearly all other types of neurons that have been studied.

“In this regard, Purkinje cells appear to be excep-tional, since microtubules are a prominent element in the developing dendrites of nearly all other types of neurons that have been studied (Miller and Peters, 1981;Peters and Feldman, 1973).”

• cites Miller and Peters, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Peters and Feldman, 1973 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

Since microtubules in axons and dendrites are different, the two processes arising at such a branch point must contain molecularly distinct populations of microtubules.

“Since the microtubules in axons and dendrites are different, the two processes arising at such a branch point must contain molecularly distinct populations of microtubules.”

May combine two claims.

Even if axonal and dendritic microtubules arise from two different somatic organizing centers, some additional mechanism would still be required to segregate the two classes of microtubules at such a branch point and to direct the transport of materials produced in the cell body into one or the other branch.

“Even if axonal and dendritic microtubules arise from two different somatic organizing centers, as has been proposed (Lasek and Brady, 1981), some additional mechanism would still be required to segregate the two classes of microtubules at such a branch point and to direct the transport of materials produced in the cell body into one or the other branch.”

• cites Lasek and Brady, 1981Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

May combine two claims.

Tubulin is present in Purkinje cell dendrites at early stages of development, as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry with several monoclonal antibodies.

“Other workers have since demonstrated the presence of tubulin in Purkinje cell dendrites at these stages of development by immunocytochemistry, using several different monoclonal antibodies (Burgoyne and Cumming, 1984;Frankfurter et al., 1983)”

• cites Burgoyne and Cumming, 1984Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Frankfurter et al., 1983Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.