The DOI matches its Crossref record; 59 of the 60 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 44 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is associated with severe cognitive impairments as well as some metabolic defects. Scant studies in animal models indicate a link between probiotics and cognitive function. This randomized, double-blind and controlled clinical trial was conducted among 60 AD patients to assess the effects of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function and metabolic status. The patients were randomly divided into two groups (n=30 in each group) treating with either milk (control group) or a mixture of probiotic (probiotic group). The probiotic supplemented group took 200 ml/day probiotic milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus fermentum (2×109 CFU/g for each) for 12 weeks. Mini-mental state examination (MMSE) score was recorded in all subjects before and after the treatment. Pre- and post-treatment fasting blood samples were obtained to determine the related markers. After 12 weeks intervention, compared with the control group (-5.03%±3.00), the probiotic treated (+27.90%±8.07) patients showed a significant improvement in the MMSE score (P<0.001). In addition, changes in plasma malondialdehyde (-22.01%±4.84 vs. +2.67%±3.86 µmol/L, P<0.001), serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (-17.61%±3.70 vs. +45.26%±3.50 µg/mL, P<0.001), homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance (+28.84%±13.34 vs.+76.95%±24.60, P=0.002), Beta cell function (+3.45%±10.91 vs. +75.62%±23.18, P=0.001), serum triglycerides (-20.29%±4.49 vs. -0.16%±5.24 mg/dL, P=0.003) and quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (-1.83±1.26 vs. -4.66±1.70, P=0.006) in the probiotic group were significantly varied compared to the control group. We found that the probiotic treatment had no considerable effect on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, fasting plasma glucose and other lipid profiles. Overall, the current study demonstrated that probiotic consumption for 12 weeks positively affects cognitive function and some metabolic statuses in the AD patients.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
In a 12-week randomized, double-blind controlled trial of 60 Alzheimer’s disease patients, probiotic milk supplementation improved MMSE scores and some metabolic/inflammatory markers compared with control milk. The authors conclude probiotics may have favorable effects on cognition and selected metabolic statuses in AD, but not on all oxidative stress, inflammation, glucose, or lipid measures.
Key findings
- MMSE score improved in the probiotic group (+27.90% ± 8.07) versus worsening in the control group (−5.03% ± 3.00; P < 0.001).
- Probiotic treatment significantly changed plasma MDA (−22.01% ± 4.84 vs. +2.67% ± 3.86 μmol/L, P < 0.001), serum hs-CRP (−17.61% ± 3.70 vs. +45.26% ± 3.50 μg/mL, P < 0.001), HOMA-IR (+28.84% ± 13.34 vs. +76.95% ± 24.60, P = 0.002), HOMA-B (+3.45% ± 10.91 vs. +75.62% ± 23.18, P = 0.001), serum triglycerides (−20.29% ± 4.49 vs. −0.16% ± 5.24 mg/dL, P = 0.003), and QUICKI (−1.83 ± 1.26 vs. −4.66 ± 1.70, P = 0.006).
- No considerable effect was found on other oxidative stress and inflammation biomarkers, fasting plasma glucose, or other lipid profiles (LDL, HDL, total cholesterol).
- No side effects were reported following probiotic administration.
Methods
- Randomized, double-blind, controlled 12-week clinical trial in 60 AD patients aged 60–95 years residing at welfare organizations in Kashan and Esfahan, Iran; participants were randomized to control milk (n = 30) or probiotic milk (n = 30), matched at baseline for disease severity based on gender, BMI, and age.
- Probiotic group received 200 ml/day milk containing Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus fermentum (2 × 10^9 CFU/g for each) for 12 weeks; control group received milk.
- Primary outcome was MMSE; secondary outcomes included oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic biomarkers from fasting blood samples at weeks 0 and 12. Analyses used intention-to-treat with LOCF for missing values, independent t-tests, and ANCOVA adjustment for baseline biochemical values, age, and BMI.
Limitations
- The paper states that measuring fecal bacteria loads before and after probiotic supplementation in AD patients was very difficult.
- The paper states that cognition was assessed only with the MMSE, and that other cognitive criteria and additional inflammatory/oxidative biomarkers such as IL-6, TNF-α, catalase, and SOD would be informative.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (60 randomized; 52 completed), with deaths/dropouts during the study, and baseline serum triglycerides, VLDL, and HDL differed significantly between groups, although the authors report adjustment did not considerably change findings.
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Claims the paper makes
33 Not checked yet · 21 Own result · 19 Own method · 4 Own interpretation
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the current study demonstrated that 12 weeks consumption of probiotic in the AD patients had favorable effects on MDA, hs-CRP, markers of insulin metabolism, and serum levels of triglyceride and VLDL.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No side effects were reported following administration with probiotic in AD patients throughout the study.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings of the current study indicated that while the probiotic supplementation decreased the plasma MDA and the serum hs-CRP levels it was ineffective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
“Overall, the current study demonstrated that 12 weeks consumption of probiotic in the AD patients had favorable effects on MDA, hs-CRP, markers of insulin metabolism, and serum levels of triglyceride and VLDL.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the current study demonstrated that 12 weeks consumption of probiotic in the AD patients had favorable effects on MDA, hs-CRP, markers of insulin metabolism, and serum levels of triglyceride and VLDL.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the pobiotic treatment was inefective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, FPG, and other lipid profiles.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Although the concentration of VLDL was reduced in the probiotic subjects compared to their control counterparts (−20.29% ± 4.49 vs. −0.16% ± 5.24 mg/dl, P = 0.003)”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The probiotic treatment caused a significant decrease (P <0.001) in the MDA of the probiotic group (−22.01% ± 4.84 μmol/l) in comparison to the control patients (+2.67% ± 3.86 μmol/l).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Findings of the current study indicated that while the probiotic supplementation decreased the plasma MDA and the serum hs-CRP levels it was ineffective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“However, the pobiotic treatment was inefective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, FPG, and other lipid profiles.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, the other lipid profiles (LDL, HDL and cholesterol) were insensitive to the probiotic treatment.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, the pobiotic treatment was inefective on other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, FPG, and other lipid profiles.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 23
- Probably not a substantial claim. 35
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Twelve weeks intervention resulted in an improvement in MMSE score in the probiotic group (+27.90% ± 8.07) compared to their control counterparts (−5.03% ± 3.00). The difference between the two groups of testing was statistically significant (P <0.001).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Cognitive assessment
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The probiotic treatment considerably reduced the HOMA-B index (+3.45% ± 10.91) in the probiotic compared to the control (+75.62% ± 23.18) patients leading to a significant variation between the two groups (P = 0.001).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the other hand, the probiotic supplementation was ineffective on the FBP; the changes are (3.41% ± 2.12) and (4.50% ± 4.39) mg/dl in the probiotic and control groups, respectively.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“however, the changes in other biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation, FPG and other lipid profiles are negligible.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“HOMH-IR index decreased in the probiotic group (+28.84% ± 13.34) compared to their control counterparts (+76.95% ± 24.60, P = 0.002).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The changes in hs-CRP were −17.61% ± 3.70 and +45.26% ± 3.50 μg/ml in the probiotic and control groups, respectively (P <0.001).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The QUICKI level was significantly (P = 0.006) increased in the probiotic subjects (−1.83% ± 1.26) in comparison to their control counterparts (−4.66% ± 1.70).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Informed consent was received from all patients before beginning the study.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Ethics statements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“The MMSE was used to assess cognition in the AD subjects (Folstein et al., 1975).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Assessment of outcomes
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Folstein et al., 1975 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In our previous work, we have shown that probiotics efficiently reverse the impaired spatial learning and memory as well as synaptic transmission in diabetes mellitus (Davari et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Davari et al., 2013 source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It is demonstrated that other brain related disorders such as multiple sclerosis (Kouchaki et al., 2016) and stress are also influenced by probiotics (Liang et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This trial was performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Ethics statements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The research was approved by the ethics committee of Kashan University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) and was registered in the Iranian website for registration of clinical trials (http://www.irct.ir) IRCT201511305623N60.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Ethics statements
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This study was a 12-week randomized, double-blind, and controlled clinical trial.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Trial design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Increased biomarkers of oxidative stress (Furman et al., 2016), inflammation and chronic neuroinflammation are reported to be associated with many neurodegenerative disorders of central nervous system (CNS) including AD (Leszek et al., 2016).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Background
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The participants were then randomly divided into two groups to receive either milk (control group, n = 30: 24 females and 6 males) or milk containing a mixture of probiotics (probiotic group, n = 30: 24 females and 6 males) for 12 weeks.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Study design
plainn = 30- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Gareau reported that intestinal dysbiosis in germ free animals (containing no microbiota), bacterial infection with an enteric pathogen and administration of probiotics can modulate cognitive behaviors including learning and memory (Gareau, 2014).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Background
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gareau, 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“At the onset of the study, all subjects were matched for disease severity based on gender, BMI, and age.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Study design
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All inter- and intra-assay CVs for NO, TAC, GSH, MDA, FPG, and lipid profiles were lower than 5%.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Assessment of biochemical parameters
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“AD patients are predisposed to some complications including increased oxidative stress (Sultana et al., 2011), morbidity, mortality (Schelke et al., 2016), microvascular disease, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance (Sridhar et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Missing values were treated based on Last-Observation-Carried-Forward method (LOCF) (Lachin, 2016).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Statistical methods
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Lachin, 2016 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Probiotics intake may improve markers of insulin metabolism and lipid profiles by reducing cytokines and suppressing the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway (Shi et al., 2006) and gut microbiota-short chain fatty acids (SCFA)-hormone axis (Yadav et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Mean age, height, weight, and BMI at baseline and end of trial were not statistically different between the two groups (Table 1).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results
plainn = 60- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consumption of symbiotic bread containing the heat-resistant probiotic Lactobacillus sporogenes (1 × 108 CFU/g) for 8 weeks also decreased the serum triglyceride and VLDL concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes (Shakeri et al., 2014).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shakeri et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Accordingly, high lipid levels could be one of the risk factors for AD (Reitz et al., 2010).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Reitz et al., 2010 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Oxidative stress is a frequently observed feature of AD, although its pathological significance is not understood (Selvarajah et al., 2011).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Selvarajah et al., 2011 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“During the study 4 out of 30 patients in the two groups were died and a total of 52 subjects [control (n = 26) and probiotic (n = 26)] completed the experiments (Figure 1).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results
plainn = 52- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomization assignment was conducted using computer-generated random numbers.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Statistical methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“http://www.irct.ir: IRCT201511305623N60.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Clinical registration
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Evidence indicates that, through production of reactive oxygen species, oxidative stress acts as vehicle for deposition and accumulation of amyloid β (Aβ) in AD (Kim et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kim et al., 2015 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, as the analysis was based on the ITT principle, all 60 patients were included in the final analysis.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results
plaindirectn = 60- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, we controlled the analyses for the baseline values of biochemical parameters, age, and baseline BMI. Nevertheless, this adjustment indicated no considerable changes in our findings (Data not shown).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Results > Biochemical measurements
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The randomized allocation sequence, enrolling subjects and allocating them to interventions were conducted by a trained staff at the Welfare Organizations.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Statistical methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“For example, it was reported that 6 weeks probiotic treatment caused no significant change in inflammatory factors of diabetic patients (Mazloom et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mazloom et al., 2013
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Dysfunctions in GABA-signaling are linked to anxiety and depression, defects in synaptogenesis and cognitive impairments (Aziz et al., 2013; Mitew et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Also the glutamatergic NMDA receptors are involved in the most important excitatory neurotransmission of brain (Talaei et al., 2016) which is engaged in the neural circuits involved in learning and memory.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Talaei et al., 2016 source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Furthermore, 8 weeks consumption of capsules containing 108 CFU/g of L. casei by the people suffered from rheumatoid arthritis displayed no significant within- and between-group changes in MDA and TAC levels (Vaghef-Mehrabany et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Vaghef-Mehrabany et al., 2015 source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In addition, Zarrati et al. (2014) showed that 8 weeks consumption of yogurt, enriched by L. acidophilus, Bifidobacterium langum, and L. casei (108 CFU/g each) decreased inflammatory cytokines in overweight people.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zarrati et al., 2014 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Some evidence from clinical studies support the fact that abnormal cholesterol metabolism in the brain leads to progressive cognitive dysfunction (Wang et al., 2014).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wang et al., 2014 source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Randomization and allocation were concealed from the researchers and individuals until the final analyses were completed.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Statistical methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analyses were conducted based on an intention-to-treat (ITT) principle.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Materials and methods > Statistical methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Further, findings from germ free animals indicated a decreased level of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), important neurotrophic factor in the neuronal growth and survival, and a reduced expression of some subunits of N-Methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors (Sudo et al., 2004) involved in most abundant neurotransmission in brain (Salami et al., 2000).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Emerging evidence has demonstrated that brain insulin resistance, as a key mediator in prediabetes and diabetes mellitus, may take a role in AD (Cervellati et al., 2016).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Cervellati et al., 2016 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“It has also been postulated that oxidative stress may decrease the activity of α-secretase, which promotes the expression and activity of β and γ-secretase, leading to the increased production of Aβ (Tan et al., 2013).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tan et al., 2013 source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The current study demonstrated that the probiotic administration for 12 weeks has favorable effects on MMSE score, MDA, hs-CRP, markers of insulin metabolism and triglycerides levels of the AD patients;”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Insulin resistance plays an important role in the development of cognitive impairment in primary elderly hypertensive patients (Ma et al., 2015).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ma et al., 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Altogether, since the microbiota-gut-brain axis conduits some of its main actions through nerve pathways both dysbiosis and probiotic treatment could have profound effects on the CNS functions.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistently, in a meta-analysis study, Kasińska and Drzewoski (2015) reported a reduced HOMA-IR and insignificant FGP in probiotic treated subjects.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kasińska and Drzewoski, 2015
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistent to our findings, a significant reduction in MDA levels was reported in type 2 diabetic patients after consuming probiotic yogurt (Ejtahed et al., 2012).”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Ejtahed et al., 2012 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.”
§ Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Cognitive Function and Metabolic Status in Alzheimer's Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial > Author contributions > Conflict of interest statement
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
The paper relies on this without support.
No direct study has considered gut microbiota manipulation in Alzheimer's disease patients.
“However, no direct study has considered the gut microbiota manipulation in AD patients.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Studies considering the effect of probiotic supplements on brain behavioral phenomena are scant.
“Studies considering the effect of probiotic supplements on brain behavioral phenomena are scant.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This study is the first to evaluate the beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function, biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation, and metabolic status in patients with Alzheimer's disease.
“To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first evaluating the beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation on cognitive function, biomarkers of oxidative stress, inflammation and metabolic status in patients with AD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The probiotic intervention changed the gut microbiota in the AD patients.
“Measurement of fecal bacteria loads before and after the probiotic supplementation in the AD patients was very difficult.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recently, a probiotic mixture containing B. longum and different Lactobacillus strains positively affected cognitive function and metabolic status in Alzheimer's disease patients (Akbari et al., 2016).”
From The Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis (2019) · cites this paper as Akbari et al., 2016
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Clinical trials have shown that probiotic supplementation can improve cognitive function and reduce inflammation in AD patients218.”
From Artificial intelligence-driven multi-omics approaches in Alzheimer's disease: Progress, challenges, and future directions (2025) · cites this paper as [218]
In the citing paper
“and could improve cognitive, sensory and emotional function in AD patients (Akbari et al. 2016).”
From Therapeutic effect of GLP-1 engineered strain on mice model of Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease (2020) · cites this paper as Akbari et al. 2016
In the citing paper
“while the assumption of a probiotic fermented milk drink containing L. acidophilus, L. casei, B. bifidum, and L. fermentum improves cognitive function in AD patients [323].”
From The Interplay between Gut Microbiota and Parkinson’s Disease: Implications on Diagnosis and Treatment (2022) · cites this paper as [323]
In the citing paper
“Probiotics have been shown to improve cognitive symptoms and biochemical markers in participants with various dysbiosis-related disorders, including Alzheimer’s disease (476), fibromyalgia (477, 478), and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) (479).”
From Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (2023) · cites this paper as [476]
Citations
Cites
2 retracted
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“It is demonstrated that other brain related disorders such as multiple sclerosis (Kouchaki et al., 2016) and stress are also influenced by probiotics (Liang et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationRetractedMohammadi, A. A., Jazayeri, S., Khosravi‐Darani, K., Solati, Z., Mohammadpour, N., Asemi, Z., Adab, Z., Djalali, M., Tehrani‐Doost, M., Hosseini, M., et al. (2015) · Nutritional Neuroscience · doi:10.1179/1476830515y.0000000023 · Cited by 241
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“It is generally agreed that probiotic strains should be of host origin with a beneficial effect on the host, withstand into food stuff with a high count, withstand transits through intestine and colonize lumen of the tract, produce antimicrobial agents, and technologically appropriate for…”
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The Ferric Reducing Ability of Plasma (FRAP) as a Measure of “Antioxidant Power”: The FRAP Assay
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“Plasma total antioxidant capacity (TAC) was measured using the ferric reducing antioxidant power method developed by Benzie and Strain (1996).”
MethodHirono, N., Mori, E., Ikejiri, Y., Imamura, T., Shimomura, T., Hashimoto, M., Yamashita, H., & Ikeda, M. (1997) · PubMed · Cited by 21,012
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Peek, S. T. M., Luijkx, K. G., Rijnaard, M. D., Nieboer, M. E., van der Voort, C. S., Aarts, S., van Hoof, J., Vrijhoef, H. J., & Wouters, E. (2015) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000430949 · Cited by 19,852
Sensitivity and False Alarm Rate of a Fall Sensor in Long-Term Fall Detection in the Elderly
Kangas, M., Korpelainen, R., Vikman, I., Nyberg, L., & Jämsä, T. J. (2014) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000362720 · Cited by 19,007
Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour
Cryan, J. F., & Dinan, T. G. (2012) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3346 · Cited by 4,572 · cited 2×
“The difference between the two groups of testing was statistically significant (P < 0.001).”
BackgroundInfluential
Research works printed but not linked: 1
- Shewale, 2014, Selection criteria for probiotics: a review, Int. J. Probiotics Prebiotics, 9, 17
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Cowan, C. S. M., Sandhu, K. V., Bastiaanssen, T. F. S., Boehme, M., Codagnone, M. G., Cussotto, S., Fulling, C., Golubeva, A. V., et al. (2019) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00018.2018 · Cited by 5,286
Gut microbiome alterations in Alzheimer’s disease
Vogt, N. M., Kerby, R. L., Dill-McFarland, K. A., Harding, S. J., Merluzzi, A. P., Johnson, S. C., Carlsson, C. M., Asthana, S., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., et al. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13601-y · Cited by 2,137
An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities
Adak, A., & Khan, M. R. (2019) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-018-2943-4 · Cited by 1,485
The gut microbiome in neurological disorders
Cryan, J. F., O'Riordan, K. J., Sandhu, K., Peterson, V., & Dinan, T. G. (2020) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(19)30356-4 · Cited by 1,336
Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases
Loh, J. S., Mak, W. Q., Tan, L. K. S., Ng, C. X., Chan, H. H., Yeow, S. H., Foo, J. B., Ong, Y. S., How, C. W., & Khaw, K. Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1 · Cited by 1,193
The Gut Microbiota and Alzheimer’s Disease
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A systemic view of Alzheimer disease — insights from amyloid-β metabolism beyond the brain
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The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology
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Brain-Gut-Microbiota Axis in Alzheimer’s Disease
Kowalski, K., & Mulak, A. (2019) · Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility · doi:10.5056/jnm18087 · Cited by 826
“A better understanding of the role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of AD and the close association between gut dysbiosis, increased intestinal permeability, and neurological dysfunction creates opportunity for potential therapeutic interventions.108 The results of numerous studies confirm the beneficial effect o…”
ResultGut microbes and metabolites as modulators of blood-brain barrier integrity and brain health
Parker, A., Fonseca, S., & Carding, S. R. (2019) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2019.1638722 · Cited by 745
“Two recent randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical trials show improved MMSE cores, reduced serum C-reactive protein (an inflammatory marker) and improved insulin metabolism in patients receiving probiotic mixture containing Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli species.(208,209) As with PD, the mechanisms o…”
BackgroundLiu, P., Wu, L., Peng, G., Han, Y., Tang, R., Ge, J., Zhang, L., Jia, L., Yue, S., Zhou, K., et al. (2019) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.05.008 · Cited by 669
“More importantly, studies demonstrated that probiotics supply could benefit the cognitive function and metabolic state of pre-onset aMCI patients (Akbari et al., 2016).”
Microbiome–host systems interactions: protective effects of propionate upon the blood–brain barrier
Hoyles, L., Snelling, T., Umlai, U.-K., Nicholson, J. K., Carding, S. R., Glen, R. C., & McArthur, S. (2018) · Microbiome · doi:10.1186/s40168-018-0439-y · Cited by 591
“beneficial effects of probiotic drinks on cognitive ability in both Alzheimer’s disease [73] and multiple sclerosis [74],”
BackgroundResveratrol (RV): A pharmacological review and call for further research
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“Emerging evidence has suggested that probiotics have considerable impacts on various cerebral functions through the regulation of the gut–brain axis, but the current studies are mainly focused on patients with mild cognitive impairment, Alzheimer’s disease, and major depressive disorder (29–32).”
BackgroundGut microbiota and dysbiosis in Alzheimer's disease: Implications for pathogenesis and treatment
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“There is growing evidence of the therapeutic effects of the microbiota on cognitive functions, symptoms of anxiety, low mood, depression and chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) (Akbari et al., 2016; Akkasheh et al., 2016; Cryan and Dinan, 2012; Huang et al., 2016; Rao et al., 2009) and due to the therapeutic effect of some…”
BackgroundRole of gut-brain axis, gut microbial composition, and probiotic intervention in Alzheimer's disease
Kesika, P., Suganthy, N., Sivamaruthi, B. S., & Chaiyasut, C. (2021) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118627 · Cited by 479
Antibiotics, gut microbiota, and Alzheimer’s disease
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“oxidative stress and insulin resistance [109, 110].”
Altered Gut Microbiota in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease
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The role of the microbiome for human health: From basic science to clinical applications
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“These included modulation of goblet cells to enhance mucosal barrier function [32], a direct protective effect on intestinal barrier function [33], and inhibiting adherence of enteropathogenic Escherichia coli to Caco-2 enterocyte and Hep-2 epithelial cells [34].”
BackgroundThe progress of gut microbiome research related to brain disorders
Zhu, S., Jiang, Y., Xu, K., Cui, M., Ye, W., Zhao, G., Jin, L., & Chen, X. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-1705-z · Cited by 419
Microbiota-Gut-Brain Axis: New Therapeutic Opportunities
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Signalling cognition: The gut microbiota and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
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Probiotics modulate the microbiota-gut-brain axis and improve memory deficits in aged SAMP8 mice
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(Dis)Trust your gut: the gut microbiome in age-related inflammation, health, and disease
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“FPG, fasting plasma glucose; GSH, total glutathione; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance; hs-CRP, highsensitivity C-reactive protein; MDA, malondialdehyde; QUICKI, quantitative insulin sensitivity check index; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; UPDRS, unified Parkinson's disease rating…”
InfluentialSelf-citationRetractedTamtaji, O. R., Heidari‐Soureshjani, R., Mirhosseini, N. Z., Kouchaki, E., Bahmani, F., Aghadavod, E., Ebrahimi, M. T., & Asemi, Z. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.11.034 · Cited by 416
Self-citationHealth-Promoting Components in Fermented Foods: An Up-to-Date Systematic Review
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Relationship between the gut microbiome and brain function
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RETRACTED ARTICLE: Role of the gut microbiome in chronic diseases: a narrative review
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The impact of the microbiota-gut-brain axis on Alzheimer’s disease pathophysiology
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Encapsulation of probiotics and nutraceuticals: Applications in functional food industry
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The Microbiota–Gut–Brain Axis and Alzheimer’s Disease: Neuroinflammation Is to Blame?
Megur, A., Baltriukienė, D., Bukelskienė, V., & Burokas, A. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13010037 · Cited by 323
Gut microbiota in neurodegenerative disorders
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Microbiota in neuroinflammation and synaptic dysfunction: a focus on Alzheimer’s disease
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“resistance and neuronal cell death [299]”
Psychobiotics in mental health, neurodegenerative and neurodevelopmental disorders
Cheng, L.-H., Liu, Y.-W., Wu, C.-C., Wang, S. Z., & Tsai, Y.-C. (2019) · Journal of Food and Drug Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.jfda.2019.01.002 · Cited by 312
“In addition, a probiotic supplement has been shown to improve the cognition of recipients with AD [67].”
BackgroundInfluentialThe gut microbiome in Alzheimer’s disease: what we know and what remains to be explored
Chandra, S., Sisodia, S. S., & Vassar, R. J. (2023) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-023-00595-7 · Cited by 278
“They found that probiotic-treated patients had a significant improvement in their Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) cognition score and a decrease in plasma malondialdehyde, a marker of oxidative stress, and a decrease in plasma C-reactive protein, a general marker of inflammation [96].”
BackgroundKim, Y., & Shin, C. (2018) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x15666170915141036 · Cited by 281
The Impact of Disease Comorbidities in Alzheimer’s Disease
Santiago, J. A., & Potashkin, J. A. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.631770 · Cited by 259
“Interestingly, a randomized double-blind and controlled clinical trial showed the efficacy of probiotic treatment in improving cognitive function in AD patients (Akbari et al., 2016).”
BackgroundThe gut microbiota–brain axis in neurological disorder
Ullah, H., Arbab, S., Tian, Y., Liu, C., Chen, Y., Li, Q., Khan, M. I. U., Hassan, I. U., & Li, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1225875 · Cited by 292
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“Previous research has shown that probiotic supplementation has beneficial effects on cognitive function in patients with AD [5], which may be developed as a dietary supplement for MCI.”
BackgroundNi, Y., Yang, X., Zheng, L., Wang, Z., Wu, L., Jiang, J., Yang, T., Ma, L., & Fu, Z. (2019) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201900603 · Cited by 255
Communication of gut microbiota and brain via immune and neuroendocrine signaling
Kasarełło, K., Cudnoch‐Jędrzejewska, A., & Czarzasta, K. (2023) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2023.1118529 · Cited by 283
Effect of nutrition on neurodegenerative diseases. A systematic review
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Progression of Parkinson's disease is associated with gut dysbiosis: Two-year follow-up study
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“This value is near to the criterion in the TYM test (34) to confirm lack of any dementia.”
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“Proiotic treatment also counteracted oxidative stress, improved nsulin resistance and pancreatic -cell secretion and decreased erum triglycerides with respect to controls [86].”
BackgroundInfluentialChen, D., Yang, X., Yang, J., Lai, G., Yong, T., Tang, X., Shuai, O., Zhou, G., Xie, Y., & Wu, Q. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00403 · Cited by 227
“…that Bifidobacterium combined with L. acidophilus , L. casei , and L. fermentum for 12 weeks can affect the cognitive function and some metabolic statuses in AD patients (Akbari et al., 2016), and B. longum 1714 reduced the stress and improved the memory in healthy volunteers (Allen et al., 2016).”
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The Potential Role of Gut Microbiota in Alzheimer’s Disease: From Diagnosis to Treatment
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Multi-Strain Probiotics: Synergy among Isolates Enhances Biological Activities
Kwoji, I. D., Aiyegoro, O. A., Okpeku, M., & Adeleke, M. A. (2021) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology10040322 · Cited by 246
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Oxidative Stress and Dementia in Alzheimer’s Patients: Effects of Synbiotic Supplementation
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“In this context, recent data have shown the beneficial effects of probiotic supplementation on intestinal epithelial integrity, immunomodulation, oxidative stress, and even procognition [15, 19, 20].”
BackgroundInfluentialNutrition and mental health: A review of current knowledge about the impact of diet on mental health
Grajek, M. K., Krupa-Kotara, K. H., Białek-Dratwa, A., Sobczyk, K., Grot, M., Kowalski, O., & Staśkiewicz‐Bartecka, W. (2022) · Frontiers in Nutrition · doi:10.3389/fnut.2022.943998 · Cited by 265
The role of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neuropsychiatric disorders
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Mind-altering with the gut: Modulation of the gut-brain axis with probiotics
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The role of probiotics and prebiotics in modulating of the gut-brain axis
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Probiotics for Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review
Naomi, R., Embong, H., Othman, F., Ghazi, H. F., Maruthey, N., & Bahari, H. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14010020 · Cited by 207
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“As stated above in the sections dedicated to AD, depression, and diabetes, several studies have reported the usefulness of microbiota manipulation in the treatment of these disorders [61, 91, 115].”
BackgroundEmerging role of gut microbiota dysbiosis in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration
Solanki, R., Karande, A. A., & Ranganathan, P. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1149618 · Cited by 194
Toro-Barbosa, M. D., Hurtado‐Romero, A., García-Amezquita, L. E., & García‐Cayuela, T. (2020) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu12123896 · Cited by 204
“Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus fermentum Clinical trial 200 mL/day for 12 weeks Positively affected cognitive function and some metabolic statuses in Alzheimer’s disease patients (60–95 years old) [84]”
BackgroundAshique, S., Mohanto, S., Ahmed, M. G., Mishra, N., Garg, A., Chellappan, D. K., Omara, T., Iqbal, S., & Kahwa, I. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e34092 · Cited by 205
“Probiotic treatment in people additionally has diminished cortisol-reaction, which is the justification behind the disturbance of MGBA [130].”
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Microbiota-gut brain axis involvement in neuropsychiatric disorders
Iannone, L. F., Preda, A., Blottière, H. M., Clarke, G., Albani, D., Belcastro, V., Carotenuto, M., Cattaneo, A., Citraro, R., Ferraris, C., et al. (2019) · Expert Review of Neurotherapeutics · doi:10.1080/14737175.2019.1638763 · Cited by 177
Postbiotics as the new frontier in food and pharmaceutical research
Sabahi, S., Rad, A. H., Maleki, L. A., Sangtarash, N., Ozma, M. A., Karimi, A., Hosseini, H., & Abbasi, A. (2022) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2022.2056727 · Cited by 177
“Moreover, a double-blind clinical trial revealed that probiotic supplementation in patients with Alzheimer’s disease improved cognitive function (Akbari et al. 2016).”
Snigdha, S., Ha, K., Tsai, P., Dinan, T. G., Bartos, J. D., & Shahid, M. (2021) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107978 · Cited by 173
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Understanding the Gut–Brain Axis and Its Therapeutic Implications for Neurodegenerative Disorders
Zheng, Y., Bonfili, L., Wei, T., & Eleuteri, A. M. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15214631 · Cited by 175
“Supplementation with these probiotics improved patients’ cognitive performance and metabolic parameters, such as insulin sensitivity and serum triglyceride levels [151].”
BackgroundGut microbiota and pro/prebiotics in Alzheimer’s disease
Pluta, R. M., Ułamek-Kozioł, M., Januszewski, S., & Czuczwar, S. J. (2020) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.102930 · Cited by 177
“normal brain activity [88], but also causes significant cognitive improvement in patients with Alzheimer’s disease [89].”
BackgroundLee, H.-J., Lee, K.-E., Kim, J.-K., & Kim, D.-H. (2019) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-019-48342-7 · Cited by 164
The Impact of Gut Microbiota Disorders on the Blood–Brain Barrier
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Hungin, A. P. S., Mitchell, C. R., Whorwell, P., Mulligan, C., Cole, O., Agréus, L., Fracasso, P., Lionis, C., Mendive, J., Philippart de Foy, J. ‐., et al. (2018) · Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/apt.14539 · Cited by 154
Short-chain fatty acids-producing probiotics: A novel source of psychobiotics
Cheng, Y., Liu, J., & Ling, Z. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1920884 · Cited by 156
“In addition, probiotic consumption not only decreased the levels of MDA and serum high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), but also had a favorable effect on insulin resistance and sensitivity (Akbari et al. 2016).”
BackgroundInfluentialMicrobiome therapeutics: exploring the present scenario and challenges
Yadav, M., & Chauhan, N. S. (2021) · Gastroenterology report · doi:10.1093/gastro/goab046 · Cited by 164
“Psychobiotics, mainly FMT, have shown beneficial results in the case of various mental disorders such as Parkinson’s disease [229], Alzheimer’s disease [234], Tourette syndrome [235], autism [236], and insomnia [237].”
Gut microbiome-targeted therapies for Alzheimer’s disease
Zhang, T., Gao, G., Kwok, L., & Sun, Z. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2271613 · Cited by 162
“98,100,102 Third, it would be more conclusive to include key clinical indicators of diagnostic and therapeutic implication, fulling the primary neuropathologic criteria for AD, such as the presence/level of extracellular Aβ deposition and intracellular accumulation of hyperphosphorylated tau in the…”
BackgroundProbiotics for Parkinson’s Disease
Gazerani, P. (2019) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms20174121 · Cited by 156
“Clinical data from a randomized, double blind, and controlled trial in 2016 show that 12 weeks of consumption of a mixed-species probiotic product in form of a milk, consisting of Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, and Lactobacillus fermentum could improve mental state in patients…”
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“With the deepening of the understanding of the gut microbiome, numerous studies have attempted to explain the underlying mechanism of AD from the perspective of gut microbiota [56,57], and to improve cognitive status through probiotics [58] or FMT [59].”
BackgroundProbiotics may have beneficial effects in parkinson’s disease: In vitro evidence
Magistrelli, L., Amoruso, A., Mogna, L., Graziano, T., Cantello, R., Pane, M., & Comi, C. (2019) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2019.00969 · Cited by 144
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Roles and Mechanisms of Gut Microbiota in Patients With Alzheimer’s Disease
Wu, S., Liu, X., Jiang, R., Yan, X., & Ling, Z. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.650047 · Cited by 150
“In three clinical randomized controlled trials, clinically confirmed patients with AD treated with probiotics (mainly Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium strains) for 12 weeks showed no beneficial effect on cognitive function (Akbari et al., 2016; Krüger et al., 2021).”
BackgroundOral Microbiota and Alzheimer’s Disease: Do All Roads Lead to Rome?
Sureda, A., Daglia, M., Argüelles Castilla, S., Sanadgol, N., Fazel Nabavi, S., Khan, H., Belwal, T., Jeandet, P., Marchese, A., Pistollato, F., et al. (2020) · Pharmacological Research · doi:10.1016/j.phrs.2019.104582 · Cited by 143
Metadata
- Authors
- Akbari, E., Asemi, Z., Daneshvar Kakhaki, R., Bahmani, F., Kouchaki, E., Tamtaji, O. R., Hamidi, G. A., & Salami, M.
- Affiliations
- Kashan University of Medical Sciences (IR)
- Corresponding author
- Asemi, Zatollah
- Salami, Mahmoud
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-11-10
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 256-256
- ISSN
- 1663-4365 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5105117
- OpenAlex
- W2549210709
- Semantic Scholar
- 7a1f1dc8208ef2c3d7013ce699ff50704195c24d
- Cited by
- 946
- References
- 60
- Citations by year
- 2026: 75 · 2025: 111 · 2024: 120 · 2023: 136 · 2022: 139 · 2021: 119 · 2020: 94 · 2019: 87 · 2018: 44 · 2017: 19
- FWCI
- 63.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Update notices
- expression_of_concern (2020-10-07)
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Kashan University of Medical Sciences
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, probiotics, probiotic milk, cognitive function, metabolic status, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus fermentum, malondialdehyde, oxidative stress, C-reactive protein, insulin resistance, beta-cell function, triglycerides, Mini-Mental State Examination
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-06, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-06 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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