Cited by 951Probiotics and Fermented FoodsDementia and Cognitive Impairment ResearchAlzheimer's disease research and treatments

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 44 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.

Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial

Open access

Akbari, Elmira, Asemi, Zatollah, Daneshvar Kakhaki, Reza, Bahmani, Fereshteh, Kouchaki, Ebrahim, Tamtaji, Omid Reza, Hamidi, Gholam Ali, Salami, Mahmoud·2016·Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience

DOI 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00256PMC PMC5105117

Open this paper in CoChat — free account Open PDF

Abstract

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with severe cognitive impairments as well as some metabolic defects. Scant studies in animal models indicate a link between probiotics and cognitive function. This randomized, double-blind and controlled clinical trial was conducted among 60 AD patients to assess the effects of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status. The patients were randomly divided into two groups (n=30 in each group) treating with either milk (control group) or a mixture of probiotic (probiotic group). The probiotic supplemented group took 200 ml/day probiotic milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus fermentum (2×109 CFU/g for each) for 12 weeks. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score was recorded in all subjects before and after the treatment. Pre- and post-treatment fasting blood samples were obtained to determine the related markers. After 12 weeks intervention, compared with the control group (-5.03%±3.00), the probiotic treated (+27.90%±8.07) patients showed a significant improvement in the MMSE score (P<0.001). In addition, changes in plasma malondialdehyde (-22.01%±4.84 vs. +2.67%±3.86 µmol/L, P<0.001), serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (-17.61%±3.70 vs. +45.26%±3.50 µg/mL, P<0.001), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (+28.84%±13.34 vs.+76.95%±24.60, P=0.002), Beta cell function (+3.45%±10.91 vs. +75.62%±23.18, P=0.001), serum triglycerides (-20.29%±4.49 vs. -0.16%±5.24 mg/dL, P=0.003) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (-1.83±1.26 vs. -4.66±1.70, P=0.006) in the probiotic group were significantly varied compared to the control group. We found that the probiotic treatment had no considerable effect on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, fasting plasma glucose and other lipid profiles. Overall, the current study demonstrated that probiotic consumption for 12 weeks positively affects cognitive function and some metabolic statuses in the AD patients.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In a 12-week randomized, double-blind controlled trial of 60 Alzheimer’s disease patients, probiotic milk supplementation improved MMSE scores and some metabolic/inflammatory markers compared with control milk. The authors conclude probiotics may have favorable effects on cognition and selected metabolic statuses in AD, but not on all oxidative stress, inflammation, glucose, or lipid measures.

Key findings

MMSE score improved in the probiotic group (+27.90% ± 8.07) versus worsening in the control group (−5.03% ± 3.00; P < 0.001).
Probiotic treatment significantly changed plasma MDA (−22.01% ± 4.84 vs. +2.67% ± 3.86 μmol/L, P < 0.001), serum hs-CRP (−17.61% ± 3.70 vs. +45.26% ± 3.50 μg/mL, P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (+28.84% ± 13.34 vs. +76.95% ± 24.60, P = 0.002), HOMA-B (+3.45% ± 10.91 vs. +75.62% ± 23.18, P = 0.001), serum triglycerides (−20.29% ± 4.49 vs. −0.16% ± 5.24 mg/dL, P = 0.003), and QUICKI (−1.83 ± 1.26 vs. −4.66 ± 1.70, P = 0.006).
No considerable effect was found on other oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers, fasting plasma glucose, or other lipid profiles (LDL, HDL, total cholesterol).
No side effects were reported following probiotic administration.

Methods

Randomized, double-blind, controlled 12-week clinical trial in 60 AD patients aged 60–95 years residing at welfare organizations in Kashan and Esfahan, Iran; participants were randomized to control milk (n = 30) or probiotic milk (n = 30), matched at baseline for disease severity based on gender, BMI, and age.
Probiotic group received 200 ml/day milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus fermentum (2 × 10^9 CFU/g for each) for 12 weeks; control group received milk.
Primary outcome was MMSE; secondary outcomes included oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic biomarkers from fasting blood samples at weeks 0 and 12. Analyses used intention-to-treat with LOCF for missing values, independent t-tests, and ANCOVA adjustment for baseline biochemical values, age, and BMI.

Limitations

The paper states that measuring fecal bacteria loads before and after probiotic supplementation in AD patients was very difficult.
The paper states that cognition was assessed only with the MMSE, and that other cognitive criteria and additional inflammatory/oxidative biomarkers such as IL-6, TNF-α, catalase, and SOD would be informative.
Evident from the text: the sample was small (60 randomized; 52 completed), with deaths/dropouts during the study, and baseline serum triglycerides, VLDL, and HDL differed significantly between groups, although the authors report adjustment did not considerably change findings.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00256

Cites

59 of 59 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 44 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings of the current study indicated that while the probiotic supplementation decreased the plasma MDA and the serum hs-CRP levels it was ineffective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
  “Overall, the current study demonstrated that 12 weeks consumption of probiotic in the AD patients had favorable effects on MDA, hs-CRP, markers of insulin metabolism, and serum levels of triglyceride and VLDL.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings of the current study indicated that while the probiotic supplementation decreased the plasma MDA and the serum hs-CRP levels it was ineffective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
  “However, the pobiotic treatment was inefective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, FPG, and other lipid profiles.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes

Show all 27 claims

It may state two separate claims as one. 23
Probably not a substantial claim. 35

In the paper
“The MMSE was used to assess cognition in the AD subjects (Folstein et al., 1975).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Assessment of outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Folstein et al., 1975 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In our previous work, we have shown that probiotics efficiently reverse the impaired spatial learning and memory as well as synaptic transmission in diabetes mellitus (Davari et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davari et al., 2013 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is demonstrated that other brain related disorders such as multiple sclerosis (Kouchaki et al., 2016) and stress are also influenced by probiotics (Liang et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kouchaki et al., 2016 source
- Not checked yetcites Liang et al., 2015 source
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increased biomarkers of oxidative stress (Furman et al., 2016), inflammation and chronic neuroinflammation are reported to be associated with many neurodegenerative disorders of central nervous system (CNS) including AD (Leszek et al., 2016).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Furman et al., 2016 source
- Not checked yetcites Leszek et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Gareau reported that intestinal dysbiosis in germ free animals (containing no microbiota), bacterial infection with an enteric pathogen and administration of probiotics can modulate cognitive behaviors including learning and memory (Gareau, 2014).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gareau, 2014 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“AD patients are predisposed to some complications including increased oxidative stress (Sultana et al., 2011), morbidity, mortality (Schelke et al., 2016), microvascular disease, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance (Sridhar et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sultana et al., 2011 source
- Not checked yetcites Schelke et al., 2016 source
- Not checked yetcites Sridhar et al., 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Missing values were treated based on Last-Observation-Carried-Forward method (LOCF) (Lachin, 2016).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Statistical methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lachin, 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Probiotics intake may improve markers of insulin metabolism and lipid profiles by reducing cytokines and suppressing the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway (Shi et al., 2006) and gut microbiota-short chain fatty acids (SCFA)-hormone axis (Yadav et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shi et al., 2006 source
- Not checked yetcites Yadav et al., 2013 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consumption of symbiotic bread containing the heat-resistant probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes (1 × 108 CFU/g) for 8 weeks also decreased the serum triglyceride and VLDL concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes (Shakeri et al., 2014).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shakeri et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Accordingly, high lipid levels could be one of the risk factors for AD (Reitz et al., 2010).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reitz et al., 2010 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Oxidative stress is a frequently observed feature of AD, although its pathological significance is not understood (Selvarajah et al., 2011).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Selvarajah et al., 2011 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evidence indicates that, through production of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress acts as vehicle for deposition and accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in AD (Kim et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim et al., 2015 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, it was reported that 6 weeks probiotic treatment caused no significant change in inflammatory factors of diabetic patients (Mazloom et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mazloom et al., 2013
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dysfunctions in GABA-signaling are linked to anxiety and depression, defects in synaptogenesis and cognitive impairments (Aziz et al., 2013; Mitew et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Aziz et al., 2013 source
- Not checked yetcites Mitew et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also the glutamatergic NMDA receptors are involved in the most important excitatory neurotransmission of brain (Talaei et al., 2016) which is engaged in the neural circuits involved in learning and memory.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Talaei et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, 8 weeks consumption of capsules containing 108 CFU/g of L. casei by the people suffered from rheumatoid arthritis displayed no significant within- and between-group changes in MDA and TAC levels (Vaghef-Mehrabany et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vaghef-Mehrabany et al., 2015 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, Zarrati et al. (2014) showed that 8 weeks consumption of yogurt, enriched by L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium langum, and L. casei (108 CFU/g each) decreased inflammatory cytokines in overweight people.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zarrati et al., 2014 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Some evidence from clinical studies support the fact that abnormal cholesterol metabolism in the brain leads to progressive cognitive dysfunction (Wang et al., 2014).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2014 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, findings from germ free animals indicated a decreased level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), important neurotrophic factor in the neuronal growth and survival, and a reduced expression of some subunits of N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (Sudo et al., 2004) involved in most abundant neurotransmission in brain (Salami et al., 2000).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sudo et al., 2004 source
- Not checked yetcites Salami et al., 2000 source
Load-bearingStrength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Emerging evidence has demonstrated that brain insulin resistance, as a key mediator in prediabetes and diabetes mellitus, may take a role in AD (Cervellati et al., 2016).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cervellati et al., 2016 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has also been postulated that oxidative stress may decrease the activity of α-secretase, which promotes the expression and activity of β and γ-secretase, leading to the increased production of Aβ (Tan et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tan et al., 2013 source
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Insulin resistance plays an important role in the development of cognitive impairment in primary elderly hypertensive patients (Ma et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ma et al., 2015
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Consistently, in a meta-analysis study, Kasińska and Drzewoski (2015) reported a reduced HOMA-IR and insignificant FGP in probiotic treated subjects.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kasińska and Drzewoski, 2015
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistent to our findings, a significant reduction in MDA levels was reported in type 2 diabetic patients after consuming probiotic yogurt (Ejtahed et al., 2012).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ejtahed et al., 2012 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibrated
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passes
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.

50 of 50

The paper relies on this without support.
No direct study has considered gut microbiota manipulation in Alzheimer's disease patients.
“However, no direct study has considered the gut microbiota manipulation in AD patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Studies considering the effect of probiotic supplements on brain behavioral phenomena are scant.
“Studies considering the effect of probiotic supplements on brain behavioral phenomena are scant.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This study is the first to evaluate the beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function, biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic status in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
“To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first evaluating the beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function, biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and metabolic status in patients with AD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The probiotic intervention changed the gut microbiota in the AD patients.
“Measurement of fecal bacteria loads before and after the probiotic supplementation in the AD patients was very difficult.”

4 of 4

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

2 retracted

RETRACTED: Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic supplementation in patients with multiple sclerosis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial
Kouchaki, E., Tamtaji, O. R., Salami, M., Bahmani, F., Daneshvar Kakhaki, R., Akbari, E., Tajabadi-Ebrahimi, M., Jafari, P., & Asemi, Z. (2017) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2016.08.015 · Cited by 317 · cited 1×
“It is demonstrated that other brain related disorders such as multiple sclerosis (Kouchaki et al., 2016) and stress are also influenced by probiotics (Liang et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Retracted
RETRACTED ARTICLE: The effects of probiotics on mental health and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in petrochemical workers
Mohammadi, A. A., Jazayeri, S., Khosravi‐Darani, K., Solati, Z., Mohammadpour, N., Asemi, Z., Adab, Z., Djalali, M., Tehrani‐Doost, M., Hosseini, M., et al. (2015) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1179/1476830515y.0000000023 · Cited by 241
Self-citation
Retracted
“Mini-mental state”
Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., & McHugh, P. R. (1975) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/0022-3956(75)90026-6 · Cited by 88,282 · cited 2×
“It is generally agreed that probiotic strains should be of host origin with a beneficial effect on the host, withstand into food stuff with a high count, withstand transits through intestine and colonize lumen of the tract, produce antimicrobial agents, and technologically appropriate for…”
BackgroundMethod
Clinical diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease: Report of the NINCDS‐ADRDA Work Group* under the auspices of Department of Health and Human Services Task Force on Alzheimer's Disease
McKhann, G., Drachman, D., Folstein, M., Katzman, R., Price, D., & Stadlan, E. M. (1984) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.34.7.939 · Cited by 27,915
The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay
Benzie, I. F. F., & Strain, J. (1996) · Analytical Biochemistry · doi:10.1006/abio.1996.0292 · Cited by 23,027 · cited 1×
“Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured using the ferric reducing antioxidant power method developed by Benzie and Strain (1996).”
Method
[Japanese version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory--a scoring system for neuropsychiatric disturbance in dementia patients].
Hirono, N., Mori, E., Ikejiri, Y., Imamura, T., Shimomura, T., Hashimoto, M., Yamashita, H., & Ikeda, M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21,012
Special Care Units and Traditional Care in Dementia: Relationship with Behavior, Cognition, Functional Status and Quality of Life - A Review
Kok, J. S., Berg, I. J., & Scherder, E. J. A. (2013) · Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders Extra · doi:10.1159/000353441 · Cited by 20,589
Older Adults' Reasons for Using Technology while Aging in Place
Peek, S. T. M., Luijkx, K. G., Rijnaard, M. D., Nieboer, M. E., van der Voort, C. S., Aarts, S., van Hoof, J., Vrijhoef, H. J., & Wouters, E. (2015) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000430949 · Cited by 19,852
Sensitivity and False Alarm Rate of a Fall Sensor in Long-Term Fall Detection in the Elderly
Kangas, M., Korpelainen, R., Vikman, I., Nyberg, L., & Jämsä, T. J. (2014) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000362720 · Cited by 19,007
Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3346 · Cited by 4,572 · cited 2×
“The difference between the two groups of testing was statistically significant (P < 0.001).”
BackgroundInfluential
TLR4 links innate immunity and fatty acid-induced insulin resistance
Shi, H., Kokoeva, M. V., Inouye, K., Tzameli, I., Yin, H., & Flier, J. S. (2006) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci28898 · Cited by 3,690 · cited 1×
“…intake may improve markers of insulin metabolism and lipid profiles by reducing cytokines and suppressing the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway (Shi et al., 2006) and gut microbiotashort chain fatty acids (SCFA)-hormone axis (Yadav et al., 2013).”
Background
Postnatal microbial colonization programs the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal system for stress response in mice
Sudo, N., Chida, Y., Aiba, Y., Sonoda, J., Oyama, N., Yu, X., Kubo, C., & Koga, Y. (2004) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.2004.063388 · Cited by 2,735 · cited 2×
“The difference between the two groups of testing was statistically significant (P < 0.001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Malondialdehyde and thiobarbituric acid-reactivity as diagnostic indices of lipid peroxidation and peroxidative tissue injury
Janero, D. R. (1990) · Free Radical Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/0891-5849(90)90131-2 · Cited by 2,735 · cited 2×
“Malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations was evaluated using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substance method (Janero, 1990).”
Method
Introduction to the recommendations from the National Institute on Aging‐Alzheimer's Association workgroups on diagnostic guidelines for Alzheimer's disease
Jack, C. R., Albert, M. S., Knopman, D. S., McKhann, G. M., Sperling, R. A., Carrillo, M. C., Thies, B., & Phelps, C. H. (2011) · Alzheimer's & Dementia · doi:10.1016/j.jalz.2011.03.004 · Cited by 2,042 · cited 1×
“The AD patients were diagnosed following the NINDS-ADRDA criteria (McKhann et al., 1984) and revised criteria from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association (Jack et al., 2011).”
Method
Antibiotics in early life alter the murine colonic microbiome and adiposity
Cho, I., Yamanishi, S., Cox, L., Methé, B. A., Zavadil, J., Li, K., Gao, Z., Mahana, D., Raju, K., Teitler, I., et al. (2012) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11400 · Cited by 1,613 · cited 3×
“The microbiota is a dynamic ecosystem which is influenced by several factors including genetics, diet, metabolism, age, geography, antibiotic treatment, and stress (Hufeldt et al., 2010; Cho et al., 2012; Drago et al., 2012).”
BackgroundInfluential
The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and the brain
Collins, S. M., Surette, M., & Bercik, P. (2012) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro2876 · Cited by 1,611 · cited 2×
“The difference between the two groups of testing was statistically significant (P < 0.001).”
BackgroundInfluential
The role of oxidative stress in neurodegenerative diseases
Kim, G. H., Kim, J. E., Rhie, S. J., & Yoon, S. (2015) · Experimental Neurobiology · doi:10.5607/en.2015.24.4.325 · Cited by 1,355 · cited 1×
“Evidence indicates that, through production of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress acts as vehicle for deposition and accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in AD (Kim et al., 2015).”
Background
Beneficial metabolic effects of a probiotic via butyrate-induced GLP-1 hormone secretion
Yadav, H., Lee, J.-H., Lloyd, J., Walter, P., & Rane, S. G. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m113.452516 · Cited by 709 · cited 1×
“…intake may improve markers of insulin metabolism and lipid profiles by reducing cytokines and suppressing the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway (Shi et al., 2006) and gut microbiotashort chain fatty acids (SCFA)-hormone axis (Yadav et al., 2013).”
Background
Probiotic yogurt improves antioxidant status in type 2 diabetic patients
Ejtahed, H. S., Mohtadi-Nia, J., Homayouni-Rad, A., Niafar, M., Asghari-Jafarabadi, M., & Mofid, V. (2012) · Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.nut.2011.08.013 · Cited by 683
Administration of Lactobacillus helveticus NS8 improves behavioral, cognitive, and biochemical aberrations caused by chronic restraint stress
Liang, S., Wang, T., Hu, X., Luo, J., Li, W., Wu, X., Duan, Y., & Jin, F. (2015) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.09.033 · Cited by 651 · cited 3×
“Accordingly, it is suggested that dysfunction of the neuroendocrine system, behavior, and cognition are correlated with gut microbiota dysbiosis (Liang et al., 2015).”
BackgroundInfluential
Impact of consuming a milk drink containing a probiotic on mood and cognition
Benton, D., Williams, C., & Brown, A. (2007) · European Journal of Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1038/sj.ejcn.1602546 · Cited by 554 · cited 1×
“Due to the lack of evidence about the appropriate dosage of probiotics for AD, we used the above-mentioned doses based on few previous studies in healthy subjects (Benton et al., 2007; Mohammadi et al., 2015).”
Method
The epidemiology of the dementias: an update
Qiu, C., Ronchi, D. D., & Fratiglioni, L. (2007) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32816ebc7b · Cited by 434 · cited 9×
“The AD patients were diagnosed following the NINDS-ADRDA criteria (McKhann et al., 1984) and revised criteria from the National Institute on Aging-Alzheimer’s Association (Jack et al., 2011).”
BackgroundInfluential
Melancholic microbes: a link between gut microbiota and depression
Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2013) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12198 · Cited by 424 · cited 1×
“Accumulating evidence from experimental studies supports the hypothesis that; via affecting inflammation, endocrine system, and neurotransmission; the gut microbiome takes a crucial role in the CNS function (Collins et al., 2012; Dinan and Cryan, 2013).”
Background
Bacterial Neuroactive Compounds Produced by Psychobiotics
Wall, R., Cryan, J. F., Ross, R. P., Fitzgerald, G. F., Dinan, T. G., & Stanton, C. (2014) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_10 · Cited by 373 · cited 1×
“These considerations led to establishing the term “psychobiotics” to highlight the potential effects of probiotics in treatment of mental disorders (Wall et al., 2014).”
Background
A simple and inexpensive automated technique for measurement of serum nitrite/nitrate
Tatsch, E., Bochi, G. V., Pereira, R. D. S., Kober, H., Agertt, V. A., de Campos, M. M. A., Gomes, P., Duarte, M. M. M. F., & Moresco, R. N. (2010) · Clinical Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2010.12.011 · Cited by 367 · cited 2×
“Plasma nitric oxide (NO) were quantified by the Griess method (Tatsch et al., 2011).”
Method
Fallacies of last observation carried forward analyses
Lachin, J. M. (2016) · Clinical Trials · doi:10.1177/1740774515602688 · Cited by 328 · cited 3×
“LOCF ignores whether the participant’s condition was improving or deteriorating at the time of dropout, instead, it freezes outcomes at the values observed before dropout (i.e., last observation) (Lachin, 2016).”
BackgroundMethod
Limitations in the Use of Indices Using Glucose and Insulin Levels to Predict Insulin Sensitivity
Pisprasert, V., Ingram, K. H., Lopez-Davila, M. F., Munoz, A. J., & Garvey, W. T. (2013) · Diabetes Care · doi:10.2337/dc12-0840 · Cited by 302
Probiotics treatment improves diabetes-induced impairment of synaptic activity and cognitive function: behavioral and electrophysiological proofs for microbiome–gut–brain axis
Davari, S., Talaei, S. A., Alaei, H., & salami, M. (2013) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2013.02.055 · Cited by 290 · cited 4×
“In addition, animal studies imply on the necessity of an optimal function of what is known as the microbiome-gut-brain axis in the behavioral as well as electrophysiological aspects of brain action (Davari et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Gut microbiota and gastrointestinal health: current concepts and future directions
Aziz, Q., Doré, J., Emmanuel, A., Guarner, F., & Quigley, E. M. M. (2013) · Neurogastroenterology & Motility · doi:10.1111/nmo.12046 · Cited by 280 · cited 1×
“GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Dysfunctions in GABA-signaling are linked to anxiety and depression, defects in synaptogenesis and cognitive impairments (Aziz et al., 2013; Mitew et al., 2013).”
Background
Alzheimer's disease and the microbiome
Bhattacharjee, S., & Lukiw, W. J. (2013) · Frontiers in Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fncel.2013.00153 · Cited by 253 · cited 3×
“This randomized, double-blind, and controlled clinical trial was conducted among 60 AD patients to assess the effects of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status.”
BackgroundMethod
Plasma glutathione in health and in patients with malignant disease.
Beutler, E., & Gelbart, T. (1985) · PubMed · Cited by 246
Inflammatory mechanisms and oxidative stress as key factors responsible for progression of neurodegeneration: role of brain innate immune system
Leszek, J., E. Barreto, G., G|siorowski, K., Koutsouraki, E., Ávila-Rodrigues, M., & Aliev, G. (2016) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527315666160202125914 · Cited by 206 · cited 6×
“Increased biomarkers of oxidative stress (Furman et al., 2016), inflammation and chronic neuroinflammation are reported to be associated with many neurodegenerative disorders of central nervous system (CNS) including AD (Leszek et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
Variation in the gut microbiota of laboratory mice is related to both genetic and environmental factors.
Hufeldt, M. R., Nielsen, D. S., Vogensen, F. K., Midtvedt, T., & Hansen, A. K. (2010) · PubMed Central · Cited by 202
A summary risk score for the prediction of Alzheimer disease in elderly persons
Reitz, C., Tang, M.-X., Schupf, N., Manly, J. J., Mayeux, R., & Luchsinger, J. A. (2010) · Archives of Neurology · doi:10.1001/archneurol.2010.136 · Cited by 199 · cited 1×
“Accordingly, high lipid levels could be one of the risk factors for AD (Reitz et al., 2010).”
Background
Bifidobacterium longum with Fructo-Oligosaccharide (FOS) Treatment in Minimal Hepatic Encephalopathy: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study
Malaguarnera, M., Greco, F., Barone, G., Gargante, M. P., Malaguarnera, M., & Toscano, M. A. (2007) · Digestive Diseases and Sciences · doi:10.1007/s10620-006-9687-y · Cited by 190 · cited 1×
“Based on a previous study (Malaguarnera et al., 2007), we used 1.3 as SD and 1.1 as the difference in mean (d) of MMSE as key variable.”
MethodInfluential
Microbiota-gut-brain axis and cognitive function
Gareau, M. G. (2014) · Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-0897-4_16 · Cited by 189 · cited 3×
“Gareau reported that intestinal dysbiosis in germ free animals (containing no microbiota), bacterial infection with an enteric pathogen and administration of probiotics can modulate cognitive behaviors including learning and memory (Gareau, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effect of probiotics on lipid profile, glycemic control, insulin action, oxidative stress, and inflammatory markers in patients with type 2 diabetes: a clinical trial.
Mazloom, Z., Yousefinejad, A., & Dabbaghmanesh, M. H. (2013) · PubMed · Cited by 189
Consumption of synbiotic bread decreases triacylglycerol and VLDL levels while increasing HDL levels in serum from patients with type-2 diabetes
Shakeri, H., Hadaegh, H., Abedi, F., Tajabadi‐Ebrahimi, M., Mazroii, N., Ghandi, Y., & Asemi, Z. (2014) · Lipids · doi:10.1007/s11745-014-3901-z · Cited by 145 · cited 1×
“Consumption of symbiotic bread containing the heat-resistant probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes (1× 108 CFU/g) for 8 weeks also decreased the serum triglyceride and VLDL concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes (Shakeri et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Effectiveness of probiotics in type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis
Kasińska, M., & Drzewoski, J. (2015) · Polskie Archiwum Medycyny Wewnętrznej · doi:10.20452/pamw.3156 · Cited by 144
Altered synapses and gliotransmission in Alzheimer's disease and AD model mice
Mitew, S., Kirkcaldie, M. T. K., Dickson, T. C., & Vickers, J. C. (2013) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2013.04.010 · Cited by 138 · cited 2×
“GABA is the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the CNS. Dysfunctions in GABA-signaling are linked to anxiety and depression, defects in synaptogenesis and cognitive impairments (Aziz et al., 2013; Mitew et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Effects of probiotic yogurt on fat distribution and gene expression of proinflammatory factors in peripheral blood mononuclear cells in overweight and obese people with or without weight-loss diet
Zarrati, M., Salehi, E., Nourijelyani, K., Mofid, V., Zadeh, M. J. H., Najafi, F., Ghaflati, Z., Bidad, K., Chamari, M., Karimi, M., et al. (2014) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2013.874937 · Cited by 130 · cited 1×
“In addition, Zarrati et al. (2014) showed that 8 weeks consumption of yogurt, enriched by L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium langum, and L. casei (108 CFU/g each) decreased inflammatory cytokines in overweight people.”
Background
Emerging links between type 2 diabetes and Alzheimer's disease
Sridhar, G. R. (2015) · World Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.4239/wjd.v6.i5.744 · Cited by 123 · cited 1×
“AD patients are predisposed to some complications including increased oxidative stress (Sultana et al., 2011), morbidity, mortality (Schelke et al., 2016), microvascular disease, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance (Sridhar et al., 2015).”
Background
Increased Protein and Lipid Oxidative Damage in Mitochondria Isolated from Lymphocytes from Patients with Alzheimer's Disease: Insights into the Role of Oxidative Stress in Alzheimer's Disease and Initial Investigations into a Potential Biomarker for this Dementing Disorder
Sultana, R., Mecocci, P., Mangialasche, F., Cecchetti, R., Baglioni, M., & Butterfield, D. A. (2011) · Journal of Alzheimer's Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-2011-101425 · Cited by 111
Alzheimer’s Disease: Mechanism and Approach to Cell Therapy
Amemori, T., Jendelová, P., Růžička, J., Urdzíková, L. M., & Syková, E. (2015) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms161125961 · Cited by 110 · cited 1×
“AD begins with memory loss of recent events (short-term memory impairment) and finally robs the patients of their sense of self (Amemori et al., 2015).”
Background
Central nervous system involvement in diabetic neuropathy
Selvarajah, D., Wilkinson, I. D., Davies, J., Gandhi, R., & Tesfaye, S. (2011) · Current Diabetes Reports · doi:10.1007/s11892-011-0205-z · Cited by 102 · cited 1×
“Oxidative stress is a frequently observed feature of AD, although its pathological significance is not understood (Selvarajah et al., 2011).”
Background
Cultivable and Pyrosequenced Fecal Microflora in Centenarians and Young Subjects
Drago, L., Toscano, M., Rodighiero, V., De Vecchi, E., & Mogna, G. (2012) · Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology · doi:10.1097/mcg.0b013e3182693982 · Cited by 92 · cited 1×
“The microbiota is a dynamic ecosystem which is influenced by several factors including genetics, diet, metabolism, age, geography, antibiotic treatment, and stress (Hufeldt et al., 2010; Cho et al., 2012; Drago et al., 2012).”
Background
Effects of probiotic supplementation on oxidative stress indices in women with rheumatoid arthritis: a randomized double-blind clinical trial
Vaghef-Mehrabany, E., Homayouni-Rad, A., Alipour, B., Sharif, S.-K., Vaghef-Mehrabany, L., & Alipour-Ajiry, S. (2016) · Journal of the American College of Nutrition · doi:10.1080/07315724.2014.959208 · Cited by 88
Oxidative challenge in Alzheimer's disease: state of knowledge and future needs
Cervellati, C., Wood, P. L., Romani, A., Valacchi, G., Squerzanti, M., Sanz, J. M., Ortolani, B., & Zuliani, G. (2016) · Journal of Investigative Medicine · doi:10.1136/jim-2015-000017 · Cited by 75 · cited 2×
“Emerging evidence has demonstrated that brain insulin resistance, as a key mediator in prediabetes and diabetes mellitus, may take a role in AD (Cervellati et al., 2016).”
BackgroundInfluential
Mild oxidative stress induces redistribution of BACE1 in non-apoptotic conditions and promotes the amyloidogenic processing of Alzheimer's disease amyloid precursor protein
Tan, J.-L., Li, Q.-X., Ciccotosto, G. D., Crouch, P. J., Culvenor, J. G., White, A. R., & Evin, G. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061246 · Cited by 66 · cited 2×
“It has also been postulated that oxidative stress may decrease the activity of α-secretase, which promotes the expression and activity of β and γ-secretase, leading to the increased production of Aβ (Tan et al., 2013).”
BackgroundInfluential
Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Prevalence and Associated Factors in Indigenous Populations: A Systematic Review
de Souza-Talarico, J. N., de Carvalho, A. P., Brucki, S. M. D., Nitrini, R., & Ferretti-Rebustini, R. E. D. L. (2016) · Alzheimer Disease & Associated Disorders · doi:10.1097/wad.0000000000000140 · Cited by 58 · cited 1×
“Early onset of the disease, older age, low education level, and several poor health conditions affect the prevalence rate of the disease and the degree of cognitive impairment (de Souza-Talarico et al., 2016).”
Background
Vitamin D supplementation restores suppressed synaptic plasticity in Alzheimer's disease
Taghizadeh, M., Talaei, S. A., Djazayeri, A., & Salami, M. (2013) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1179/1476830513y.0000000080 · Cited by 52 · cited 2×
“Experimental evidence indicates that alterations in micronutrients are also among the risk factors for AD (Taghizadeh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Nutritional interventions for Alzheimer's prevention: a clinical precision medicine approach
Schelke, M. W., Hackett, K., Chen, J. L., Shih, C., Shum, J., Montgomery, M. E., Chiang, G. C., Berkowitz, C., Seifan, A., Krikorian, R., et al. (2016) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13070 · Cited by 51
The Role of Insulin Resistance and Glucose Metabolism Dysregulation in the Development of Alzheimer's Disease
Arrieta‐Cruz, I., & Juárez, R. G. (2016) · Revista de investigaci�n Cl�nica · doi:10.1016/s0034-8376(25)00208-6 · Cited by 47 · cited 2×
“…previous studies have demonstrated that metabolic alterations such as insulin resistance (Arrieta-Cruz and Gutierrez-Juarez, 2016), hyperglycemia (Arrieta-Cruz and Gutierrez-Juarez, 2016), and dyslipidemia (Presecki et al., 2011) are associated with the pathogenesis and development of AD.”
Background
LDL receptor knock-out mice show impaired spatial cognition with hippocampal vulnerability to apoptosis and deficits in synapses
Wang, S.-H., Huang, Y., Yuan, Y., Xia, W.-Q., Wang, P., & Huang, R. (2014) · Lipids in Health and Disease · doi:10.1186/1476-511x-13-175 · Cited by 44 · cited 1×
“Some evidence from clinical studies support the fact that abnormal cholesterol metabolism in the brain leads to progressive cognitive Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience | www.frontiersin.org 5 November 2016 | Volume 8 | Article 256 dysfunction (Wang et al., 2014).”
Background
Serum lipid levels in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
Presečki, P., Mück‐Šeler, D., Mimica, N., Pivac, N., Mustapić, M., Stipčević, T., & Šmalc, V. F. (2011) · PubMed · Cited by 31
Amyloid plaque-associated oxidative degradation of uniformly radiolabeled arachidonic acid
Furman, R., Murray, I. V. J., Schall, H. E., Liu, Q., Ghiwot, Y., & Axelsen, P. H. (2016) · ACS Chemical Neuroscience · doi:10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00316 · Cited by 26
Insulin Resistance Is an Important Risk Factor for Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Patients with Primary Hypertension
Ma, L., Feng, M., Qian, Y., Yang, W., Liu, J., Han, R., Zhu, H., & Li, Y. (2014) · Yonsei Medical Journal · doi:10.3349/ymj.2015.56.1.89 · Cited by 20 · cited 3×
“The research was approved by the ethics committee of Kashan University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) and was registered in the Iranian website for registration of clinical trials (http://www.irct.ir) IRCT201511305623N60.”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Effects of ketamine on synaptic transmission and long-term potentiation in layer II/III of rat visual cortex in vitro
Salami, M., Fathollahi, Y., Esteky, H., Motamedi, F., & Atapour, N. (2000) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0014-2999(00)00034-0 · Cited by 15 · cited 2×
“The difference between the two groups of testing was statistically significant (P < 0.001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation
Postnatal development and sensory experience synergistically underlie the excitatory/inhibitory features of hippocampal neural circuits: glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission
Talaei, S. A., Azami, A., & Salami, M. (2016) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.01.024 · Cited by 10 · cited 2×
“The difference between the two groups of testing was statistically significant (P < 0.001).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citation

Flagged first, then by citations

1 of the 60 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Research works printed but not linked: 1

Shewale, 2014, Selection criteria for probiotics: a review, Int. J. Probiotics Prebiotics, 9, 17

Sorted by citations

The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286
Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer’s disease
Vogt, N. M., Kerby, R. L., Dill-McFarland, K. A., Harding, S. J., Merluzzi, A. P., Johnson, S. C., Carlsson, C. M., Asthana, S., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13601-y · Cited by 2,137
An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities
Adak, A., & Khan, M. R. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2943-4 · Cited by 1,485
The gut microbiome in neurological disorders
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Sandhu, K., Peterson, V., & Dinan, T. G. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30356-4 · Cited by 1,336
Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases
Loh, J. S., Mak, W. Q., Tan, L. K. S., Ng, C. X., Chan, H. H., Yeow, S. H., Foo, J. B., Ong, Y. S., How, C. W., & Khaw, K. Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1 · Cited by 1,193

See all 951

Authors: Akbari, E., Asemi, Z., Daneshvar Kakhaki, R., Bahmani, F., Kouchaki, E., Tamtaji, O. R., Hamidi, G. A., & Salami, M.
Affiliations: Kashan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
Corresponding author: Asemi, Zatollah
Salami, Mahmoud
ORCID: Asemi, Zatollah
Bahmani, Fereshteh
Kouchaki, Ebrahim
Tamtaji, Omid Reza
Hamidi, Gholam Ali
Salami, Mahmoud
Venue: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
Publisher: Frontiers Media SA
Published: 2016-11-10
Volume: 8
Pages: 256-256
ISSN: 1663-4365 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00256
PMC: PMC5105117
OpenAlex: W2549210709
Semantic Scholar: 7a1f1dc8208ef2c3d7013ce699ff50704195c24d
Cited by: 946
References: 60
Citations by year: 2026: 75 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 19
FWCI: 63.01
Type: journal article
Language: en
Update notices: expression_of_concern (2020-10-07)
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Kashan University of Medical Sciences
Topics: Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
Keywords: Alzheimer's disease, probiotics, probiotic milk, cognitive function, metabolic status, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus fermentum, malondialdehyde, oxidative stress, C-reactive protein, insulin resistance, beta-cell function, triglycerides, Mini-Mental State Examination

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).

A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial

Abstract

Overview

AI snapshot

TL;DR

Key findings

Methods

Limitations

Integrity signals

Verification

Claims the paper makes

Claims other papers make about this one

Citations

Cites

Cited by

Related

Metadata

Record

About these checks