Clinical requirements of future patient monitoring in the intensive care unit: qualitative study

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

For visualization of single parameters, a graphical curve was stated to be essential for faster clinical interpretations and to ensure the validity of sensor measurements.

“For the visualization of single parameters, a graphical curve was stated to be essential for faster clinical interpretations and to ensure the validity of sensor measurements.”

May combine two claims.

Participants from all professional groups emphasized the importance of intuitiveness and usability of a future patient monitoring system, especially in an emergency, with options to add more advanced and individual settings.

“Participants from all professional groups emphasized the importance of intuitiveness and usability of a future patient monitoring system, especially in an emergency, with options to add more advanced and individual settings.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Future conceptions of patient monitoring were more accurate in measurements, less invasive, wireless, and with better interoperability between medical devices, such as access to PDMS through patient monitoring.

“Future conceptions were more accurate in measurements, while at the same time less invasive, wireless, and with better interoperability between medical devices; for example, access to PDMS through patient monitoring.”

May combine two claims.

Alarm fatigue or "cry wolf" situations were considered a major deficit of the current system, leading to stress in patients and staff and potentially reduced patient safety.

“However, alarm fatigue or “cry wolf” situations (ie, multiple alarms going off at the same time) were considered as a major deficit of the current system, leading to stress in patients and staff and, potentially, reduced patient safety.”

May combine two claims.

Long distances and an angled architecture of the ICU, along with missing additional patient monitoring displays at strategic positions, were indicated to possibly lead to critical situations.

“Long distances and an angled architecture of the ICU along with missing additional patient monitoring displays at strategic positions (eg, corridor and doctor’s office) were indicated to possibly lead to critical situations.”

May combine two claims.

Standard features such as display of vital parameters and configuration of alarm thresholds were easy to use, but advanced settings were considered difficult to set up without training.

“Standard features such as display of vital parameters and configuration of alarm thresholds were easy to use, however, advanced settings were considered difficult to set up without training.”

May combine two claims.

Reasons for alarm fatigue included technical factors: difficulty distinguishing false from critical alarms and susceptibility to error of ECG, SpO2, and etCO2 sensors.

“Reasons for this were stated as (1) technical: difficult to distinguish between false and critical alarm, and susceptibility to error of the ECG, peripheral capillary oxygen saturation (SpO2), and end-tidal carbon dioxide (etCO2) sensors;”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

A reduction of stress through remote patient monitoring in both ICU staff and patients was pointed out and justified by optimized alarm management, including the possibility to cancel false alarms from a mobile device and thus less noise pollution.

“A reduction of stress through remote patient monitoring, in both ICU staff and patients, was pointed out and justified by optimized alarm management (ie, the possibility to cancel false alarms from a mobile device and, thus, less noise pollution).”

May combine two claims.

ICU staff demanded more time for using advanced features and for training in new medical devices.

“They demanded more time for using advanced features and for training in new medical devices.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Vital parameter measurements and alarms should be more specific, while being noninvasive and less obtrusive, for example wireless.

“Vital parameter measurements and alarms should be more specific, while being noninvasive and less obtrusive (eg, wireless).”

May combine two claims.

Most interviewed staff said they would prefer using a small device, even their own mobile phone, which would offer greater mobility since the pockets of the scrubs are too small for larger devices.

“However, most of the interviewed staff said they would prefer using a small device, even their own mobile phone, which would offer greater mobility since the pockets of the scrubs are too small for larger devices.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

To achieve better teamwork regarding alarm management, training in interprofessional communication was considered necessary.

“To achieve better teamwork regarding alarm management, training in interprofessional communication was considered necessary.”

May combine two claims.

Participants from all interviewed professional groups believed that using mobile communication technology, such as tablet computers or mobile phones, as remote patient monitoring devices could increase patient safety, reduce length of stay in the ICU, and improve job satisfaction.

“Participants from all interviewed professional groups believed that using mobile communication technology, such as tablet computers or mobile phones, as remote patient monitoring devices could increase patient safety, reduce the length of stay in the ICU, and improve job satisfaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

An automatic adjustment of alarm thresholds through trend analysis and the CDSS was suggested.

“an automatic adjustment of alarm thresholds through trend analysis and the CDSS was suggested.”

May combine two claims.

By using new technology, ICU staff were afraid to lose their clinical skills and have less direct contact with the patient.

“By using new technology, they were afraid to lose their clinical skills and have less direct contact with the patient.”

May combine two claims.

While satisfied with the current system, ICU staff reported that new technology seems very complex and they often did not foresee its benefit.

“While satisfied with the current system, ICU staff reported that new technology seems very complex and they often did not foresee its benefit.”

May combine two claims.

At the study sites, alarm management is the main feature of patient monitoring used, but currently neither regular staff training nor a framework for alarm management is established.

“Whereas alarm management is the main feature of patient monitoring used at the study sites, currently neither regular staff training nor a framework for alarm management is established.”

May combine two claims.

Critical attitudes toward CDSS resulted from lack of trust in the CDSS; interviewees stressed plausibility to estimate the validity of CDSS recommendations in their clinical work routine.

“Critical attitudes resulted from lack of trust in the CDSS: the interviewees stressed plausibility to estimate the validity of CDSS recommendations in their clinical work routine.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In terms of hardware design for remote patient monitoring, several interviewees of all professions agreed that a large tablet was applicable for stationary use because it would provide a better overview.

“In terms of hardware design for remote patient monitoring, several interviewees of all professions agreed that a large tablet was applicable for stationary use because it would provide a better overview.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Interviewees proposed an alarm filtering system by nursing staff and critical alarm transmission to the doctor's mobile device to reduce distractions of doctors by false alarms.

“To reduce distractions of doctors by false alarms, interviewees also proposed an alarm filtering system by the nursing staff and critical alarm transmission to the doctor’s mobile device.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A point of criticism of remote patient monitoring was the fear of less interprofessional communication and less patient contact when the physician is informed via a mobile device and alarms are canceled remotely.

“A point of criticism of remote patient monitoring was the fear of less interprofessional communication and less patient contact when the physician is informed via a mobile device and the alarms are canceled remotely.”

May combine two claims.

For ICU staff, large tablets were too bulky to carry around due to the small pockets of their scrubs; they preferred small tablets that are portable or larger mobile phones for remote patient monitoring in the ICU.

“However, for ICU staff, large tablets were too bulky to carry around due to the small pockets of their scrubs; they instead preferred small tablets that are portable [42] or larger mobile phones for remote patient monitoring in the ICU.”

• cites [42] sourceNot checked yet

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Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Participants expressed the necessity to optimize detection of false alarms with a CDSS.

“However, participants expressed the necessity to optimize detection of false alarms with a CDSS.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A physician indicated that appropriate training for the application of CDSS would be useful to avoid misuse.

“A physician also indicated that appropriate training for the application would be useful to avoid misuse.”

May combine two claims.

With respect to the study, similar concerns were reported: after trust in ICTs is established, ICU staff must also get familiar with the CDSS, in contrast to external human experts.

“With respect to our study, similar concerns were reported: after trust in ICTs are established, ICU staff must also get familiar with the CDSS, in contrast to the external (ie, human) experts.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Interviewees stated that trend-based alarms might be a useful complement to traditional threshold-based alarms.

“Furthermore, according to interviewees, trend-based alarms might be a useful complement to the traditional threshold-based alarms; this is consistent with a publication by Charbonnier et al, who was able to reduce 33% of false alarms by using a trend-based alarm system in the ICU [51].”

• cites [51] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Continuous monitoring of patients is one of the most essential components in intensive care medicine, serving to notice critical changes in patients' health statuses and to guide daily intensive care therapy.

“Continuous monitoring of patients is one of the most essential components in intensive care medicine: first, to notice critical changes of patients’ health statuses, and second, to guide daily intensive care therapy [3].”

• cites [3] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

To maintain reflexivity, the research team challenged established assumptions in discussions and shared diaries throughout the study.

“To maintain reflexivity, the research team challenged established assumptions in discussions and shared diaries throughout the study.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Demographic developments and an increasing number of comorbidities will lead to an ever-rising number of chronically ill patients in need of intensive care treatment.

“In decades to come, demographic developments and an increasing number of comorbidities will lead to an ever-rising number of chronically ill patients in need of intensive care treatment [1].”

• cites [1] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Purposive sampling was employed to ensure an evenly distributed variety of professional staff.

“Purposive sampling was employed to ensure an evenly distributed variety of professional staff.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Implementation of continuous patient monitoring led to significant improvements in patient safety in the ICU.

“Its implementation led to significant improvements in patient safety in the intensive care unit (ICU) [4].”

• cites [4] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

All following transcripts were coded by one researcher and the codes validated by another researcher.

“All following transcripts were coded by one researcher and the codes validated by another researcher.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Data collection was finalized when no new codes were identifiable from new interviews.

“Data collection was finalized when no new codes were identifiable from new interviews [26].”

• cites [26] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Rapid and sustainable implementation of advanced digital technologies could mitigate the rising demand for intensive care.

“Within this context, rapid and sustainable implementation of advanced digital technologies could mitigate this development.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Health care institutions are highly challenged with rising workloads due to a shortage of medical staff and an increasing financial burden.

“Moreover, health care institutions are highly challenged with rising workloads, due to a shortage of medical staff and an increasing financial burden [2].”

• cites [2] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The reasons for the lagging introduction of novel patient monitoring in the ICU could be rooted in a mismatch of expectations and assumptions by clinical users and manufacturers about novel patient monitoring.

“The manifold reasons for this could be rooted in a mismatch of expectations and assumptions by clinical users and manufacturers about novel patient monitoring [19,20].”

• cites [19] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [20] ChristodoulakisCAsgarianAEasterbrookSBarriers to adoption of information technology in healthcareProceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CASCON '17)201727th Annual International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CASCON '17)November 6-8, 2017Markham, ONRiverton, NJIBM Corp6675Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Most monitoring devices used today, such as ECG or invasive blood pressure measurement, were already available in the 1970s and use alarm thresholds for single sensors.

“However, most of the monitoring devices used today, such as the electrocardiogram (ECG) or invasive blood pressure measurement, were already available in the 1970s, using alarm thresholds for single sensors [6,7].”

• cites [6] Drews, FA, 2008, Advances in Patient Safety: New Directions and Alternative Approaches. Volume 3: Performance and ToolsNot checked yet

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• cites [7] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The first five interviews were coded twice by two independent researchers, and inconsistencies between coders were discussed until mutual agreement was achieved.

“The first five interviews were coded twice by two independent researchers (ASP and LM). Inconsistencies between coders were discussed in meetings among the research team until a mutual agreement was achieved.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Advances in ICTs and medical device technologies have introduced new options for patient monitoring that may potentially improve patient safety.

“With advances in information and communication technologies (ICTs) and medical device technologies, new options for patient monitoring are being introduced that may potentially improve patient safety [5].”

• cites [5] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

False alarms desensitize clinical staff to critical alarms (alarm fatigue) and pose a major patient safety issue, leading to alarm-related patient deaths every year.

“False alarms desensitize clinical staff to critical alarms (ie, alarm fatigue) and pose a major patient safety issue, leading to alarm-related patient deaths every year [29].”

• cites [29] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Several strategies have been developed to reduce false alarms in the ICU, but implementation into clinical routine is still lacking.

“Although several strategies have been developed to reduce false alarms in the ICU [12,28-31], implementation into a clinical routine is still lacking.”

• cites [12] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [28] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [29] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [30] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [31] ClinicalTrials.gov201804092018-11-29Outcomes and user acceptance of the IntelliVue alarm advisor software (Europe) https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03182452Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims.

Reduction of alarms due to alarm management strategies ranges from 24% to 88.5% per ICU, indicating effectiveness of such strategies, including staff training for any ward that uses patient monitoring devices.

“Notably, the reduction of alarms due to alarm management strategies ranges from 24% to 88.5% per ICU, indicating the effectiveness of such strategies, including staff training for any ward that uses patient monitoring devices [32-34].”

• cites [32] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [33] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [34] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Length of stay in the ICU could be reduced through the utilization of remote patient monitoring.

“ICU staff claimed that the length of stay in the ICU could be reduced through the utilization of remote patient monitoring, which is in line with several recent studies on telemedicine [44,45].”

• cites [44] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [45] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Regular adaptation and application of medical device communication (IEEE 11073) and technical standards (IEC 60601) to current developments might minimize use-related hazards and risks to patients and ICU staff.

“For both interoperability and usability, regular adaptation and application of medical device communication (ie, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers [IEEE] 11073) and technical standards (ie, International Electrotechnical Commission [IEC] 60601) to current developments might minimize use-related hazards and risks to patients and ICU staff [39,40].”

• cites [39] International Organization for Standardization (ISO)2015012019-02-26IEC 60601-1-11:2015. Medical electrical equipment -- Part 1-11: General requirements for basic safety and essential performance -- Collateral standard: Requirements for medical electrical equipment and medical electrical systems used in the home healthcare environment https://www.iso.org/standard/65529.htmlNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [40] International Organization for Standardization (ISO)2018092019-02-26ISO/IEEE 11073-20702:2018. Health informatics -- Point-of-care medical device communication -- Part 20702: Medical devices communication profile for web services https://www.iso.org/standard/74703.htmlNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

In the move toward widespread implementation of telemedicine and remote patient monitoring technology into various health care sectors including the ICU, the mobile phone or tablet computer could easily be deployed for these tasks.

“In the move toward a widespread implementation of telemedicine and remote patient monitoring technology into various health care sectors including the ICU, the mobile phone or tablet computer could easily be deployed for these tasks.”

May combine two claims.

Interoperability of patient monitoring with other medical devices could optimize workflow and reduce redundant documentation in the ICU.

“This could optimize workflow and reduce redundant documentation in the ICU.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Integration of novel medical devices and technological advances result in a steadily growing amount of data that are being analyzed by ICU staff daily, thus making automated systems based on artificial intelligence a necessity for the future.

“Integration of novel medical devices and technological advances result in a steadily growing amount of data that are being analyzed by ICU staff daily, thus making automated systems based on artificial intelligence a necessity for the future.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

This finding may influence further device developments for the ICU and the operating room where scrubs are worn.

“This finding may influence further device developments for the ICU and the operating room where scrubs are worn.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Recently released foldable mobile phones could be an approach to combine the advantages of pocket-size and large-screen devices.

“Recently released foldable mobile phones could be an approach to combine the advantages of pocket-size and large-screen devices [43].”

• cites [43] DolcourtJCNET201903202019-02-26Galaxy Fold vs Mate X: Battle of the foldable phones https://www.cnet.com/news/galaxy-fold-vs-huawei-mate-x-battle-of-the-foldable-phones-comparison-mwc/Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The use of tablet computers with access to electronic medical records or multiparameter monitoring has been perceived as beneficial in inpatient settings.

“The use of tablet computers with access to electronic medical records or multiparameter monitoring has been perceived as beneficial in inpatient settings [35,41].”

• cites [35] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [41] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Charbonnier et al were able to reduce 33% of false alarms by using a trend-based alarm system in the ICU.

“Furthermore, according to interviewees, trend-based alarms might be a useful complement to the traditional threshold-based alarms; this is consistent with a publication by Charbonnier et al, who was able to reduce 33% of false alarms by using a trend-based alarm system in the ICU [51].”

• cites [51] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

The most disruptive implementation of ICT in intensive care medicine in the recent past has been the introduction of tele-ICUs, which has been accompanied by several staff acceptance studies.

“The most disruptive implementation of ICT in intensive care medicine in the recent past has been the introduction of tele-ICUs, which has been accompanied by several staff acceptance studies [21,52,53].”

• cites [21] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [52] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [53] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Therapy decisions are influenced by external experts, who might be unfamiliar to the ICU staff on site.

“This is due to the fact that therapy decisions are influenced by external experts, who might be unfamiliar to the ICU staff on site.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

In this constellation, trust has to be formed first toward the new ICT and in a second step toward the external experts.

“In this constellation, trust has to be formed first toward the new ICT and in a second step toward the external experts [21].”

• cites [21] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Without adequate and regular training in novel technical and digital devices, even in alarm management, the full potential of digitization will not have been exhausted.

“Nevertheless, without adequate and regular training in novel technical and digital devices, even in alarm management, the full potential of digitization will not have been exhausted.”

May combine two claims.

With the implementation of tele-ICU technology in existing ICUs, ICU staff are confronted with novel ICTs and with changes in clinical processes, such as teamwork, communication, and staff structure.

“With the implementation of tele-ICU technology in existing ICUs, ICU staff are not only confronted with novel ICTs, but also with changes in clinical processes, such as teamwork, communication, and staff structure.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Taking into account that most CDSS are based on complex machine learning methods, explaining the underlying mechanism to intensivists might be challenging.

“Taking into account that most CDSS are based on complex machine learning methods, explaining the underlying mechanism to intensivists might be challenging.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Most CDSS are based on complex machine learning methods.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Regular staff training with novel medical devices, software, and mobile phone apps may be beneficial for successful implementation of future patient monitoring devices.

“Our finding of low tech-savviness among ICU staff indicates that regular staff training with novel medical devices, software, and mobile phone apps may be beneficial for successful implementation of future patient monitoring devices [20,57,58].”

• cites [20] ChristodoulakisCAsgarianAEasterbrookSBarriers to adoption of information technology in healthcareProceedings of the 27th Annual International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CASCON '17)201727th Annual International Conference on Computer Science and Software Engineering (CASCON '17)November 6-8, 2017Markham, ONRiverton, NJIBM Corp6675Not checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

• cites [57] sourceNot checked yet

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• cites [58] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

As a descriptive approach, quantification of statements is not possible by design.

“However, as a descriptive approach, quantification of statements is not possible by design.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

In situations where users cannot point out their needs, analyzing their behaviors through a more user-centered qualitative method such as design thinking can provide invaluable insights about their unmet desires.

“In situations where the users cannot point out their needs, analyzing their behaviors through a more user-centered qualitative method such as design thinking can provide invaluable insights about their unmet desires [60].”

• cites [60] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Innovation in health care derives from interdisciplinary teamwork with developers and medical engineers.

“Innovation in health care derives from interdisciplinary teamwork with developers and medical engineers [59].”

• cites [59] Zajicek, H, 2018, Digital Health: Scaling Healthcare to the World sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Reasons for underestimating validation include lack of financial resources, delays in time to market, or ignorance about how to validate a digital health product.

“Reasons for this include lack of financial resources, delays in time to market, or ignorance about how to validate a digital health product [59].”

• cites [59] Zajicek, H, 2018, Digital Health: Scaling Healthcare to the World sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

One way to mitigate the issue of novel digital systems failing due to lack of user involvement might be the design-thinking framework as a systematic process that prioritizes empathy for users with the aim to develop a more comprehensive and effective solution.

“One way to mitigate this issue might be the design-thinking framework as a systematic process that prioritizes empathy for the users with the aim to develop a more comprehensive and effective solution [60].”

• cites [60] sourceNot checked yet

  Not checked in the free run.

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

The small number of participants from a single hospital and possible selection biases make generalization to other hospital settings or countries difficult.

“This makes the generalization to other hospital settings or countries difficult.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

By valuing the opinions of health care providers, we may gain their trust to implement novel systems.

“By valuing the opinions of health care providers, we may gain their trust to implement novel systems.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

It is not possible to draw conclusions about whether a novel patient monitoring system can improve patients' quality of life or quality of care in the ICU.

“Moreover, it is not possible to draw conclusions about whether a novel patient monitoring system can improve patients’ quality of life or quality of care in the ICU.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

A bias due to the implementation of the Vital Sync virtual patient monitoring platform cannot be excluded with certainty.

“Finally, a bias due to the implementation of the Vital Sync virtual patient monitoring platform cannot be excluded with certainty.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

When interpreting the results, it is crucial to take into account the small number of participants of a single hospital (three ICUs) and possible biases due to the selection of participants.

“When interpreting the results, it is crucial to take into account the small number of participants of a single hospital (ie, three ICUs) and possible biases due to the selection of participants.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The importance of validation of novel digital health solutions through early and continuous user involvement is often underestimated by the industry, hospitals, and governments.

“The importance of validation of novel digital health solutions through early and continuous user involvement is often underestimated by the industry, hospitals, and governments [55].”

• cites [55] sourceNot checked yet

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Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

In order to introduce more sustainable digital health solutions in the ICU, health care stakeholders might have to focus more on user-derived findings than top-down speculations.

“In order to introduce more sustainable digital health solutions in the ICU, health care stakeholders might have to focus more on user-derived findings than top-down speculations.”