When Flexible Routines Meet Flexible Technologies: Affordance, Constraint, and the Imbrication of Human and Material Agencies1
Abstract
Employees in many contemporary organizations work with flexible routines and flexible technologies. When those employees find that they are unable to achieve their goals in the current environment, how do they decide whether they should change the composition of their routines or the materiality of the technologies with which they work? The perspective advanced in this paper suggests that the answer to this question depends on how human and material agencies—the basic building blocks common to both routines and technologies—are imbricated. Imbrication of human and material agencies creates infrastructure in the form of routines and technologies that people use to carry out their work. Routine or technological infrastructure used at any given moment is the result of previous imbrications of human and material agencies. People draw on this infrastructure to construct a perception that a technology either constrains their ability to achieve their goals, or that the technology affords the possibility of achieving new goals. The case of a computer simulation technology for automotive design used to illustrate this framework suggests that perceptions of constraint lead people to change their technologies while perceptions of affordance lead people to change their routines. This imbrication metaphor is used to suggest how a human agency approach to technology can usefully incorporate notions of material agency into its explanations of organizational change.
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Opacity of AI-in-use is produced and enacted through practices situated in specific organizational configurations, rather than being inherent or fixed features of AI tools.
“Therefore, instead of conceptualizing opacity as inherent or fixed features of AI tools, we view opacity as something produced and enacted through practices situated in specific organizational configurations (Leonardi 2011, Orlikowski 2000).”
From To Engage or Not to Engage with AI for Critical Judgments: How Professionals Deal with Opacity When Using AI for Medical Diagnosis (2022) · cites this paper as Leonardi 2011
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- Authors
- Leonardi, P. M.
- Affiliations
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Leonardi, Paul M.
- ORCID
- Leonardi, Paul M.
- Venue
- MIS Quarterly
- Publisher
- MIS Quarterly
- Published
- 2011-03-01
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 147-167
- ISSN
- 0276-7783 (ISSN-L)
- 2162-9730
- OpenAlex
- W3121575000
- Semantic Scholar
- b2ef038546d35ce422ea14dd8b4f7aa828276e7b
- Cited by
- 1,889
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 294 · 2025: 171 · 2024: 151 · 2023: 100 · 2022: 134 · 2021: 121 · 2020: 137 · 2019: 138 · 2018: 115 · 2017: 101 · 2016: 91 · 2015: 103 · 2014: 92 · 2013: 79 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 246.62
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- MIS Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Information Systems Theories and Implementation
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Organizational Behavior and Human Resource Management › Management and Organizational Studies
- Social Sciences › Human Factors and Ergonomics › Innovative Education and Learning Practices
- Keywords
- flexible technology, human agency, material agency, imbrication, affordances, constraints, organizational change, computer simulation, automotive design, technological change, routine change
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