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Microglial Dysfunction and Defective β-Amyloid Clearance Pathways in Aging Alzheimer's Disease Mice
Open accessAbstract
Early microglial accumulation in Alzheimer's disease (AD) delays disease progression by promoting clearance of β-amyloid (Aβ) before formation of senile plaques. However, persistent Aβ accumulation despite increasing microglial numbers suggests that the ability of microglia to clear Aβ may decrease with age and progression of AD pathology. To determine the effects of aging and Aβ deposition on microglial ability to clear Aβ, we used quantitative PCR to analyze gene expression in freshly isolated adult microglia from 1.5-, 3-, 8-, and 14-month-old transgenic PS1-APP mice, an established mouse model of AD, and from their nontransgenic littermates. We found that microglia from old PS1-APP mice, but not from younger mice, have a twofold to fivefold decrease in expression of the Aβ-binding scavenger receptors scavenger receptor A (SRA), CD36, and RAGE (receptor for advanced-glycosylation endproducts), and the Aβ-degrading enzymes insulysin, neprilysin, and MMP9, compared with their littermate controls. In contrast, PS1-APP microglia had a 2.5-fold increase in the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β (interleukin-1β) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), suggesting that there is an inverse correlation between cytokine production and Aβ clearance. In support of this possibility, we found that incubation of cultured N9 mouse microglia with TNFα decreased the expression of SRA and CD36 and reduced Aβ uptake. Our data indicate that, although early microglial recruitment promotes Aβ clearance and is neuroprotective in AD, as disease progresses, proinflammatory cytokines produced in response to Aβ deposition downregulate genes involved in Aβ clearance and promote Aβ accumulation, therefore contributing to neurodegeneration. Antiinflammatory therapy for AD should take this dichotomous microglial role into consideration.
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“their phagocytic capacity declines with aging, chronic exposure to Αβ, and during sustained inflammation in the AD brain76,16,17.”
From Amyloid-β induces lipid droplet-mediated microglial dysfunction via the enzyme DGAT2 in Alzheimer’s disease (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, as AD progresses, microglia acquire a chronically activated phenotype through unremitting stimulation by cytokines and A itself, which compromises their clearance function (Bamberger et al., 2003;Hickman et al., 2008;Heneka et al., 2010a) .”
From PPARγ/RXRα-Induced and CD36-Mediated Microglial Amyloid-β Phagocytosis Results in Cognitive Improvement in Amyloid Precursor Protein/Presenilin 1 Mice (2012) · cites this paper as Hickman et al., 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Progression of Alzheimer's disease is associated with reduced Aβ-clearing pathways resulting in Aβ accumulation (4–6).”
From Heterozygous CX3CR1 Deficiency in Microglia Restores Neuronal β-Amyloid Clearance Pathways and Slows Progression of Alzheimer's Like-Disease in PS1-APP Mice (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Progression of Alzheimer's disease in humans and mouse models of the disease is associated with reduced expression of these Aβ-clearing enzymes resulting in decreased Aβ clearance and increased Aβ accumulation (5, 24).”
From Heterozygous CX3CR1 Deficiency in Microglia Restores Neuronal β-Amyloid Clearance Pathways and Slows Progression of Alzheimer's Like-Disease in PS1-APP Mice (2019) · cites this paper as [5]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This impairment has been shown to correlate with increased production of proinflammatory cytokines and overwhelming accumulation of Aβ plaques in the AD brain [20–22].”
From IL-1β-driven amyloid plaque clearance is associated with an expansion of transcriptionally reprogrammed microglia (2019) · cites this paper as [22]
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In the citing paper
“Notably, previous studies have shown that microglial function may be adversely affected by Aβ, particularly as a result of chronic exposure to pro-inflammatory cytokines, resulting in increased Aβ accumulation and potentially underpinning the contradiction between our in vitro and in vivo results.39,40”
From Microglial INPP5D limits plaque formation and glial reactivity in the PSAPP mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Thus, endothelial expression of LRP1 promotes the clearance of Aβ across the BBB in vivo, a process directly modulated by PCSK9 inhibitor treatment (93, 94), and the expression of CD36 parallels the ability of microglia to perform Aβ clearance (95).”
From PCSK9 and the nervous system: a no-brainer? (2023) · cites this paper as [95]
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In the citing paper
“Increased pro-inflammatory gene expression in response to accumulating Αβ in older AD mice leads to decreased microglial Αβ clearance receptors or Αβ-degrading enzymes, thereby promoting further Αβ accumulation16.”
From Amyloid-β induces lipid droplet-mediated microglial dysfunction via the enzyme DGAT2 in Alzheimer’s disease (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“the ability of microglia to remove Αβ declines over time”
From Amyloid-β induces lipid droplet-mediated microglial dysfunction via the enzyme DGAT2 in Alzheimer’s disease (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“supporting that the progression of amyloid pathology correlates with impaired capacity of microglia to phagocytose Αβ17,16.”
From Amyloid-β induces lipid droplet-mediated microglial dysfunction via the enzyme DGAT2 in Alzheimer’s disease (2025) · cites this paper as [16]
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“As one of the most relevant consequences, the loss of microglial phagocytic capacity leads to further Aβ accumulation and aggregation, accelerating the progression of AD [17].”
From Emerging Role of miR-21-5p in Neuron–Glia Dysregulation and Exosome Transfer Using Multiple Models of Alzheimer’s Disease (2022) · cites this paper as [17]
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In the citing paper
“We have previously shown that expression of IDE in microglia from PS1-APP mice decreases with age and progression of AD-like pathology (5).”
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Finally, Inpp5d was identified as a target of miR155, and constitutive deletion of miR155, which should increase SHIP1, led to an increase in amyloid plaques.40,41”
From Microglial INPP5D limits plaque formation and glial reactivity in the PSAPP mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“Finally, Inpp5d was identified as a target of miR155, and constitutive deletion of miR155, which should increase SHIP1, led to an increase in amyloid plaques.40,41”
From Microglial INPP5D limits plaque formation and glial reactivity in the PSAPP mouse model of Alzheimer's disease (2023) · cites this paper as [40]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Aged glial cells respond less efficiently to antigens, including amyloid-β (Aβ) and α-synuclein, and have reduced phagocytic and antiinflammatory capacity (161–163).”
From Connecting aging biology and inflammation in the omics era (2022) · cites this paper as [161]
In the citing paper
“AD is accompanied by activation of microglia and astrocytes1,2 that affects the clearance and production of Aβ42,3,4 development and propagation of tau pathology,5 exacerbates neurodegeneration, and influences disease progression and severity.6,7”
From CSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in early Alzheimer disease (2018) · cites this paper as [3]
In the citing paper
“microglia from a mouse model of Aβ deposition (Aβ-mice) have reduced expression of Aβ-phagocytic receptors and Aβ-degrading enzymes, but their ability to produce proinflammatory cytokines was maintained6.”
From Microglia in neurodegeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“In response to such stimuli, microglia can initiate a neuroinflammatory response which, like peripheral inflammation, includes production of cytokines such as TNF and IL-16,27, and possibly chemokines such as Ccl228, to recruit additional cells and induce them to clear injurious agents and maintain brain homeostasis.”
From Microglia in neurodegeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Aβ clearance involves, in part36, phagocytosis and endocytosis via microglial scavenger receptors (SRs)37,38 and extracellular degradation by Aβ-degrading enzymes6,36.”
From Microglia in neurodegeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Despite effective uptake, Aβ clearance by microglia in AD may be ineffective despite phagocytic uptake [55].”
From Identification and therapeutic modulation of a pro-inflammatory subset of disease-associated-microglia in Alzheimer’s disease (2018) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“In AD, microglia cluster around beta-amyloid plaques highlighting their inability to clear beta-amyloid (Hickman et al., 2008; Liu et al., 2010).”
From iPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases (2017) · cites this paper as Hickman et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Immune involvement in neurodegenerative disease centres on findings that pro-inflammatory microglia are closely associated with protein aggregate pathologies characteristic of most dementias.”
From ROS Generation in Microglia: Understanding Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“In Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common form of dementia, microglia surround amyloid plaques and respond to amyloid-β with a pro-inflammatory phenotype characterised by cytokine expression (e.g., interleukins (IL) 1β and 6 and tumour necrosis factor α (TNFα)) that may initially limit amyloidosis but likely becomes overzealous and neurotoxic [12,13,14].”
From ROS Generation in Microglia: Understanding Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Neurodegenerative Disease (2020) · cites this paper as [13]
In the citing paper
“For example, PS1-APP mice (a model of Alzheimer's Disease) showed an age-dependent reduction in receptors and enzymes involved in beta amyloid degradation, although still maintaining elevated levels of cytokine (Hickman et al, 2008).”
From Microglia Priming with Aging and Stress (2017) · cites this paper as Hickman et al, 2008
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Citations
Cites
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Inflammation as a central mechanism in Alzheimer's disease
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BackgroundMicroglia in neurodegeneration
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BackgroundiPSC-derived human microglia-like cells to study neurological diseases
Abud, E. M., Ramirez, R. N., Martinez, E. S., Healy, L. M., Nguyen, C. H. H., Newman, S. A., Yeromin, A. V., Scarfone, V. M., Marsh, S. E., Fimbres, C., et al. (2017) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.042 · Cited by 1,154
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“reported that the levels of IDE, NEP and MMP9 were dramatically reduced in older mice with the concomitant upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines (Hickman et al. 2008).”
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“16 During advanced stages of the disease there is a prolonged stimulation of the immune response caused by Ab, which leads to a decrease in the efficiency of the microglia to degrade it.(17) In turn, this leads to the release of several proinflammatory products, such as cytokines, reactive oxygen, and nitrogen species…”
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“Interestingly, microglia also appear to utilize neprilysin to process A&beta”
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“…decreased expression of phagocytic genes (SRA, CD36, RAGE, etc.) and increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β), compared with age-matched wild type mice (Hickman et al., 2008), but both findings cannot explain the failure of microglia to sufficiently clear Aβ plaque in vivo.”
BackgroundMicroglia, neuroinflammation, and beta-amyloid protein in Alzheimer’s disease
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Microglial cell dysregulation in brain aging and neurodegeneration
von Bernhardi, R., Eugenín-von Bernhardi, L., & Eugenín, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2015.00124 · Cited by 556
“Several of those oxidative damage and changes result in a loss of function (Lovell et al., 2001; Halliwell, 2006).”
BackgroundInflammation: the link between comorbidities, genetics, and Alzheimer’s disease
Newcombe, E. A., Camats-Perna, J., Silva, M. L., Valmas, N., Huat, T. J., & Medeiros, R. (2018) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-018-1313-3 · Cited by 532
Mechanisms of Aβ Clearance and Degradation by Glial Cells
Ries, M., & Sastre, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2016.00160 · Cited by 527
“NEP is mainly expressed in pre-synaptic terminals of neurons (Fukami et al., 2002) but can also be found in activated astrocytes (Fisk et al., 2007; Yamamoto et al., 2014) and microglia (Hickman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAdvanced glycation endproducts and their receptor RAGE in Alzheimer's disease
Srikanth, V., Maczurek, A., Phan, T., Steele, M., Westcott, B., Juskiw, D., & Münch, G. (2011) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.04.016 · Cited by 524
Tau and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease: interplay mechanisms and clinical translation
Chen, Y., & Yu, Y. (2023) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-023-02853-3 · Cited by 516
“However, sustained activation of microglia leads to the continuous release of inflammatory factors and reduces their ability to phagocytose and degrade neurotoxins, which in turn exacerbates Aβ accumulation, tau propagation, and neuronal death, ultimately promoting AD progression [5, 91, 92].”
BackgroundActivation of microglia and astrocytes: a roadway to neuroinflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Kaur, D., Sharma, V., & Deshmukh, R. R. (2019) · Inflammopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s10787-019-00580-x · Cited by 503
Krabbe, G., Halle, A., Matyash, V., Rinnenthal, J. L., Eom, G. D., Bernhardt, U., Miller, K. R., Prokop, S., Kettenmann, H., & Heppner, F. L. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060921 · Cited by 478
“Interestingly, expression of receptors and enzymes involved in microglial Ab-uptake and degradation is progressively downregulated in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease [20].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRangaraju, S., Dammer, E. B., Raza, S. A., Rathakrishnan, P., Xiao, H., Gao, T., Duong, D. M., Pennington, M. W., Lah, J. J., Seyfried, N. T., et al. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0254-8 · Cited by 430
“Despite effective uptake, Aβ clearance by microglia in AD may be ineffective despite phagocytic uptake [55].”
BackgroundKitazawa, M., Cheng, D., Tsukamoto, M. R., Koike, M. A., Wes, P. D., Vasilevko, V., Cribbs, D. H., & LaFerla, F. M. (2011) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1100620 · Cited by 473
“For example, aging itself triggers differential activation in microglia isolated from the APP/PS1 transgenic mouse model (54, 67).”
BackgroundMetal Toxicity Links to Alzheimer's Disease and Neuroinflammation
Huat, T. J., Camats‐Perna, J., Newcombe, E. A., Valmas, N., Kitazawa, M., & Medeiros, R. (2019) · Journal of Molecular Biology · doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2019.01.018 · Cited by 501
The neuroinflammatory hypothesis of delirium
Cerejeira, J., Firmino, H., Vaz‐Serra, A., & Mukaetova‐Ladinska, E. B. (2010) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-010-0674-1 · Cited by 494
“These changes are likely to impair Ab processing and removal by microglia, potentially contributing to accelerate the disease course [59].”
BackgroundCD22 blockade restores homeostatic microglial phagocytosis in ageing brains
Pluvinage, J. V., Haney, M. S., Smith, B. A. H., Sun, J., Iram, T., Bonanno, L., Li, L., Lee, D. P., Morgens, D. W., Yang, A. C., et al. (2019) · Nature · doi:10.1038/s41586-019-1088-4 · Cited by 459
The Role of Toll-Like Receptor 4 in Infectious and Noninfectious Inflammation
Molteni, M., Gemma, S., & Rossetti, C. (2016) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2016/6978936 · Cited by 478
Amyloid toxicity in Alzheimer’s disease
Reiss, A. B., Arain, H. A., Stecker, M. M., Siegart, N. M., & Kasselman, L. J. (2018) · Reviews in the Neurosciences · doi:10.1515/revneuro-2017-0063 · Cited by 447
Inflammation, microglia, and alzheimer's disease
Cameron, B., & Landreth, G. E. (2009) · Neurobiology of Disease · doi:10.1016/j.nbd.2009.10.006 · Cited by 452
“Hickman et al. (2008) have reported that the APPswe/PSEN1dE9 mouse has decreased expression of various Aβbinding receptors and degrading enzymes at 8 months of age that accompanies an increase in proinflammatory gene expression.”
BackgroundNeuroinflammatory processes in Alzheimer’s disease
Heneka, M. T., O’Banion, M. K., Terwel, D., & Kummer, M. P. (2010) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-010-0438-z · Cited by 433
“…phagocytosis of Ab by microglia requires inflammatory signaling, but is obviously worn out during the course of the disease, in accordance with the finding that in 8-month-old APPswe/ PS1dE9 mice expression of Ab binding receptors and degrading enzymes in microglia is reduced (Hickman et al. 2008).”
ResultNorden, D. M., Muccigrosso, M. M., & Godbout, J. P. (2015) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2014.10.028 · Cited by 413
“For example, there was reduced phagocytosis of beta-amyloid by microglia from older AD transgenic mice (Hickman et al., 2008; Lee et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInhibition of IL-12/IL-23 signaling reduces Alzheimer's disease–like pathology and cognitive decline
vom Berg, J., Prokop, S., Miller, K. R., Obst, J., Kälin, R. E., Lopategui-Cabezas, I., Wegner, A., Mair, F., Schipke, C. G., Peters, O., et al. (2012) · Nature Medicine · doi:10.1038/nm.2965 · Cited by 416
Stansley, B., Post, J., & Hensley, K. (2012) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-9-115 · Cited by 419
Marsh, S. E., Abud, E. M., Lakatos, A., Karimzadeh, A., Yeung, S. T., Davtyan, H., Fote, G. M., Lau, L., Weinger, J. G., Lane, T. E., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1525466113 · Cited by 411
“However, chronic activation of these cells shift microglia to a more proinflammatory and less phagocytic state (9, 10).”
BackgroundTREM2 Acts Downstream of CD33 in Modulating Microglial Pathology in Alzheimer's Disease
Griciuc, A., Patel, S., Federico, A. N., Choi, S. H., Innes, B. J., Oram, M. K., Cereghetti, G., McGinty, D., Anselmo, A., Sadreyev, R. I., et al. (2019) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2019.06.010 · Cited by 378
“While microglia can clear amyloid beta (Aβ), they can also release pro-inflammatory cytokines leading to neuroinflammation (Hansen et al., 2018; Hickman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPreparing Synthetic Aβ in Different Aggregation States
Stine, W. B., Jungbauer, L., Yu, C., & LaDu, M. J. (2010) · Methods in Molecular Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-60761-744-0_2 · Cited by 403
Neuroprotective strategies involving ROS in Alzheimer disease
Dumont, M., & Beal, M. F. (2011) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2010.11.026 · Cited by 402
“In the same animals, microglial levels of proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-1β and tumor necrosis factor alpha were markedly increased [122].”
BackgroundMicroglia Priming with Aging and Stress
Niraula, A., Sheridan, J. F., & Godbout, J. P. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2016.185 · Cited by 398
Isolation of glia from Alzheimer’s mice reveals inflammation and dysfunction
Orre, M., Kamphuis, W., Osborn, L. M., Jansen, A. H. P., Kooijman, L., Bossers, K., & Hol, E. M. (2014) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2014.06.004 · Cited by 394
“Chronic microglia activation has also previously been linked to a reduced phagocytic capacity of Ab, and reduced expression of Ab binding receptors (Hickman et al., 2008), which is in line with the reduction of genes involved in endocytosis.”
Ghosh, S., Wu, M. D., Shaftel, S. S., Kyrkanides, S., LaFerla, F. M., Olschowka, J. A., & O'Banion, M. K. (2013) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4361-12.2013 · Cited by 390
“It has been proposed that accumulation of A plaques results from decreased clearance by dysfunctional microglia (Hickman et al., 2008) and that microglial-mediated A clearance depends on their activation phenotype (Colton, 2009).”
BackgroundGarwood, C. J., Pooler, A. M., Atherton, J., Hanger, D. P., & Noble, W. (2011) · Cell Death & Disease · doi:10.1038/cddis.2011.50 · Cited by 379
“Phagocytosis of Ab by microglia is believed to be a protective mechanism,9 at least in younger animals;10 however, neuronal loss also results from increased pro-inflammatory cytokine production by microglia in models of AD.10 In addition to the influence of microglia, an important role of astrocytes in regulating Ab-i…”
BackgroundInfluentialMicroglia and Inflammation in Alzheimers Disease
Mandrekar-Colucci, S., & Landreth, G. E. (2010) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/187152710791012071 · Cited by 421
“The fall in receptor levels was postulated to be due to the increase in levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, as incubation of N9 microglial cells with TNFα decreased the expression of scavenger receptor A and CD36 and reduced Aβ uptake by cultured microglial cells [92].”
BackgroundCSF biomarkers of neuroinflammation and cerebrovascular dysfunction in early Alzheimer disease
Janelidze, S., Mattsson, N., Stomrud, E., Lindberg, O., Palmqvist, S., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., & Hansson, O. (2018) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.0000000000006082 · Cited by 359
Ferreira, S. T., Lourenco, M. V., Oliveira, M. M., & De Felice, F. G. (2015) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2015.00191 · Cited by 373
“AβOs also target microglia to promote TNF-α and IL-1β release (Ledo et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialIL-33 ameliorates Alzheimer's disease-like pathology and cognitive decline
Fu, A. K. Y., Hung, K.-W., Yuen, M. Y. F., Zhou, X., Mak, D. S. Y., Chan, I. C. W., Cheung, T. H., Zhang, B., Fu, W.-Y., Liew, F. Y., et al. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1604032113 · Cited by 369
“Interestingly, the Aβ-clearing capacity of microglia in APP/PS1 mice is impaired with aging, as revealed by reduced expression of Aβ-binding receptors and Aβdegrading enzymes (37).”
BackgroundTargeting p38 MAPK pathway for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease
Munoz, L., & Ammit, A. J. (2009) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.11.010 · Cited by 381
“Furthermore, inhibition of p38 MAPK activation effectively blocked Ab-induced synaptic depression (Hsieh et al., 2006).”
BackgroundMontgomery, S. L., & Bowers, W. J. (2011) · Journal of Neuroimmune Pharmacology · doi:10.1007/s11481-011-9287-2 · Cited by 372
“For example, CD14 expression positively correlates with TNFα levels, whereas CD36 negatively correlates with TNF-α (Liu et al. 2005a; Hickman et al. 2008).”
BackgroundSalminen, A., Kaarniranta, K., Kauppinen, A., Ojala, J. O., Haapasalo, A., Soininen, H. S., & Hiltunen, M. O. (2013) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.002 · Cited by 371
A Path Toward Precision Medicine for Neuroinflammatory Mechanisms in Alzheimer's Disease
Hampel, H., Caraci, F., Cuello, A. C., Caruso, G., Nisticò, R., Corbo, M., Baldacci, F., Toschi, N., Garaci, F., Chiesa, P. A., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.00456 · Cited by 360
Advanced bioactive nanomaterials for biomedical applications
Zhao, Y., Zhang, Z., Pan, Z., & Liu, Y. (2021) · Exploration · doi:10.1002/exp.20210089 · Cited by 366
Cai, Y., Liu, J., Wang, B., Sun, M., & Yang, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.856376 · Cited by 351
“Subsequently, evidence for an important role of RAGE from a study demonstrated that, a flavoring agent vanillic acid (VA), could antagonize RAGE-mediated c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK).”
BackgroundInfluentialMicroglia Function in Alzheimer’s Disease
Solito, E., & Sastre, M. (2012) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2012.00014 · Cited by 361
“In addition, microglia from old transgenic mice have a decrease in the expression of the Aβ-binding SR-A, CD36 and RAGE, and the Aβ degrading enzymes IDE, neprilysin, and matrix metalloprotease 9 (MMP9), compared with wild-type controls (Hickman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundDoens, D., & Fernández, P. L. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-48 · Cited by 348
“SR-A Microglia, astrocytes Aβ internalization and clearance [85,88]”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSalminen, A., Ojala, J. O., Kauppinen, A., Kaarniranta, K., & Suuronen, T. (2009) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2009.01.001 · Cited by 360
Chakrabarty, P., Jansen‐West, K., Beccard, A., Ceballos‐Diaz, C., Levites, Y., Verbeeck, C., Zubair, A. C., Dickson, D., Golde, T. E., & Das, P. (2010) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.09-141754 · Cited by 328
Luo, R., Su, L.-Y., Li, G., Yang, J., Liu, Q., Yang, L.-X., Zhang, D.-F., Zhou, H., Xu, M., Fan, Y., et al. (2020) · Autophagy · doi:10.1080/15548627.2019.1596488 · Cited by 364
“Activation of microglia by intracranial delivery of lipopolysaccharide or pro-inflammatory cytokines mitigated Aβ deposition [86–88], and microglial dysfunction led to a defective Aβ clearance in AD mice [91] and accelerated progression of AD-like disease in mice [92].”
BackgroundMicroglia Phenotypes in Aging and Neurodegenerative Diseases
Wendimu, M. Y., & Hooks, S. B. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11132091 · Cited by 336
Njie, E. G., Boelen, E., Stassen, F. R., Steinbusch, H. W. M., Borchelt, D. R., & Streit, W. J. (2012) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2010.05.008 · Cited by 335
“These protocols either trap microglia using antibodies to cell-specific antigens (Hickman et al., 2008; Tham et al., 2003) or separate microglia using density centrifugation (de Haas et al., 2007; Frank et al., 2006).”
InfluentialMyeloid Cells in the Central Nervous System
Herz, J., Filiano, A. J., Wiltbank, A. T., Yogev, N., & Kipnis, J. (2017) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2017.06.007 · Cited by 345
“This view was initially challenged by research in the peripheral nervous system, where macrophages play important roles in clearing myelin debris and supporting neural regeneration after injury (Hirata et al., 1999; Keilhoff et al., 2007; Venezie et al., 1995).”
BackgroundThe Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer’s Disease: Neuroinflammation Is to Blame?
Megur, A., Baltriukienė, D., Bukelskienė, V., & Burokas, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010037 · Cited by 323
Yamanaka, M., Ishikawa, T., Griep, A., Axt, D., Kummer, M. P., & Heneka, M. T. (2012) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1569-12.2012 · Cited by 326
Streit, W. J., Xue, Q.-S., Tischer, J., & Bechmann, I. (2014) · Acta Neuropathologica Communications · doi:10.1186/s40478-014-0142-6 · Cited by 317
“Multiple lines of evidence have suggested that amyloid plaques accumulate and persist because dysfunctional microglia are unable to remove them [3,56,161-163].”
BackgroundInflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Lee, Y.-J., Han, S. B., Nam, S.-Y., Oh, K.-W., & Hong, J. T. (2010) · Archives of Pharmacal Research · doi:10.1007/s12272-010-1006-7 · Cited by 396
“…addition, microglia from old transgenic mice show decreased expression of Aβ-binding scavenger receptors A (SRA), CD36 and RAGE, and the Aβ-degrading enzyme (insulin degrading enzyme [IDE]), neprilysin and Matrix metalloproteinases 9 (MMP9), compared with wild-type controls (Hickman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMicroglia–blood vessel interactions: a double-edged sword in brain pathologies
Dudvarski Stankovic, N., Teodorczyk, M., Ploen, R., Zipp, F., & Schmidt, M. H. H. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1524-y · Cited by 301
Autophagy and Microglia: Novel Partners in Neurodegeneration and Aging
Plaza-Zabala, A., Sierra-Torre, V., & Sierra, A. (2017) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms18030598 · Cited by 323
Innate Immunity and Neurodegeneration
Labzin, L. I., Heneka, M. T., & Latz, E. (2018) · Annual Review of Medicine · doi:10.1146/annurev-med-050715-104343 · Cited by 319
Adolfsson, O., Pihlgren, M., Toni, N., Varisco, Y., Buccarello, A. L., Antoniello, K., Lohmann, S., Piorkowska, K., Gafner, V., Atwal, J. K., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4742-11.2012 · Cited by 317
“Microglia play a crucial role in uptake and degradation of A , a function that is postulated to be compromised in APP transgenic mice (Hickman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundChronic stress and glucocorticoids: From neuronal plasticity to neurodegeneration
Vyas, S., Rodrigues, A. J., Silva, J. M., Tronche, F., Almeida, O. F. X., Sousa, N., & Sotiropoulos, I. (2016) · Neural Plasticity · doi:10.1155/2016/6391686 · Cited by 297
RETRACTED: Neuroinflammatory Markers: Key Indicators in the Pathology of Neurodegenerative Diseases
Rauf, A., Badoni, H., Abu‐Izneid, T., Olatunde, A., Rahman, M. M., Painuli, S., Semwal, P., Wilairatana, P., & Mubarak, M. S. (2022) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules27103194 · Cited by 316
“However, Aβ accumulation and sustained pro-inflammatory cytokine initiation induce nerve cell damage [66,67].”
BackgroundRetractedNeuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s Disease
Onyango, I. G., Jauregui, G. V., Čarná, M., Bennett, J. P., & Stokin, G. B. (2021) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines9050524 · Cited by 330
Microglial phenotypes in Parkinson’s disease and animal models of the disease
Joers, V., Tansey, M. G., Mulas, G., & Carta, A. R. (2017) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2016.04.006 · Cited by 285
“Microglia Aβ-binding scavenger receptors that are largely involved in Aβ plaque clearance were downregulated in aged Alzheimer’s disease mice (Hickman et al., 2008), suggesting alterations in microglial receptors may be a process that coincides with a shift in morphology.”
BackgroundLee, J. K., Jin, H. K., Endo, S., Schuchman, E. H., Carter, J., & Bae, J.-S. (2009) · Stem Cells · doi:10.1002/stem.277 · Cited by 308
Microglia in Health and Disease
Ransohoff, R. M., & Khoury, J. E. (2016) · Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology · doi:10.1101/cshperspect.a020560 · Cited by 303
Self-citationSalminen, A., Ojala, J. O., Kaarniranta, K., & Kauppinen, A. (2012) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-012-0962-0 · Cited by 308
Microglia actions in Alzheimer's disease
Prokop, S., Miller, K. R., & Heppner, F. L. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1182-x · Cited by 291
“caused by chronic (inflammatory) stimulation [63] and/or the presence of Ab [77], culminating in a state of cellular senescence [139].”
BackgroundPan, X.-D., Zhu, Y.-G., Lin, N., Zhang, J., Ye, Q.-Y., Huang, H.-P., & Chen, X.-C. (2011) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-6-45 · Cited by 292
“These cytokines may in turn act in an autocrine manner and promote Ab production by stimulating b- and g-secretases and/or reduce Ab clearance by reducing expression of Ab-binding receptors and Ab-degrading enzymes [38,39].”
BackgroundBachstetter, A. D., Xing, B., de Almeida, L., Dimayuga, E. R., Watterson, D. M., & Van Eldik, L. J. (2011) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-8-79 · Cited by 282
“The local environment, and possibly intrinsic changes to the microglia determine how the cells will respond to the activating signals [7,8].”
Kopp, K. O., Glotfelty, E. J., Li, Y., & Greig, N. H. (2022) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2022.106550 · Cited by 298
Amyloid β-Induced Death in Neurons Involves Glial and Neuronal Hemichannels
Orellana, J. A., Shoji, K. F., Abudara, V., Ezan, P., Amigou, E., Sáez, P. J., Jiang, J. X., Naus, C. C. G., Sáez, J. C., & Giaume, C. (2011) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.6417-10.2011 · Cited by 300
“In addition, these cytokines are produced by A -treated microglia (Meda et al., 1999) and their mRNA expression is increased in these cells at amyloid plaques (Hickman et al., 2008).”
BackgroundPan, R., Ma, J., Kong, X.-X., Wang, X., Li, S., Qi, X., Yan, Y., Cheng, J., Liu, Q., Jin, W., et al. (2019) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.aau6328 · Cited by 293
Metadata
- Authors
- Hickman, S. E., Allison, E. K., & El Khoury, J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- ORCID
- Hickman, Suzanne E.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-08-13
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 33
- Pages
- 8354-8360
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC2597474
- OpenAlex
- W2018708829
- Cited by
- 1,329
- References
- 28
- Citations by year
- 2026: 49 · 2025: 85 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 96 · 2022: 125 · 2021: 98 · 2020: 113 · 2019: 91 · 2018: 78 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 67 · 2015: 73 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 49 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 27.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Dana Foundation
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS059005)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Phagocytosis and Immune Regulation
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, microglia, amyloid-beta clearance, aging, scavenger receptor A, CD36, RAGE, neprilysin, MMP-9, inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-1β, neuroinflammation, anti-inflammatory therapy, neurodegeneration
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Mice, Transgenic, Signal Transduction, Amyloid beta-Peptides, Microglia, Mice
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