Curcumin interaction with copper and iron suggests one possible mechanism of action in Alzheimer’s disease animal models
Abstract
Curcumin is a polyphenolic diketone from turmeric. Because of its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory effects, it was tested in animal models of Alzheimer's disease, reducing levels of amyloid and oxidized proteins and preventing cognitive deficits. An alternative mechanism of these effects is metal chelation, which may reduce amyloid aggregation or oxidative neurotoxicity. Metals can induce Abeta aggregation and toxicity, and are concentrated in AD brain. Chelators desferrioxamine and clioquinol have exhibited anti-AD effects. Using spectrophotometry, we quantified curcumin affinity for copper, zinc, and iron ions. Zn2+ showed little binding, but each Cu2+ or Fe2+ ion appeared to bind at least two curcumin molecules. The interaction of curcumin with copper reached half-maximum at approximately 3-12 microM copper and exhibited positive cooperativity, with Kd1 approximately 10-60 microM and Kd2 approximately 1.3 microM (for binding of the first and second curcumin molecules, respectively). Curcumin-iron interaction reached half-maximum at approximately 2.5-5 microM iron and exhibited negative cooperativity, with Kd1 approximately 0.5-1.6 microM and Kd2 approximately 50-100 microM. Curcumin and its metabolites can attain these levels in vivo, suggesting physiological relevance. Since curcumin more readily binds the redox-active metals iron and copper than redox-inactive zinc, curcumin might exert a net protective effect against Abeta toxicity or might suppress inflammatory damage by preventing metal induction of NF-kappaB.
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A phase 2 trial investigating a liposomal formulation of curcumin was halted due to suboptimal pharmacokinetics and inadequate clinical benefits.
“For instance, a phase 2 trial investigating a liposomal formulation of curcumin was halted due to suboptimal pharmacokinetics and inadequate clinical benefits [193].”
From Targeted Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Across the Blood–Brain Barrier in Early and Late Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [193]
While some trials have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of nanoparticle therapies, many face challenges relating to therapeutic efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and long-term safety, leading to discontinuation of some trials or slow progression.
“While some trials have demonstrated the safety and feasibility of these therapies, many face challenges relating to therapeutic efficacy, pharmacokinetics, and long-term safety. This has led to the discontinuation of some trials or slow progression.”
From Targeted Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Across the Blood–Brain Barrier in Early and Late Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [193]
Despite promising preclinical results, the clinical translation of nanomedicine-based Alzheimer's disease therapies remains in its early stages, with only a few nanoparticle formulations entering clinical trials, mainly focusing on improving drug delivery across the blood-brain barrier and targeting Aβ or tau pathology.
“Despite promising preclinical results, the clinical translation of nanomedicine-based AD therapies remains in its early stages. Only a few NP formulations have entered clinical trials, with the main focus being on improving drug delivery across the BBB and targeting Aβ or tau pathology.”
From Targeted Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Across the Blood–Brain Barrier in Early and Late Stages of Alzheimer's Disease: A Review (2026) · cites this paper as [193]
Curcumin can reverse cognitive deficits in numerous animal models of AD.
“Curcumin also has the ability to reverse cognitive deficits in numerous animal models of AD [163,164,165].”
From The Multifaceted Role of Neuroprotective Plants in Alzheimer’s Disease Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [163]
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- Authors
- Baum, L., & Ng, A.
- Affiliations
- Chinese University of Hong Kong (HK)
- Corresponding author
- Baum, Larry
- ORCID
- Venue
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 2004-08-24
- Volume
- 6
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 367-377
- ISSN
- 1387-2877 (ISSN-L)
- 1875-8908
- OpenAlex
- W1768446746
- Cited by
- 483
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 16 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 15 · 2021: 32 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 31 · 2016: 26 · 2015: 27 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 20 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 7.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Alzheimer s Disease (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Manchester
- University of Hong Kong
- Chinese University of Hong Kong
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Medicine › Curcumin's Biomedical Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Trace Elements in Health
- Keywords
- curcumin, metal chelation
- MeSH terms
- Alzheimer Disease, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal, Binding Sites, Chelating Agents, Cognition Disorders, Copper, Curcumin, Humans, Iron, Amyloid beta-Peptides
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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