Working-memory training in younger and older adults: training gains, transfer, and maintenance
Open accessAbstract
Working memory (WM), a key determinant of many higher-order cognitive functions, declines in old age. Current research attempts to develop process-specific WM training procedures, which may lead to general cognitive improvement. Adaptivity of the training as well as the comparison of training gains to performance changes of an active control group are key factors in evaluating the effectiveness of a specific training program. In the present study, 55 younger adults (20-30 years of age) and 45 older adults (60-70 years of age) received 5 weeks of computerized training on various spatial and verbal WM tasks. Half of the sample received adaptive training (i.e., individually adjusted task difficulty), whereas the other half-worked on the same task material but on a low task difficulty level (active controls). Performance was assessed using criterion, near-transfer, and far-transfer tasks before training, after 5 weeks of intervention, as well as after a 3-month follow-up interval. Results indicate that (a) adaptive training generally led to larger training gains than low-level practice, (b) training and transfer gains were somewhat greater for younger than for older adults in some tasks, but comparable across age groups in other tasks, (c) far-transfer was observed to a test on sustained attention and for a self-rating scale on cognitive functioning in daily life for both young and old, and (d) training gains and transfer effects were maintained across the 3-month follow-up interval across age.
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No transfer effects were observed in 3 out of 8 studies, and only nearest transfer effects as measured with digit span forward and/or backward were observed by three other studies.
“Critically, no transfer effects were observed in 3 out of 8 studies [72–74], and only nearest transfer effects as measured with digit span forward and/or backward were observed by three other studies [19, 75, 76].”
From Adaptive working memory training does not produce transfer effects in cognition and neuroimaging (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
The citation to this paper is attached to the claim that it found only near-transfer effects. The Results (Far-transfer tasks) instead report a significant intervention-by-time effect on PASAT, a far-transfer task: the adaptive-training groups improved more than the low-level practice groups. The paper therefore does not support the word “only.” (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredPracticing WM tasks can also trigger cognitive changes in domains different to WM capacity, such as attention and visual integration, or the development of task- or material-specific expertise.
“Moreover, practicing WM tasks can also trigger cognitive changes in domains different to WM capacity, such as attention and visual integration [19], or the development of task- or material-specific expertise [20].”
From Adaptive working memory training does not produce transfer effects in cognition and neuroimaging (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
The Discussion (page unavailable) reports that working-memory training improved performance on a sustained-attention test, supporting the attention example attributed to this source. Our copy does not report a change in visual integration. The task- or material-specific expertise example is attached to a different citation [20], not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredBoth training interventions, no matter how specific they have been designed, can trigger performance improvements which are not due to an increased WM capacity, but most likely due to non-specific cognitive training effects, such as improved attentional processing, or due to the acquisition of strategies such as chunking or visualization.
“This implies that both training interventions, no matter how specific they have been designed, can trigger performance improvements which are not due to an increased WM capacity, but most likely due to non-specific cognitive training effects, such as improved attentional processing [19], or due to the acquisition of strategies such as chunking or visualization [80].”
From Adaptive working memory training does not produce transfer effects in cognition and neuroimaging (2022) · cites this paper as [19]
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
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“Critically, no transfer effects were observed in 3 out of 8 studies [72–74], and only nearest transfer effects as measured with digit span forward and/ or backward were observed by three other studies [19, 75, 76].”
BackgroundResultVisuospatial working memory training facilitates visually-aided explicit sequence learning
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- Authors
- Brehmer, Y., Westerberg, H., & Bäckman, L.
- Affiliations
- Karolinska Institutet (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Brehmer, Yvonne
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 63-63
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3313479
- OpenAlex
- W2170531646
- Cited by
- 460
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 26 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 42 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 44 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 37 · 2013: 33 · 2012: 11
- FWCI
- 55.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Stichting af Jochnick Foundation
- Hjärnfonden
- Vetenskapsrådet
- Swedish Brain Power
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
- Keywords
- working memory training, older adults, age differences, adaptive training, transfer of training, cognitive aging, sustained attention, computer-based training, active control
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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