The DOI matches its Crossref record; 377 of the 385 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 3 of the 420 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer’s Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment
Open accessAbstract
Background. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and dementia are chronic diseases with progressive deterioration of cognition, function and behavior leading to severe disability and death. The prevalence of AD and dementia is constantly increasing because of the progressive aging of the population. These conditions represent a considerable challenge to patients, their family and caregivers, and the health system, because of the considerable need for resources allocation. There is no disease modifying intervention for AD and dementia, and the symptomatic pharmacological treatments has limited efficacy and considerable side effects. Non-pharmacological treatment (NPT), which includes a wide range of approaches and techniques, may play a role in the treatment of AD and dementia. Aim. To review, with a narrative approach, current evidence on main NPTs for AD and dementia. Methods. PubMed and the Cochrane database of systematic reviews were searched for studies written in English and published from 2000 to 2018. The bibliography of the main articles was checked to detect other relevant papers. Results. The role of NPT has been largely explored in AD and dementia. The main NPT types, which were reviewed here, include exercise and motor rehabilitation, cognitive rehabilitation, NPT for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, occupational therapy, psychological therapy, complementary and alternative medicine, and new technologies, including information and communication technologies, assistive technology and domotics, virtual reality, gaming and telemedicine. We also summarized the role of NPT to address caregivers’ burden. Conclusions. Although NPT is often applied in the multidisciplinary approach to AD and dementia, supporting evidence for their use is still preliminary. Some studies showed statistically significant effect of NPT on some outcomes, but their clinical significance is uncertain. Well-designed randomized controlled trials with innovative designs are needed to explore the efficacy of NPT in AD and dementia. Further studies are required to offer robust neurobiological grounds for the effect of NPT, and to examine its cost-efficacy profile in patients with dementia.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This narrative review summarizes non-pharmacological treatments (NPT) for Alzheimer’s disease and dementia, covering exercise, cognitive intervention, BPSD management, occupational therapy, psychological therapy, multicomponent strategies, complementary and alternative medicine, and new technologies. It concludes that NPT is widely used in multidisciplinary care, but supporting evidence remains preliminary, with uncertain clinical significance and a need for better-designed randomized controlled trials.
Key findings
- The review reports that worldwide approximately 40 million people over 65 years suffer from dementia, and 70% of them are affected by Alzheimer’s disease; in the European Union, dementia cases were forecast to exceed 15 million in 2020.
- Evidence levels vary by treatment: exercise/motor rehabilitation, cognitive stimulation (CS), and Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST) are rated “Moderate”; cognitive training (CT), occupational therapy, psychological therapy, multicomponent/multidimensional strategies, and music therapy are rated “Small”; aromatherapy, art therapy, and massage/touch are rated “Very small.”
- BPSD are highly prevalent: 50–80% in AD, >80% in fronto-temporal dementia, and 50–70% in Lewy body dementia and vascular dementia; apathy prevalence in AD ranges from 19 to 88%.
- Some specific findings include: a Cochrane review of 17 RCTs confirmed exercise reduced progression of dependence in ADL but showed limited evidence for cognition, BPSD, QoL, depression, mortality, caregiver burden, and healthcare use; a psychological intervention review included six RCTs (n=216 psychological treatment vs n=223 usual care/placebo) and found reduced depression and clinician-rated anxiety but no effect on ADL, QoL, BPSD, cognition, or caregiver depressive symptoms; a massage/touch meta-analysis of 11 RCTs found significant effects on some behaviors but low study quality prevented firm conclusions.
Methods
- Narrative review; PubMed and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews were searched for English-language studies published from 2000 to 2018, with bibliography checking of main articles to detect additional relevant papers.
- The review focused on main NPT strategies for AD and dementia and did not include NPT in mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
- Because of heterogeneity in interventions and outcome measures, the authors explicitly chose a narrative rather than systematic design to provide a clinician-oriented state-of-the-art overview.
Limitations
- The paper states the main limitation is its narrative design, which was chosen because a systematic review was not feasible given the large number of studies; it also states that only two search engines were used (PubMed and Cochrane), and that other databases such as Embase, PsycINFO, and Web of Science would have yielded more literature.
- The paper states that studies on NPT commonly have small numbers of high-quality or double-blind RCTs, small sample sizes, heterogeneity in design/intervention/outcomes, and uncertainty about the clinical significance of outcomes.
- The text makes evident additional limitations: safety of NPT for BPSD is largely unexplored, cost-effectiveness data are lacking for several interventions, and many CAM and technology studies are preliminary or methodologically weak.
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Claims the paper makes
150 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 3 No basis given · 1 Partly supported · accuracy not yet measured
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In the paper
“No effect has been documented for acupuncture and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Olazarán, 2010, Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of efficacy, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [99] O'Connor, 2009, Psychosocial treatments of behaviour symptoms in dementia: a systematic review of reports meeting quality standards, Int Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [103] O'Neil, 2011
- Not checked yetcites [104] Brodaty, 2012, Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, Am J Psychiatry source
- Could not verifycites [105] McLaren, 2013, Systematic review of non-pharmacologic interventions to delay functional decline in community-dwelling patients with dementia, Aging Ment Health sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Search Terms; page unavailable) and Results passages describe a review of interventions for functional decline, but do not report findings for acupuncture or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Searches for both interventions and for effects on behavioral and psychological symptoms found no passage addressing the claimed lack of effect. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Could not verifycites [106] Livingston, 2014, A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of sensory, psychological and behavioural interventions for managing agitation in older adults with dementia, Health Technol Assess. sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Background and Conclusion passages discuss psychological interventions for dementia carers, not acupuncture or transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation for people with dementia. Searches for both treatments and for behavioural symptoms found no passage addressing their effects, so this copy cannot verify the claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)
- Partly supportedcites [107] Abraha, 2017, Systematic review of systematic reviews of non-pharmacological interventions to treat behavioural disturbances in older patients with dementia, BMJ Open sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In Results > Sensory stimulation interventions (page not specified), the review calls the TENS findings inconclusive, which supports saying that no effect was established, though it does not establish that TENS has no effect. The paper lists acupuncture among intervention categories but reports a significant decline in behavioural symptoms for acupressure, a distinct intervention; it does not document a no-effect finding for acupuncture. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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In the paper
“Exercise has been documented to improve physical health and well-being (33), to reduce behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) (34–36), and to enhance performance in the activities of daily living (ADL) (37, 38) in patients with AD or dementia.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Exercise and Motor Rehabilitation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [33] Teri, 2008, Exercise interventions for dementia and cognitive impairment: the Seattle protocols, J Nutr Health Aging source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“A recent paper derived from the population-based Mayo Clinic study of aging on 280 MCI patients showed that moderate intensity midlife physical activity was significantly associated with a decreased risk of incident dementia (25).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Exercise and Motor Rehabilitation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [25] Krell-Roesch, 2018, Leisure-time physical activity and the risk of incident dementia: the mayo clinic study of aging, J Alzheimers Dis. source
plaincorrelationaln = 280- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exercise has been documented to improve physical health and well-being (33), to reduce behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) (34–36), and to enhance performance in the activities of daily living (ADL) (37, 38) in patients with AD or dementia.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Exercise and Motor Rehabilitation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [34] Scherder, 2010, The more physical inactivity, the more agitation in dementia, Int Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [35] Thune-Boyle, 2012, The effect of exercise on behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: towards a research agenda, Int Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [36] Fleiner, 2017, Structured physical exercise improves neuropsychiatric symptoms in acute dementia care: a hospital-based RCT, Alzheimers Res Ther. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Conversely, the evidence on the protecting role of short-term, single-component physical activity interventions seems to be largely insufficient (32).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Exercise and Motor Rehabilitation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [32] Brasure, 2018, Physical activity interventions in preventing cognitive decline and alzheimer-type dementia: a systematic review, Ann Intern Med. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exercise has been documented to improve physical health and well-being (33), to reduce behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) (34–36), and to enhance performance in the activities of daily living (ADL) (37, 38) in patients with AD or dementia.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Exercise and Motor Rehabilitation
What the sources say
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“No disease-modifying treatment has been demonstrated to be effective in AD.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [8] Scheltens, 2016, Alzheimer's disease, Lancet source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis showed that CS has a moderate effect size on the Mini Mental State Examination (75) and a small effect size on the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (76), which represent two commonly-used general cognitive functioning outcomes, in patients with dementia (73).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Cognitive Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [73] Huntley, 2015, Do cognitive interventions improve general cognition in dementia? A meta-analysis and meta-regression, BMJ Open source
- Not checked yetcites [75] Folstein, 1975, “Mini-mental state” a practical method for grading the cognitive state of patients for the clinician, J Psychiatr Res. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CST is currently considered the evidence-based NPT of choice for the cognitive symptoms of mild-to-moderate dementia of any etiology, including vascular one (80–83).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Cognitive Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] LondonNational Institute for Health and Clinical ExcellenceDementia: Supporting People With Dementia and Their Carers in Health and Social Care. NICE Clinical Guideline 422007
- Not checked yetcites [81] World Alzheimer Report: The Benefits of Early Diagnosis Intervention. Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI) BacigalupoI MayerF LacorteE Di PucchioA MarzoliniF CanevelliM 2011
- Not checked yetcites [82] NHS, 2011
- Not checked yetcites [83] Piras, 2017, Efficacy of cognitive stimulation therapy for older adults with vascular dementia, Dement Neuropsychol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Moreover, CST is at present, the only one for which international RCTs consistently demonstrated significant improvements to cognition and QoL, using the same CST program which has been culturally adapted using standardized guidelines.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Cognitive Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [80] LondonNational Institute for Health and Clinical ExcellenceDementia: Supporting People With Dementia and Their Carers in Health and Social Care. NICE Clinical Guideline 422007
- Not checked yetcites [81] World Alzheimer Report: The Benefits of Early Diagnosis Intervention. Alzheimer's Disease International (ADI) BacigalupoI MayerF LacorteE Di PucchioA MarzoliniF CanevelliM 2011
- Not checked yetcites [82] NHS, 2011
- Not checked yetcites [83] Piras, 2017, Efficacy of cognitive stimulation therapy for older adults with vascular dementia, Dement Neuropsychol. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- It may state two separate claims as one. 88
- Probably not a substantial claim. 18
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, which are the only commercially available symptomatic drugs, may improve cognitive and behavioral outcomes, but their clinical impact remains modest and controversial (5–7).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [5] Birks, 2006, Cholinesterase inhibitors for Alzheimer's disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. source
- Not checked yetcites [6] Birks, 2015, Rivastigmine for Alzheimer's disease, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. source
- Not checked yetcites [7] Wong, 2016, Pharmacotherapy for dementia: a practical approach to the use of cholinesterase inhibitors and memantine, Drugs Aging source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A number of prospective cohort studies suggested that a regular physical activity may enhance cognitive function and reduce the risk of AD and other dementias and delay their onset or progression (16–24).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Exercise and Motor Rehabilitation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [16] Lautenschlager, 2010, Physical activity and mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease, Curr Neurol Neurosci Rep. source
- Not checked yetcites [17] Yaffe, 2001, A prospective study of physical activity and cognitive decline in elderly women: women who walk, Arch Intern Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [18] Podewils, 2005, Physical activity, APOE genotype, and dementia risk: findings from the cardiovascular health cognition study, Am J Epidemiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [19] Barnes, 2008, Cognition in older women: the importance of daytime movement, J Am Geriatr Soc. source
- Not checked yetcites [20] Middleton, 2008, Changes in cognition and mortality in relation to exercise in late life: a population based study, PLoS ONE source
- Not checked yetcites [21] Brown, 2013, Multiple effects of physical activity on molecular and cognitive signs of brain aging: can exercise slow neurodegeneration and delay Alzheimer's disease?, Mol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [22] Hamer, 2018, Physical activity and trajectories in cognitive function: English longitudinal study of ageing, J Epidemiol Community Health source
- Not checked yetcites [23] Loprinzi, 2018, The effects of exercise on memory function among young to middle-aged adults: systematic review and recommendations for future research, Am J Health Promot. source
- Not checked yetcites [24] Song, 2018, The effectiveness of physical exercise on cognitive and psychological outcomes in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis, Int J Nurs Stud. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NPT may improve function, independence, and quality of life (QoL) in agreement with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) (9), is non-invasive, safe and has few side effects (10).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [9] World, 2001
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, a direct effect of NPT on cognition through neural plasticity/adaptation cannot be excluded in early disease stages.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Introduction
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Regular physical exercise is recommended to all older adults, and indeed to those at increased risk of AD, as it may improve physical health, reduce frailty, lower the risk of depression, improve cognitive function in the short and long term (26–31).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Exercise and Motor Rehabilitation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [26] Bray, 2016, Exercise prescription to reverse frailty, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. source
- Not checked yetcites [27] Santos-Lozano, 2016, Physical activity and Alzheimer disease: a protective association, Mayo Clin Proc. source
- Not checked yetcites [28] Schuch, 2016, Exercise for depression in older adults: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials adjusting for publication bias, Rev Bras Psiquiatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [29] Law, 2018, Moderate intensity physical activity associates with CSF biomarkers in a cohort at risk for Alzheimer's disease, Alzheimers Dement. source
- Not checked yetcites [30] Martins, 2018, Alzheimer's disease: a journey from amyloid peptides and oxidative stress, to biomarker technologies and disease prevention strategies-gains from AIBL and DIAN cohort studies, J Alzheimers Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [31] Northey, 2018, Exercise interventions for cognitive function in adults older than 50: a systematic review with metaanalysis, Br J Sports Med. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“NPT may improve function, independence, and quality of life (QoL) in agreement with the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) (9), is non-invasive, safe and has few side effects (10).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [10] Poulos, 2017, A comprehensive approach to reablement in dementia, Alzheimers Dement. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“It has been suggested that exercise may improve vascular health by reducing blood pressure (41, 42), arterial stiffness (42), oxidative stress (43), systemic inflammation (44), and enhance endothelial dysfunction (45), all of which are associated with better cerebral perfusion (46, 47).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Exercise and Motor Rehabilitation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [41] Colcombe, 2004, Cardiovascular fitness, cortical plasticity, and aging, Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. source
- Not checked yetcites [42] Fleg, 2012, Aerobic exercise in the elderly: a key to successful aging, Discov Med.
- Not checked yetcites [43] Covas, 2002, Relationship between physical activity and oxidative stress biomarkers in women, Med Sci Sports Exerc. source
- Not checked yetcites [44] Lavie, 2011, Impact of physical activity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and exercise training on markers of inflammation, J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev. source
- Not checked yetcites [45] Ghisi, 2010, Physical exercise and endothelial dysfunction, Arq Bras Cardiol. source
- Not checked yetcites [46] Churchill, 2002, Exercise, experience and the aging brain, Neurobiol Aging source
- Not checked yetcites [47] Davenport, 2012, Cerebrovascular reserve: the link between fitness and cognitive function?, Exerc Sport Sci Rev. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The evidence on CT for people with dementia is less robust.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Cognitive Intervention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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In the paper
“Imaging studies in aging people confirmed the positive association between physical activity and gray matter volume. Both aerobic fitness and coordinative exercises was associated with reduced brain atrophy in the frontal and temporal regions and the hippocampus, all areas that are critical for higher cognitive function (56–58).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Exercise and Motor Rehabilitation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [56] Weinstein, 2012, The association between aerobic fitness and executive functions is mediated by prefrontal cortex volume, Brain Behav Immun. source
- Not checked yetcites [57] Niemann, 2014, Not only cardiovascular, but also coordinative exercise increases hippocampal volume in older adults, Front Aging Neurosci. source
- Not checked yetcites [58] Papenberg, 2016, Physical activity and inflammation: effects on gray-matter volume and cognitive decline in aging, Hum Brain Mapp. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Exercise may also preserve neurons and promote neurogenesis, synaptogenesis, (48–50), and neuronal plasticity (51–55).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Exercise and Motor Rehabilitation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [48] Colcombe, 2003, Fitness effects on the cognitive function of older adults: a meta-analytic study, Psychol Sci. source
- Not checked yetcites [49] Kronenberg, 2006, Physical exercise prevents age-related decline in precursor cell activity in the mouse dentate gyrus, Neurobiol Aging source
- Not checked yetcites [50] Uda, 2006, Effects of chronic treadmill running on neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus of adult rat, Brain Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [51] Cotman, 2002, Exercise: a behavioural intervention toenhance brain health and plasticity, Trends Neurosci. source
- Not checked yetcites [52] Vaynman, 2005, License to run: exercise impacts functional plasticity in the intact and injured central nervous system by using neurotrophins, Neurorehabil Neural Repair source
- Not checked yetcites [53] Cotman, 2007, Physical activity and the maintenance of cognition: learning from animal models, Alzheimers Dement source
- Not checked yetcites [54] Voelcker-Rehage, 2013, Structural and functional brain changes related to different types of physical activity across the life span, Neurosci Biobehav Rev. source
- Not checked yetcites [55] Hamaide, 2016, Neuroplasticity and MRI: a perfect match, Neuroimage source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This finding is of some relevance because preserving functional independence in ADL is critical for improving the QoL of people with dementia and their caregivers and delaying institutionalization.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Exercise and Motor Rehabilitation
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Neurotrophins, in particular the brain-derived neurotrophic factor, may be the common pathway of these mechanisms, may mediate the exercise-driven brain responses and can drive neuronal plasticity, improve cognition, and protect neurons against insult (60–63).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Exercise and Motor Rehabilitation
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [60] Cheng, 2003, Nitric oxide acts in a positive feedback loop with BDNF to regulate neural progenitor cell proliferation and differentiation in the mammalian brain, Dev Biol. source
- Not checked yetcites [61] Vaynman, 2004, Hippocampal BDNF mediates the efficacy of exercise on synaptic plasticity and cognition, Eur J Neurosci. source
- Not checked yetcites [62] Erickson, 2012, Physical activity, brain plasticity, and Alzheimer's disease, Arch Med Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [63] Intlekofer, 2013, Exercise counteracts declining hippocampal function in aging and Alzheimer's disease, Neurobiol Dis. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent systematic review indicated that CT may improve patient's performance in trained tasks and similar exercises but has no consistent effect on everyday functioning (77).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Cognitive Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [77] Kallio, 2017, Cognitive training interventions for patients with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review, J Alzheimers Dis. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Cognitive intervention is currently the NPT that has been better explored in dementia and represents the most robust alternative and/or complement to pharmacological treatment.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Cognitive Intervention
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Most RCTs showed no effect of CT on other outcomes, but their low quality impede any solid conclusion (70–72, 74, 77).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Cognitive Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Olazarán, 2010, Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of efficacy, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [71] Kurz, 2011, The clinical significance of cognition-focused interventions for cognitively impaired older adults: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials, Int Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [72] Bahar-Fuchs, 2013, Cognitive training and cognitive rehabilitation for mild to moderate Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. source
- Not checked yetcites [74] Carrion, 2018, Cognitive Therapy for dementia patients: a systematic review, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [77] Kallio, 2017, Cognitive training interventions for patients with Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review, J Alzheimers Dis. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“BPSD represent the most frequent cause of institutionalization and drug prescription, increase patient's disability, worsen patient's and caregiver's QoL, contribute to increase costs, but their influence on cognition is unclear (92).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [92] Herrmann, 2006, The contribution of neuropsychiatric symptoms to the cost of dementia care, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The small body of evidence for other sensory interventions, such as massage and touch therapy, suggests they could be viable treatment options, especially given the ease of implementation and minimal training involved.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Olazarán, 2010, Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of efficacy, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [99] O'Connor, 2009, Psychosocial treatments of behaviour symptoms in dementia: a systematic review of reports meeting quality standards, Int Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [103] O'Neil, 2011
- Not checked yetcites [104] Brodaty, 2012, Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [105] McLaren, 2013, Systematic review of non-pharmacologic interventions to delay functional decline in community-dwelling patients with dementia, Aging Ment Health source
- Not checked yetcites [106] Livingston, 2014, A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of sensory, psychological and behavioural interventions for managing agitation in older adults with dementia, Health Technol Assess. source
- Not checked yetcites [107] Abraha, 2017, Systematic review of systematic reviews of non-pharmacological interventions to treat behavioural disturbances in older patients with dementia, BMJ Open source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, i.e., the so-called BPSD, are characterized by alterations of perception (hallucinations, misidentification), thinking (delusions), mood (depression, anxiety, apathy), and behavior (aggression, agitation, disinhibition, wandering, socially or sexually inappropriate behavior) (88), being highly prevalent in all types of dementia, i.e., 50–80% in AD”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] Aalten, 2008, Consistency of neuropsychiatric syndromes across dementias: results from the European Alzheimer disease consortium, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [90] Kazui, 2016, Differences of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in disease severity in four major dementias, PLoS ONE source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“BPSD may occur in all stages of AD, and even in people with MCI, but there is no agreement on the possible relationship with disease evolution.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [89] Aalten, 2008, Consistency of neuropsychiatric syndromes across dementias: results from the European Alzheimer disease consortium, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [90] Kazui, 2016, Differences of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in disease severity in four major dementias, PLoS ONE source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In particular, there are no conclusive results for validation and reminiscence therapy, the effectiveness of light therapy is not clear, aromatherapy is better than no treatment.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Olazarán, 2010, Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of efficacy, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [99] O'Connor, 2009, Psychosocial treatments of behaviour symptoms in dementia: a systematic review of reports meeting quality standards, Int Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [103] O'Neil, 2011
- Not checked yetcites [104] Brodaty, 2012, Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [105] McLaren, 2013, Systematic review of non-pharmacologic interventions to delay functional decline in community-dwelling patients with dementia, Aging Ment Health source
- Not checked yetcites [106] Livingston, 2014, A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of sensory, psychological and behavioural interventions for managing agitation in older adults with dementia, Health Technol Assess. source
- Not checked yetcites [107] Abraha, 2017, Systematic review of systematic reviews of non-pharmacological interventions to treat behavioural disturbances in older patients with dementia, BMJ Open source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Considering the limited evidence and concerns on the safety of drug treatment (94–99), all guidelines agree that individualized and person-centered NPT are the first-line treatment for BPDS and the use of a pharmacological strategy should be considered only later, using the least harmful drug for the shortest time.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [94] Sorbi, 2012, EFNS-ENS guidelines on the diagnosis and management of disorders associated with dementia, Eur J Neurol. source
- Not checked yetcites [95] Dyer, 2018, An overview of systematic reviews of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions for the treatment of behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, Int Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [96] Gauthier, 2010, Management of behavioral problems in Alzheimer's disease, Int Psychogeriatr source
- Not checked yetcites [97] Seitz, 2013, Pharmacological treatments for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia in long-term care: a systematic review, Int Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [98] Sultzer, 2008, Clinical symptom responses to atypical antipsychotic medications in Alzheimer's disease: phase 1 outcomes from the CATIE-AD effectiveness trial, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [99] O'Connor, 2009, Psychosocial treatments of behaviour symptoms in dementia: a systematic review of reports meeting quality standards, Int Psychogeriatr. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Music therapy and behavioral management techniques seem to cause a short-term reduction of BPSD, but long-term efficacy is unclear.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Olazarán, 2010, Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of efficacy, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [99] O'Connor, 2009, Psychosocial treatments of behaviour symptoms in dementia: a systematic review of reports meeting quality standards, Int Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [103] O'Neil, 2011
- Not checked yetcites [104] Brodaty, 2012, Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [105] McLaren, 2013, Systematic review of non-pharmacologic interventions to delay functional decline in community-dwelling patients with dementia, Aging Ment Health source
- Not checked yetcites [106] Livingston, 2014, A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of sensory, psychological and behavioural interventions for managing agitation in older adults with dementia, Health Technol Assess. source
- Not checked yetcites [107] Abraha, 2017, Systematic review of systematic reviews of non-pharmacological interventions to treat behavioural disturbances in older patients with dementia, BMJ Open source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, a recent RCT showed that a home-based iCST program had neither effect on cognition and QoL of patients with mild-to-moderate dementia, nor on QoL of their caregivers (87).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Cognitive Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [87] Orrell, 2017, The impact of individual Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (iCST) on cognition, quality of life, caregiver health, and family relationships in dementia: a randomised controlled trial, PLoS Med. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Potential benefits of these interventions have been documented, but the strength of evidence is overall low and the great heterogeneity in terms of type of intervention, follow-up duration, type of outcome measures hamper comparison across studies.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Olazarán, 2010, Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of efficacy, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [99] O'Connor, 2009, Psychosocial treatments of behaviour symptoms in dementia: a systematic review of reports meeting quality standards, Int Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [103] O'Neil, 2011
- Not checked yetcites [104] Brodaty, 2012, Meta-analysis of nonpharmacological interventions for neuropsychiatric symptoms of dementia, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [105] McLaren, 2013, Systematic review of non-pharmacologic interventions to delay functional decline in community-dwelling patients with dementia, Aging Ment Health source
- Not checked yetcites [106] Livingston, 2014, A systematic review of the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of sensory, psychological and behavioural interventions for managing agitation in older adults with dementia, Health Technol Assess. source
- Not checked yetcites [107] Abraha, 2017, Systematic review of systematic reviews of non-pharmacological interventions to treat behavioural disturbances in older patients with dementia, BMJ Open source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Several studies suggested the area of major CST efficacy in people with mild-to-moderate dementia is general cognitive functioning, but some cognitive areas, namely memory, orientation and language comprehension seems to be those with larger improvement following CST in an open study (84).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Cognitive Intervention
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [84] Hall, 2013, Cognitive Stimulation Therapy (CST): neurpsychological mechanisms of change, Int Psychogeriatr. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“According to the competence-environmental press (CEP) model, the highest individual functioning results from optimal combinations of environmental conditions and personal competencies. The CEP model suggests that the right balance between individual ability and external environmental demands results in adaptive behaviors, while excessive or reduced environmental activities may result in BPSD.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [100] Gitlin, 2010
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A different approach is provided by the need-driven, dementia-compromised behavior (NDB) that conceptualized BPSD as the result of the combination between the inability of the caregiver to understand patient's needs and the inability of the patient to express them. Therefore, BPSD may represent patient's attempts to express physical or emotional distress due to unmet needs.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [101] Norton, 1996, Need-driven dementia-compromised behavior: an alternative view of disruptive behavior, Am J Alzheimer's Dis Other Dem. source
- Not checked yetcites [102] Kovach, 2005, A model of consequences of need-driven, dementia-compromised behavior, J Nurs Scholarsh. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Factors that may predict a better response to these interventions include a higher level of cognitive functioning, fewer difficulties in ADL and communication, and relative preservation of speech, while staff barriers and pain are associated to worse outcome (108).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [108] Cohen-Mansfield, 2014, Predictors of the impact of nonpharmacologic interventions for agitation in nursing home residents with advanced dementia source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The Authors concluded that there is evidence that psychological interventions added to usual care can reduce symptoms of depression and clinician-rated anxiety in dementia and that psychological interventions have the potential to improve patient's well-being, while no effect was found on ADL, self- and caregiver-rated patient's QoL, BPSD, cognition, or caregivers' self-reported depressive symptom”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Psychological Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [163] Orgeta, 2014, Psychological treatments for depression and anxiety in dementia and mild cognitive impairment, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. source
plaindirectn = 216- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The presence of apathy seems to be related to greater caregiver burden, faster functional impairment, reduced QoL and increased morbidity, being a reliable longitudinal predictor of death in people with dementia (155–157).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Psychological Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [155] Spalletta, 2015, Longitudinal neuropsychiatric predictors of death in Alzheimer's disease, J Alzheimers Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [156] Dauphinot, 2015, Risk factors of caregiver burden among patients with Alzheimer's disease or related disorders: a cross-sectional study, J Alzheimers Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [157] Hongisto, 2018, Quality of Life in relation to neuropsychiatric symptoms in Alzheimer's disease: 5-year prospective ALSOVA cohort study, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Apathy, which is defined as a loss or diminution of goal-directed behavior, cognition or emotion (152) is one the of the most common neuropsychiatric symptom in AD, with a prevalence ranging from 19 to 88% (153).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Psychological Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [153] Salzman, 2008, Elderly patients with dementia-related symptoms of severe agitation and aggression: consensus statement on treatment options, clinical trials methodology, and policy, J Clin Psychiatry source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“OT seems also effective in reducing BPSD, increasing patient's participation, improving physical performance, and QoL and reducing negative communication (123–129).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Occupational Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Gitlin, 2010, The cost-effectiveness of a nonpharmacologic intervention for individuals with dementia and family caregivers: the tailored activity program, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [124] Kolanowski, 2001, A randomized clinical trial of theory-based activities for the behavioural symptoms of dementia in nursing home residents, J Am Geriatr Soc. source
- Not checked yetcites [125] Rao, 2014, Systematic review of the effects of exercise on activities of daily living in people with Alzheimer's disease, Am J Occup Ther. source
- Not checked yetcites [126] Rao, 2014, Occupational therapy in chronic progressive disorders: enhancing function and modifying disease, Am J Occup Ther. source
- Not checked yetcites [127] Pimouguet, 2017, Benefits of occupational therapy in dementia patients: findings from a real-world observational study, J Alzheimers Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [128] Gitlin, 2008, Tailored activities to manage neuropsychiatry behavior in persons with dementia and reduce caregiver burden, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [129] Gitlin, 2018, Targeting behavioral symptoms and functional decline in dementia: a randomized clinical trial, J Am Geriatr Soc. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, the current evidence for psychological support and psychotherapy in AD and dementia is limited and not conclusive.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Psychological Therapy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Actually, experiencing depression and anxiety is very common in people with dementia, even if there is a lack of consensus on their prevalence rates as diagnostic criteria may vary among studies (144–147).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Psychological Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [144] Enache, 2011, Depression in dementia: epidemiology, mechanisms, and treatment, Curr Opin Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [145] Weiner, 2002, Prevalence and incidence of major depressive disorder in Alzheimer's disease: findings from two databases, Dement Geriatr Cog Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [146] Starkstein, 2005, The construct of minor and major depression in Alzheimer's disease, Am J Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [147] Hwang, 2004, Mild cognitive impairment is associated with characteristic neuropsychiatric symptoms, Alzheimer Dis Assoc Disord. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Consistent evidence suggests that, in people with dementia, the severity of depression increases the severity of neurological impairment, institutionalization (148, 149), and caregiver burden (150), while anxiety is associated with decreased independence and increased risk of nursing home placement (151).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Psychological Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [151] Rozzini, 2009, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, the proposed psychological approaches were methodologically heterogeneous, some of them lacked specificity and conceptual clarity and often the description of the interventions was quite generic.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Psychological Therapy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Disease progression reduces the ability to participate in occupations—mainly ADL, IADL, leisure and social activities—in patients with dementia, leading to a negative impact on QoL and well-being of patients and caregivers (113–117).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Occupational Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [113] Muò, 2005, Alzheimer's disease-associated disability: an ICF approach, Disabil Rehabil. source
- Not checked yetcites [114] Giebel, 2014, Deterioration of basic activities of daily living and their impact on quality of life across different cognitive stages of dementia: a European study, Int Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [115] Prizer, 2018, Progressive support for activities of daily living for persons living with dementia, Gerontologist source
- Not checked yetcites [116] Sun, 2018, The association between cognitive fluctuations and activities of daily living and quality of life among institutionalized patients with dementia, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [117] Egan, 2006, Dementia and occupation: a review of the literature, Can J Occupat Ther. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Consistent evidence suggests that, in people with dementia, the severity of depression increases the severity of neurological impairment, institutionalization (148, 149), and caregiver burden (150), while anxiety is associated with decreased independence and increased risk of nursing home placement (151).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Psychological Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [148] Schultz, 2004, Anxiety and impaired social function in the elderly, Ann Clin Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [149] Gabryelewicz, 1998, Prevalence of major and minor depression in elderly persons with mild cognitive impairment–MADRS factor analysis, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [150] Lu, 2009, Donepezil delays progression to AD in MCI subjects with depressive symptoms, Neurology source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Systematic reviews indicated a variety of NPTs (e.g., one-to-one activities, activity programs tailored on patients' preferences, individualized cognitive rehabilitation, music therapy, art therapy) as potentially effective and safe in reducing apathy, although none of them is strictly a psychological intervention (165, 166).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Psychological Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [165] Goris, 2016, Quantitative systematic review of the effects of non-pharmacological interventions on reducing apathy in persons with dementia, J Adv Nurs. source
- Not checked yetcites [166] Theleritis, 2018, A systematic review of non-pharmacological treatments for apathy in dementia, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Since pain and discomfort may cause difficulties in communication and self-management, and contribute to BPSD, these factors should be carefully searched and treated (111, 112).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Non-pharmacological Management of Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [111] Cohen-Mansfield, 2012, Assessment and treatment of behaviour problems in dementia in nursing home residents: a comparison of the approaches of physicians, psychologists and nurse practitioners, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [112] Cohen-Mansfield, 2015, Which unmet needs contribute to behaviour problems in persons with advanced dementia?, Psychiatry Res. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“An RCT on patients with mild-to-moderate dementia living in the community showed that a multimodal OT approach, including cognitive and behavioral interventions to train patients to compensate for cognitive impairment and caregivers to cope with patients' abnormal behavior, was effective in improving ADL and in reducing caregiver's burden with effects lasting for up to 12 weeks (121).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Occupational Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [121] Graff, 2006, Community based occupational therapy for patients with dementia and their caregivers: randomised controlled trial, BMJ source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Among environment-based interventions, ambient music, aromatherapy, and Snoezelen (i.e., a soothing and stimulating multisensory environment) were modestly effective in reducing agitation, but they did not have long-term effects, while the evidence to support bright light therapy for mood and sleep disorders was only preliminary (131).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Occupational Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [131] Padilla, 2011, Effectiveness of environment-based interventions for people with Alzheimer's disease and related dementias, Am J Occup Ther. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent systematic review concluded that the strongest evidence supported the use of short-term group therapy soon after dementia diagnosis to reduce levels of depression and enhance QoL, while tailored and multi-component interventions seemed to reduce inappropriate behaviors in patients living in nursing homes with mild-to-moderate levels of impairment (164).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Psychological Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [164] Cheston, 2017, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Besides being effective in reducing caregiver burden, in that caregiver had significantly more free time, TAP was demonstrated to be highly cost-effective (123).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Occupational Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [123] Gitlin, 2010, The cost-effectiveness of a nonpharmacologic intervention for individuals with dementia and family caregivers: the tailored activity program, Am J Geriatr Psychiatry source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, empirical evidence supporting the efficacy of psychological interventions is rather sparse (159), mainly because a broad group of interventions that are termed as psychological ones have been included in reviews (160, 161), but actually are not based on well-defined theory-driven psychological interventions.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Psychological Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [159] Doody, 2001, Practice parameter: management of dementia (an evidence-based review), Neurology source
- Not checked yetcites [160] Lyketsos, 2002, Depression in Alzheimer's disease: overview and treatment, Biol Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [161] Douglas, 2004, Non-pharmacological interventions in dementia, Adv Psychiatr Treat source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“MCSP yielded promising results in terms of user satisfaction, reduction of patients' behavioral and emotional disturbances, decrease of caregivers' burden and delayed institutionalization (170–173).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Multicomponent and Multidimensional Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [170] Dröes, 2000, The effect of integrated family support versus day care only on behavior and mood of patients with dementia, Int Psychogeriatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [171] Dröes, 2004, Effect of Meeting Centres Support Programme on feeling of competence of family caregivers and delay of institutionalization of people with dementia, Aging Ment Health source
- Not checked yetcites [172] Dröes, 2004, Effect of combined support for people with dementia and carers versus regular day care on behaviour and mood of persons with dementia: results from a multi-centre implementation study, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [173] Dröes, 2011, An evaluation of the Meeting Centres Support Programme among persons with dementia and their carers, Nonpharmacol Therapies Dementia
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A meta-analysis identified only seven RCTs and concluded that the benefits of aromatherapy for people with dementia are equivocal, mainly because of severe methodological problems (191).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Aromatherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [191] Forrester, 2014, Aromatherapy for dementia, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Actually, some systematic reviews demonstrated that multicomponent interventions were more effective than single activities in improving general well-being of both persons with dementia and their caregivers (70, 175), and in hospitalized older adults with cognitive impairment (176, 177).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Multicomponent and Multidimensional Strategies
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [70] Olazarán, 2010, Nonpharmacological therapies in Alzheimer's disease: a systematic review of efficacy, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord. source
- Not checked yetcites [175] Smits, 2007, Effects of combined intervention programmes for people with dementia living at home and their caregivers: a systematic review, Int J Geriatric Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [176] Klapwijk, 2018, Change in quality of life after a multidisciplinary intervention for people with dementia: a cluster randomized controlled trial, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [177] Sinvani, 2018, A multicomponent model to improve hospital care of older adults with cognitive impairment: a propensity score-matched analysis, J Am Geriatr Soc. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“From a psychological point of view, music facilitates communicative and relational processes and emotional expression (206).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Music Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [206] Gold, 2009, Dose-response relationship in music therapy for people with serious mental disorders; systematic review and meta-analysis, Clin Psychol Rev. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Since most studies on MT included both active and passive techniques, which type of intervention can be more effective in dementia is still unclear (193).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Music Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [193] Raglio, 2018, Music listening for people living with dementia, J Am Med Dir Assoc. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, since music can stimulate both motor and cognitive functions, it can be an efficient tool for rehabilitation (207).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Music Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [207] Schlaug, 2009, Part VI introduction: listening to and making music facilitates brain recovery processes, Ann N Y Acad Sci. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, aromatherapy has been used to address BPSD (181–186) and sleep disturbances (187–189) and to stimulate motivational behavior (190).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Aromatherapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [181] Brooker, 1997, Single case evaluation of the effects of aromatherapy and massage on disturbed behaviour in severe dementia, Br J Clin Psychol. source
- Not checked yetcites [182] Ballard, 2002, Aromatherapy as a safe and effective treatment for the management of agitation in severe dementia: the results of a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial with Melissa, J Clin Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [183] Lin, 2007, Efficacy of aromatherapy (Lavandula angustifolia) as an intervention for agitated behaviours in Chinese older persons with dementia: a cross-over randomized trial, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [184] Nguyen, 2008, The use of aromatherapy to treat behavioural problems in dementia, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [185] Yang, 2015, Comparison of the efficacy of aroma-acupressure and aromatherapy for the treatment of dementia-associated agitation, BMC Complement Altern Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [186] VilelaI, 2017, What do Cochrane systematic reviews say about non-pharmacological interventions for treating cognitive decline and dementia?, Sao Paulo Med J. source
- Not checked yetcites [187] Wolfe, 1996, Can aromatherapy oils promote sleep in severely demented patients?, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
- Not checked yetcites [188] Johannessen, 2013, Nurses experience of aromatherapy use with dementia patients experiencing disturbed sleep patterns. An action research project, Complement Ther Clin Pract. source
- Not checked yetcites [189] Takeda, 2017, Effects of inhalation aromatherapy on symptoms of sleep disturbance in the elderly with dementia, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [190] MacMahon, 1998, A clinical trial of the effects of aromatherapy on motivational behaviour in a dementia care setting using a single subject design, Aust J Holist Nurs.
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Evidence suggests that massage and touch may relax older people with dementia, reduce some BPSD, such as pacing, wandering and resisting care, improve appetite, sleep and communication problems, and, to some extent, counteract cognitive decline (244–250).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Massage and Touch
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [244] Rowe, 1999, The effectiveness of slow-stroke massage in diffusing agitated behaviours in individuals with Alzheimer's disease, J Gerontol Nurs. source
- Not checked yetcites [245] Remington, 2002, Calming music and hand massage with agitated elderly, Nurs Res. source
- Not checked yetcites [246] Nelson, 2004, The power of human touch in Alzheimer's care, Massage Ther J.
- Not checked yetcites [247] Moyle, 2011, Exploring the effect of foot massage on agitated behaviours in older people with dementia: a pilot study, Aust J Ageing source
- Not checked yetcites [248] Rodríguez-Mansilla, 2015, The effects of ear acupressure, massage therapy and no therapy on symptoms of dementia: a randomized controlled trial, Clin Rehabil. source
- Not checked yetcites [249] Moyle, 2014, Foot massage and physiological stress in people with dementia: a randomized controlled trial, J Altern Complement Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [250] Kapoor, 2015, Effect of therapeutic massage on pain in patients with dementia, Dementia source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“However, reviews on this topic pointed out the methodological limitations and the scarce quality of previous studies and questioned the specificity of the effect of music that was found to be no more beneficial than other pleasant activities (223, 224).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Music Therapy
What the sources say
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, the question whether music may have specific effects in patients with dementia is still open.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Music Therapy
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Case reports, observational studies, small trials and anecdotal evidence suggest that art therapy can engage attention, provide pleasure, and improve BPSD, social behavior, and self-esteem, contributing to the individual sense of well-being in dementia, and that these effects may be long-lasting (230–243).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Art Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230] Sterritt, 1994, Art activities for patients with Alzheimer's and related disorders, Geriatr Nurs. source
- Not checked yetcites [231] Rentz, 2002, Memories in the making: outcome-based evaluation of an art program for individuals with dementing illnesses, Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. source
- Not checked yetcites [232] Bonner, 2006
- Not checked yetcites [233] Hannemann, 2006, Creativity with dementia patients, Gerontology source
- Not checked yetcites [234] Rusted, 2006, A multi-centre randomized control group trial on the use of art therapy for older people with dementia, Group Analysis source
- Not checked yetcites [235] Flood, 2007, Creativity in older adults: a plethora of possibilities, Issues Ment Health Nurs. source
- Not checked yetcites [236] Schmitt, 2007, Creative therapy options for patients with dementia–a systematic review, Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [237] Cummings, 2008, Creativity and dementia: emerging diagnostic and treatment methods for Alzheimer's disease, CNS Spectr.
- Not checked yetcites [238] Stoukides, 2008, Creative and sensory therapies enhance the lives of people with Alzheimers, Med Health R I.
- Not checked yetcites [239] Peisah, 2001, Creative solutions for severe dementia with BPSD: a case of art therapy used in an inpatient and residential care setting, Int Psychogeriatr. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Case reports, observational studies, small trials and anecdotal evidence suggest that art therapy can engage attention, provide pleasure, and improve BPSD, social behavior, and self-esteem, contributing to the individual sense of well-being in dementia, and that these effects may be long-lasting (230–243).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Art Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [230] Sterritt, 1994, Art activities for patients with Alzheimer's and related disorders, Geriatr Nurs. source
- Not checked yetcites [231] Rentz, 2002, Memories in the making: outcome-based evaluation of an art program for individuals with dementing illnesses, Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. source
- Not checked yetcites [232] Bonner, 2006
- Not checked yetcites [233] Hannemann, 2006, Creativity with dementia patients, Gerontology source
- Not checked yetcites [234] Rusted, 2006, A multi-centre randomized control group trial on the use of art therapy for older people with dementia, Group Analysis source
- Not checked yetcites [235] Flood, 2007, Creativity in older adults: a plethora of possibilities, Issues Ment Health Nurs. source
- Not checked yetcites [236] Schmitt, 2007, Creative therapy options for patients with dementia–a systematic review, Fortschr Neurol Psychiatr. source
- Not checked yetcites [237] Cummings, 2008, Creativity and dementia: emerging diagnostic and treatment methods for Alzheimer's disease, CNS Spectr.
- Not checked yetcites [238] Stoukides, 2008, Creative and sensory therapies enhance the lives of people with Alzheimers, Med Health R I.
- Not checked yetcites [239] Peisah, 2001, Creative solutions for severe dementia with BPSD: a case of art therapy used in an inpatient and residential care setting, Int Psychogeriatr. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Whether art therapy can be useful and may represent an effective rehabilitative strategy for people suffering from dementia is a debated issue (228, 110).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Art Therapy
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis concluded that a music-based therapeutic intervention probably reduces depressive symptoms but has little or no effect on agitation or aggression, emotional well-being or QoL, overall behavioral problems and cognition in dementia, while effects on anxiety or social behavior, and long-term effects are unclear (192).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Music Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [192] van, 2017, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis concluded that a music-based therapeutic intervention probably reduces depressive symptoms but has little or no effect on agitation or aggression, emotional well-being or QoL, overall behavioral problems and cognition in dementia, while effects on anxiety or social behavior, and long-term effects are unclear (192).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Music Therapy
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [192] van, 2017, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, few high-quality studies have been performed so far on this topic, and there is too little empirical evidence to prove the effectiveness of this type of CAM.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Art Therapy
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A systematic review on the ethical and practical concerns of surveillance technologies in residential care for people with dementia concluded that there is no consensus and underlined the need for clearer policies on this topic (274).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [274] Niemeijer, 2010, Ethical and practical concerns of surveillance technologies in residential care for people with dementia or intellectual disabilities: an overview of the literature, Int Psychogeriatr. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of 11 RCTs showed that massage and touch interventions may have significant effect on physical non-aggressive, verbal aggressive and non-aggressive behavior, but the relatively small sample size and the low quality of the included studies do not allow to draw a firm conclusion on the effect on BPSD or any useful suggestion for clinical practice (253).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Massage and Touch
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [253] Wu, 2017, The effectiveness of massage and touch on behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia: a quantitative systematic review and meta-analysis, J Adv Nurs. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many studies in this area focused on the perspective of relatives and/or healthcare staff, but only a limited number of them explored the experience of people when wearing a GPS tracking technology (259, 262, 268, 269).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [259] Pilotto, 2011, J Alzheimers Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [262] Faucounau, 2009, Electronic tracking system and wandering in Alzheimer's disease: a case study, Ann Phys Rehabil Med. source
- Not checked yetcites [268] Robinson, 2007, Balancing rights and risks: conflicting perspectives in the management of wandering in dementia, Health Risk Soc. source
- Not checked yetcites [269] Landau, 2009, Attitudes of family and professional care-givers towards the use of GPS for tracking patients with dementia: an exploratory study, Br J Soc Work source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Sensors measuring electrodermal activity could early detect agitation in persons with dementia.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [289] Melander, 2017, Measuring electrodermal activity to improve the identification of agitation in individuals with dementia, Dement Geriatr Cogn Disord Extra source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Another application of ICT is represented by devices that can be used for surveillance and management of high-risk behaviors and may replace more severe forms of physical restraints (270–272).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [270] Niemeijer, 2011, The ideal application of surveillance technology in residential care for people with dementia, J Med Ethics source
- Not checked yetcites [271] Zwijsen, 2012, Surveillance technology: an alternative to physical restraints? A qualitative study among professionals working in nursing homes for people with dementia, Int J Nurs Stud. source
- Not checked yetcites [272] Te, 2013, Quality of life of nursing-home residents with dementia subject to surveillance technology versus physical restraints: an explorative study, Int J Geriatr Psychiatry source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Video processing technologies can be adopted to obtain pragmatic, ecological, and objective measures to improve assessment of ADL, and to provide additional information that cannot be gathered in a clinical setting (285).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [285] Sacco, 2012, Detection of activities of daily living impairment in Alzheimer's disease and mild cognitive impairment using information and communication technology, Clin Interv Aging source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Physiological models suggest that the effects of massage may be mediated by the production of oxytocin that can reduce discomfort, agitation, blood pressure and heart rate, and improve mood.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Massage and Touch
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recent technological advances in ICT, including computational devices, robotics, machine learning algorithms, miniaturization of sensors and technologies, as well as the reduced costs of these devices increased the availability of intelligent devices and technology-embedded environments to support the daily life of persons with dementia and their caregivers, and to assess disease severity and ProG”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [254] Culler, 2004, Guest editors' introduction: overview of sensor networks, Computer source
- Not checked yetcites [255] Cooper, 2008, A perspective on intelligent devices and environments in medical rehabilitation, Med Eng Phys. source
- Not checked yetcites [256] Robert, 2013, Recommendations for ICT use in Alzheimer's disease assessment: Monaco CTAD expert meeting, J Nutr Health Aging source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“On the other hand, psychological models suggest that massage can help people with dementia to retain a sense of meaningful and reassuring communication even when words fail and may help to activate memories (252).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Massage and Touch
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [252] Bush, 2011, The use of human touch to improve the well-being of older adults: a holistic nursing intervention, J Holistic Nurs. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A core feature of agitation is excessive motor activity, and accelerometers can objectively measure abnormal motor activity, speech analyses may assess verbal aggression, and automated video analysis and activity recognition techniques can detect activities and movement sequences that underline physical aggression (288).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [288] Cummings, 2015, Agitation in cognitive disorders: international psychogeriatric association provisional consensus clinical and research definition, Int Psychogeriatr. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent descriptive review showed that a significant portion of current intelligent assistive technology is designed in the absence of explicit ethical considerations, and this may represent a structural limitation in the translation from designing labs to bedside (275).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [275] Ienca, 2017, Ethical design of intelligent assistive technologies for dementia: a descriptive review, Sci Eng Ethics source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“SG are widely recognized as promising non-pharmacological tools to assess patient's cognition and function (340, 341), and to treat, stimulate, and improve patient's well-being (342).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Virtual Reality and Gaming
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [340] Zucchella, 2014, Serious games for screening pre-dementia conditions: from virtuality to reality? A pilot project, Funct Neurol.
- Not checked yetcites [341] Manera, 2015, ‘Kitchen and cooking,' a serious game for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study, Front Aging Neurosci. source
- Not checked yetcites [342] Robert, 2014, Recommendations for the use of serious games in people with Alzheimer's Disease, related disorders and frailty, Front Aging Neurosci. source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“With the availability of inexpensive low-power sensors, radios, and embedded processors, smart homes may be equipped with large amounts of networked sensors, which collaboratively process and make deductions from the acquired data on the state of the home, and the activity and behavior of its residents (305–310).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [305] Demiris, 2008, Technologies for an aging society: a systematic review of “smart home” applications, Yearb Med Inform.
- Not checked yetcites [306] Gentry, 2009, Smart homes for people with neurological disability: state of the art, NeuroRehabilitation source
- Not checked yetcites [307] Aiello, 2011, Smart homes to improve the quality of life for all, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. source
- Not checked yetcites [308] Ding, 2011, Sensor technology for smart homes, Maturitas source
- Not checked yetcites [309] Frisardi, 2011, Gerontechnology for demented patients: smart homes for smart aging, J Alzheimers Dis. source
- Not checked yetcites [310] Blasco, 2014, A smart kitchen for ambient assisted living, Sensors source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: One of the key-supporting features of a smart home is the ability to monitor the ADL and safety of people, and to detect changes in their daily routines.
In the paper
“A recent literature review concluded that game-based interventions can positively affect both physical health by improving balance, gait and voluntary motor control and cognitive function by enhancing attention, memory, and visuo-spatial abilities in older adults and in patients with dementia (349).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Virtual Reality and Gaming
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [349] McCallum, Dementia Games: a literature review of dementia-related Serious Games
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The data on domotics are encouraging but some factors, e.g., the accessibility and affordability of these devices and the limited caregiver's awareness of their availability and utility, may prevent a more widespread use of these technologies (312).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [312] Bossen, 2015, Emerging roles for telemedicine and smart technologies in dementia care, Smart Homecare Technol Telehealth source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In conclusion, ICT applications are rapidly expanding to support assistive and clinical tasks in people with dementia, but structural limitations to successful adoption include partial lack of clinical validation and insufficient focus on patient's needs.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Since most of the evidence on the role of VR come from single case reports or to restricted samples, the debate on its role in patients with dementia is still open.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Virtual Reality and Gaming
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Therefore, the smart home technology seems to be a promising and cost-effective way of improving home care for people with dementia in a non-obtrusive way, allowing greater independence, maintaining good health, preventing social isolation, and relieving the workload from family caregivers and health providers (311).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [311] Chan, 2009, Smart homes - current features and future perspectives, Maturitas source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Changes to home environment may result in lack of familiarity for the patient, and earlier home modifications might enable individuals with dementia to adjust to their adapted environment (303).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [303] Allen, 2017, How people with dementia and their carers adapt their homes, Dementia source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Boosted by the publication of a Nature letter showing that video game training can enhance cognitive control in older adults (343), SG specifically adapted to people with AD have been developed and employed to train physical and cognitive abilities, showing preliminary but encouraging results (341, 344–348).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Virtual Reality and Gaming
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [343] Anguera, 2013, Video game training enhances cognitive control in older adults, Nature source
- Not checked yetcites [341] Manera, 2015, ‘Kitchen and cooking,' a serious game for mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease: a pilot study, Front Aging Neurosci. source
- Not checked yetcites [344] Nouchi, 2012, Brain training game improves executive functions and processing speed in the elderly: a randomized controlled trial, PLoS ONE source
- Not checked yetcites [345] Oei, 2013, Enhancing cognition with video games: a multiple game training study, PLoS ONE source
- Not checked yetcites [346] Powers, 2013, Effects of video-game play on information processing: a meta-analytic investigation, Psychon Bull Rev. source
- Not checked yetcites [347] Bisoglio, 2014, Cognitive enhancement through action video game training: great expectations require greater evidence, Front Psychol. source
- Not checked yetcites [348] Ben-Sadoun, 2016, Physical and cognitive stimulation using an exergame in subjects with normal aging, mild and moderate cognitive impairment, J Alzheimers Dis. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, assistive technologies may help to support decision-making in vocational and personal health domains (295), to read (296), or use the telephone (297).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [295] Stock, 2003, Self-directed career preference selection for individuals with intellectual disabilities: using computer technology to enhance self-determination, J Vocat Rehabil. source
- Not checked yetcites [296] Boman, 2012, The first step in designing a videophone for people with dementia: identification of users' potentials and the requirements of communication technology, Disabil Rehabil Assist Technol. source
- Not checked yetcites [297] Perilli, 2012, Persons with Alzheimer's disease make phone calls independently using a computer-aided telephone system, Res Dev Disabil. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The advantages of VR in comparison to traditional assessment and training tools are represented by the naturalistic situations, the safety from potential dangers that could occur in real-life situations and the enhancement of motivation because of its gaming, interactive, and immersive quality.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Virtual Reality and Gaming
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study proposed a novel AD screening tests based on virtual environment and game principles to evaluate memory loss for common objects and recent events, and language changes (339).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Virtual Reality and Gaming
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [339] Fernandez, 2017, Cognitive evaluation for the diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease based on turing test and virtual environments, Physiol Behav. source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“For instance, external cueing systems can assist people with cognitive disabilities by reminding them to perform a task at the appropriate time (e.g., take their pills), or by providing guidance through a task (291–293), and sensors recording a patient's position in space may help in navigation through environment (294).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > ICT, Assistive Devices and Domotics
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [291] Kime, 1996, Use of a comprehensive program of external cueing to enhance procedural memory in a patient with dense amnesia, Brain Inj. source
- Not checked yetcites [292] Mihailidis, 2001, The use of artificial intelligence in the design of an intelligent cognitive orthosis for people with dementia, Assist Technol. source
- Not checked yetcites [293] Hartin, 2014, Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, likely because of the reduction of the discomfort due to travel, telemedicine was found to be an independent predictor for increased treatment duration (357).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Telemedicine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [357] Cheong, 2015, The effect of telemedicine on the duration of treatment in dementia patients, J Telemed Telecare source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the basis of these preliminary data, clear evidence on the effectiveness of VR and SG for the assessment and training of people with AD requires further research that should adopt methodologies based upon best practices from clinical trials and incorporate behavioral and neurophysiological data.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Virtual Reality and Gaming
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence.
In the paper
“A systematic review on technology-driven telemedicine interventions, such as online training and support programs, for caregivers of persons with dementia concluded that included studies yielded positive findings in terms of mental health outcomes, but their marked heterogeneity impeded robust conclusions (368).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Telemedicine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [368] Egan, 2018, Online training and support programs designed to improve mental health and reduce burden among caregivers of people with dementia: a systematic review, JAMDA source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Indeed, telemedicine can provide follow-up care to help people with dementia to maintain their independence and continue living in their own homes, improve their safety, (353, 354), ameliorate clinical outcomes, and reduce access to health services (355, 356).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Telemedicine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [353] Barton, 2011, Video-telemedicine in a memory disorders clinic: evaluation and management of rural elders with cognitive impairment, Telemed J E Health source
- Not checked yetcites [354] Brims, 2018, Effectiveness of assistive technology in improving the safety of people with dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Aging Ment Health source
- Not checked yetcites [355] Barlow, 2007, A systematic review of the benefits of home telecare for frail elderly people and those with long-term conditions, J Telemed Telecare source
- Not checked yetcites [356] Botsis, 2008, Current status and future perspectives in telecare for elderly people suffering from chronic diseases, J Telemed Telecare source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies confirmed the feasibility to perform cognitive assessment via telemedicine in elderly subjects with dementia and showed a good agreement with conventional face-to-face testing, and a high level of user satisfaction (359–362).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Telemedicine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [359] Mair, 2000, Systematic review of studies of patient satisfaction with telemedicine, BMJ source
- Not checked yetcites [360] Currell, 2000, Telemedicine versus face to face patient care: effects on professional practice and health care outcomes, Cochrane Database Syst Rev. source
- Not checked yetcites [361] Asghar, 2018, Usability evaluation of assistive technologies through qualitative research focusing on people with mild dementia, Computers Human Behav. source
- Not checked yetcites [362] Brearly, 2017, Neuropsychological test administration by videoconference: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Neuropsychol Rev. source
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A study comparing 15 databases for RCTs on CAM showed low overlap between databases and indicated that comprehensive CAM literature searches will require multiple databases (371) but this appear a minor problem in the present review because of the overall low quality of studies on CAM interventions.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Limitations of the Study
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [371] Cogo, 2011, Searching for controlled trials of complementary and alternative medicine: a comparison of 15 databases, Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. source
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Evidence-grading systems are biased toward RCTs, and they may lead to understatement of findings from non-RCT studies (372).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [372] Frieden, 2017, Evidence for health decision making - beyond randomized, controlled trials, N Engl J Med. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent study conducted in a Southern California community showed not only that telemedicine was able to improve access and quality of dementia care, but also that most of the patients preferred the telemedicine consult compared to the traditional one (358).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Telemedicine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [358] Tso, 2016, A multidisciplinary model of dementia care in an underserved retirement community, made possible by telemedicine, Front Neurol. source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Both physical and cognitive games seem to have a positive impact on social and emotional function, improving mood and increasing positive affect and sociability (350).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Virtual Reality and Gaming
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [350] Narme, 2016, Benefits of game-based leisure activities in normal aging and dementia, Geriatr Psychol Neuropsychiatr Vieil. source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some of them share methodological problems that are common to all non-pharmacological studies, which are typically practice-oriented. They include small number of high-quality studies or double-blind RCTs, small sample sizes, heterogeneity in terms of study design, type of intervention and outcomes, uncertainty about the clinical significance of outcomes.”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Overall, establishing systems for the care of dementia patients and their caregivers using telemedicine technologies seems to be feasible, but the evidence on clinical benefits is still scarce, cost-effectiveness data are lacking, and there is very little evidence of widespread practical applications (369).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Telemedicine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [369] Godwin, 2013, Technology-driven interventions for caregivers of persons with dementia: a systematic review, Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen. source
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Telephone-based support groups is a promising way to provide support for caregivers, but research is only at the beginning (367).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Telemedicine
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites [367] Berwig, 2017, Feasibility and effectiveness of a telephone - based social support intervention for informal caregivers of people with dementia: study protocol of the TALKING TIME project, BMC Health Services Res. source
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The majority of studies on non-pharmacological treatments for behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia have been performed in nursing homes on patients with advanced dementia.
“Most studies have been performed in nursing homes on patients with advanced dementia.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The caregiver is often the only figure that manages patients' behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia at home.
“In contrast, as caregiver is often the only figure that manage patients' BPSD at home, future studies should address the role of NPT for BPSD in non-institutionalized people with dementia (106).”
The authors state this as an assumption.
Combining different approaches may be the most suitable intervention to improve different outcomes in AD.
“The proposal of multidimensional protocols of treatment is based on the hypothesis that combining different approaches may be the most suitable intervention to improve different outcomes in AD.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Moving freely outdoors is an important ADL outcome associated with the ability to maintain independence and participation.
“Moving freely outdoors is considered an important ADL outcome associated with the ability to maintain independence and participation.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Dementia is a chronic disease with issues related to continuous long-term care and limited accessibility to medical service.
“Since dementia is a chronic disease, with issues related to continuous long-term care and limited accessibility to medical service, telemedicine could be a valuable mean to provide assessment and care to dementia patients at home (352).”
The paper relies on this without support.
Appropriate management of patients with AD and dementia is a significant public health concern, given the limited effectiveness of pharmacological therapies combined with their potentially life-threatening side effects.
“Appropriate management of patients with AD and dementia is a significant public health concern, given the limited effectiveness of pharmacological therapies combined with their potentially life-threatening side effects.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The direct transposition of the traditional methods of drug RCTs to the rehabilitation and NPT scenarios raises some issues.
“The direct transposition of the traditional methods of drug RCTs to the rehabilitation and NPT scenarios raises some issues, and innovative trial designs would be helpful in these settings.”
The paper relies on this without support.
One of the key-supporting features of a smart home is the ability to monitor the ADL and safety of people, and to detect changes in their daily routines.
“One of the key-supporting features of a smart home is the ability to monitor the ADL and safety of people, and to detect changes in their daily routines.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Patients with dementia can enjoy music, and their ability to respond to music is potentially preserved even in the late to severe stages of disease when verbal communication may have ceased.
“A growing amount of evidence shows that patients with dementia can enjoy music, and their ability to respond to music is potentially preserved, even in the late to severe stages of disease when verbal communication may have ceased.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“NPTs improve patients’ Quality of Life (QoL), reduce the stress of caregivers, and ameliorate the environment”
From Multi-Target Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Protein Aggregation (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
In the citing paper
“BPSD is associated with more rapid decline, worse quality of life, higher distress, earlier institutionalization, and greater health care employment and costs”
From Multi-Target Mechanisms of Phytochemicals in Alzheimer’s Disease: Effects on Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation and Protein Aggregation (2022) · cites this paper as [30]
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Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Cognitive Intervention
“Cognitive intervention is typically classified as cognitive stimulation (CS), cognitive training (CT), and cognitive rehabilitation (CR) (66).”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Conclusions
“Note: ADL, activities of daily living; BPSD, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia; CS, cognitive stimulation; CST, Cognitive Stimulation Therapy; QoL, quality of life; RCT, randomized controlled trial; CT, cognitive stimulation.”
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > Conclusions
“| Art therapy | | Very small | •Reduction of BPSD•Improvement of attention•Improvement of social behavior and self-esteem | •Unclear long-term effect•No RCTs |”
§ The Multidisciplinary Approach to Alzheimer's Disease and Dementia. A Narrative Review of Non-Pharmacological Treatment > References
“234. Rusted J A multi-centre randomized control group trial on the use of art therapy for older people with dementia. Group Analysis (2006) 39: 517– 36. 10.1177/0533316406071447”
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“A recent meta-analysis showed that CS has a moderate effect size on the Mini Mental State Examination (75) and a small effect size on the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (76), which represent two commonly-used general cognitive functioning outcomes, in patients with dementia (73).”
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The VESPA Project: Virtual Reality Interventions for Neurocognitive and Developmental Disorders
Merlo, E. M., Myles, L. A. M., & Pappalardo, S. (2022) · Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences · doi:10.22543/7674.91.p1627 · Cited by 14
“In line with several studies in the literature, the use of Virtual Reality (VR) in the diagnosis and treatment of various neurocognitive conditions is becoming increasingly important [1-6].”
BackgroundNapping and cognitive decline: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies
Álvarez‐Bueno, C., Mesas, A. E., Reina‐Gutiérrez, S., Saz‐Lara, A., Jiménez‐López, E., & Martínez‐Vizcaíno, V. (2022) · BMC Geriatrics · doi:10.1186/s12877-022-03436-2 · Cited by 12
Haghipanah, M., Ghalami, F., Saadat, M., Abbasi-Maleki, S., Salmani, R. H. G., Budde, T., & Moradikor, N. (2023) · NeuroSci · doi:10.3390/neurosci4010006 · Cited by 11
“It has been reported that 40 million people over 65 years of age suffer from the disease, and 70% of them are influenced by Alzheimer’s disease [2].”
BackgroundEsquer-Rochin, M., Gutiérrez-García, J. O., Rosales, J.-H., et al. (2021) · International Journal of Medical Informatics · doi:10.1016/j.ijmedinf.2021.104617 · Cited by 11
Zsoldos, I., Trân, E., Fournier, H., Tarpin-Bernard, F., Fruitet, J., Fouillen, M., Bailly, G., Elisei, F., Bouchot, B., Constant, P., et al. (2024) · JMIR Rehabilitation and Assistive Technologies · doi:10.2196/48129 · Cited by 11
“Cognitive stimulation is a type of cognitive intervention that consists of various activities aimed at enhancing an individual’s overall cognitive and social functioning [7].”
BackgroundInfluentialCurrent Psychological Approaches in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Kormas, P., & Moutzouri, A. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75479-6_10-1 · Cited by 14
V AL IDA: A Validation Therapy-Training Program for Staff of a Residential Care Facility
Oliveira, M. P., & de Sousa, L. X. M. (2020) · The International Journal of Aging and Human Development · doi:10.1177/0091415020920003 · Cited by 10
Maki, Y. (2021) · Journal of Primary Health Care · doi:10.1071/hc20115 · Cited by 11
Krause, K., Kokorelias, & Sinha (2022) · Rural and Remote Health · doi:10.22605/rrh7486 · Cited by 9
Rutkowski, T. M., Abe, M., Tokunaga, S., et al. (2022) · Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society · doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871991 · Cited by 10
“Society expects a viable engagement of the AI research community to develop rapid diagnostics and non-pharmacological-therapeutical (NPT) strategies [10] to improve the wellbeing of aging societies.”
BackgroundManagement of neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia
Martin, M. S., & Mauléon, A. D. (2022) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119484288.ch70 · Cited by 10
Prinz, A., Schumacher, A., & Witte, K. (2023) · American Journal of Alzheimer s Disease & Other Dementias® · doi:10.1177/15333175231191022 · Cited by 17
“26,29 For example, it was shown that an active and interactive type of music intervention, music with movement, is the most recommended for people with moderate dementia.”
BackgroundInterventions for Persons with Young-Onset Dementia and Their Families: A Scoping Review
Cui, X., Wang, J., Wu, B., Zhao, Q., Tang, X., & Wang, J. (2024) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-231006 · Cited by 9
“The existing pharmacological interventions exhibit limited efficacy and are often associated with significant side effects [25, 26].”
Rammohan, A., Bhaskar, B. V., & Zyryanov, G. V. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-91221-1.00009-9 · Cited by 8
Barisch‐Fritz, B., Barisch, M., Trautwein, S., Scharpf, A., Bezold, J., & Wöll, A. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-35048-2_22 · Cited by 9
Cognitive Therapy and Family Intervention for Patients with Dementia and Psychosis
Rao, G., Sivakumar, P., Srivastava, S., & Sidana, R. (2020) · Indian Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.4103/psychiatry.indianjpsychiatry_769_19 · Cited by 9
Li, K., Chien, C., Huang, L., Lim, K., & Yang, Y. (2024) · Journal of Neurology · doi:10.1007/s00415-024-12486-y · Cited by 9
Ashrafizadeh, H., Gheibizadeh, M., Rassouli, M., Hajibabaee, F., & Rostami, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.707913 · Cited by 10
“The results of numerous studies have emphasized the necessity to comprehensively manage the behavioral problems, personal, care, and emotional activities, and social needs of patients with Alzheimer’s disease (Cadieux et al., 2013; Sinvani et al., 2018; Zucchella et al., 2018).”
BackgroundTsen, C., Andreatto, C. A. A., Aily, J. B., Pelicioni, P. H. S., Neto, D. B., Mattiello, S. M., Gomes, G. A. D. O., & de Andrade, L. P. (2022) · Physiotherapy Research International · doi:10.1002/pri.1981 · Cited by 8
Justo‐Henriques, S. I., Carvalho, J. O., Pérez, E., Neves, H., Parola, V. S. D. O., & Alves-Apóstolo, J. L. (2022) · Revista de Neurología · doi:10.33588/rn.7404.2021322 · Cited by 8
“…de los tratamientos farmacológicos actuales ha generado un interés por las intervenciones no farmacológicas que no pre-tenden modificar los mecanismos fisiopatológicos subyacentes, sino tratar los síntomas e, idealmente, mejorar la calidad de vida (CdV) de las personas que viven con un TNC [6].”
BackgroundMusic, Mind, Mood, and Mingling in Alzheimer’s Disease and Related Dementias: A Scoping Review
Colverson, A. J., Trifilio, E. R., & Williamson, J. B. (2022) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-215199 · Cited by 8
“Zuchella and colleagues [22] discuss issues of sample size and clarity of effects over time.”
Tong, B., Risacher, S. L., Bao, J., et al. (2023) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Beyond Cognitive Rehabilitation: Immersive but Noninvasive Treatment for Elderly
Pedroli, E., Cipresso, P., Serino, S., Toti, M., Goulen, K., Grigioni, M., Stramba‐Badiale, M., Gaggioli, A., & Riva, G. (2019) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-25872-6_22 · Cited by 8
Non-Drug and Non-Invasive Therapeutic Options in Alzheimer’s Disease
Şovrea, A. S., Boşca, A. B., Dronca, E., Constantin, A.-M., Crintea, A., Suflețel, R. T., Lupean, R.-A., Ștefan, P.-A., Onofrei, M. M., Tschall, C., et al. (2025) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines13010084 · Cited by 9
“…A β -42 clearance and the suppression of the BACE-1 activity, the lowering of tau hyperphosphorylation by enhancing the activity of γ -secretase [210–212], the increased utilization of glucose and insulin tolerance [213], and the diminishing of pro-inflammatory cytokines like IL-6 or TNF-α…”
Alzheimer’s: Epidemiology, Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Treatments
Rahman, A. T. F., Jaiswal, A., Keshari, P., & Singh, D. K. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-96-6202-9_2 · Cited by 9
Tatarciuc, D., Curca, F. R., Virvescu, D. I., Butnaru, O., Goriuc, A., Bida, S. M., Luchian, I. A., Surlari, Z., Scurtu, M., Ursu, R. G., et al. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14196696 · Cited by 8
Pisano, F., Caltagirone, C., Satriano, F., Perri, R., Fadda, L., & Marangolo, P. (2020) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-200695 · Cited by 7
“Indeed, despite the availability of several standardized strategies [19], cognitive disorders are increasing in incidence as many societies deal with the demographic reality of an aging population [20].”
Detoxification Improves Multidomain Cognitive Dysfunction in High-Dose Benzodiazepine Abusers
Federico, A., Lugoboni, F., Mantovani, E., Martini, A., Morbioli, L., Casari, R., Faccini, M., & Tamburin, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00747 · Cited by 9
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Current Psychological Approaches in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Kormas, P., & Moutzouri, A. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-75922-7_10 · Cited by 7
Veronese, N., Gianfredi, V., Smith, L., Al-Daghri, N., Barratt, J., Beaudart, C., Bellelli, G., Bruyère, O., Diaz-Ponce, A. M., Demurtas, J., et al. (2026) · Aging Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1007/s40520-025-03315-x · Cited by 8
Sakakibara, Y., Kusutomi, T., Kondoh, S., Etani, T., Shimada, S., Imamura, Y., Naruse, Y., Fujii, S., & Ibaraki, T. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-14705-6 · Cited by 9
“While the growing prevalence of dementia, pharmacological treatments remain challenging, due to the complex nature of the disease and associated side effects of the treatment 31 .”
Seok, J. W., Shin, J., Kang, B., Lee, H., Cho, E., & Lee, K. H. (2021) · Journal of Advanced Nursing · doi:10.1111/jan.15109 · Cited by 6
Use of health and support services by people living with dementia in the community setting
Ellett, L. M. K., Pratt, N. L., Nguyen, T. A., & Roughead, E. E. (2020) · Australian Journal on Ageing · doi:10.1111/ajag.12801 · Cited by 7
“Median (IQR) number of days between GP visits 11 (5-26)”
BackgroundLee, I.-J., & Pan, X.-T. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108668 · Cited by 5
Sherbaf, R. A., Kaposvári, G. M., Nagy, K., Pákáski, M., Gajdács, M., Matusovits, D., & Baráth, Z. (2025) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm14051412 · Cited by 6
“…by substantial disability and dependency, leading to a significant decline in the quality of life (QoL) not only for AD patients but also for their families and caregivers [16]; in severe cases, appropriate treatment of these individuals may only be insured in long term care facilities [17].”
Ablinger, I., Dressel, K., Rott, T., Lauer, A. A., Tiemann, M., Batista, J. P., Taddey, T., Grimm, H. S., & Grimm, M. O. W. (2022) · Biomedicines · doi:10.3390/biomedicines10112922 · Cited by 5
Neuropsychiatric Manifestations in Alzheimer’s Disease Patients: Genetics and Treatment Options
Singh, A. K., Malviya, R., Prakash, A., & Verma, S. (2023) · CNS & Neurological Disorders - Drug Targets · doi:10.2174/1871527322666230301111216 · Cited by 5
Tzekaki, E. E., Katsipis, G., Andreadou, E. G., Mouzakidis, C., Baldimtsi, E. N., Karathanasi, E. M., Hassandra, M., Galanis, E., Hatzigeorgiadis, A., Γούδας, Μ., et al. (2023) · Brain Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.dscb.2023.100090 · Cited by 5
Investigating the Needs of Patients Suffering from Chronic Diseases: A Cross-Sectional Study
Katsarou, A., Intas, G., Polydoropoulou, E., Platis, C., & Pierrakos, G. (2023) · Advances in experimental medicine and biology · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31986-0_41 · Cited by 6
Mild cognitive impairment prediction based on multi-stream convolutional neural networks
Lee, C.-C., Chau, H.-H. H., Wang, H.-L., Chuang, Y., & Chau, Y. A. (2024) · BMC Bioinformatics · doi:10.1186/s12859-024-05911-6 · Cited by 7
“Early identifying patients with MCI and timely applying treatment can delay the progress of the MCI to AD [2].”
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Coelho, T. (2021) · Advances in psychology, mental health, and behavioral studies (APMHBS) book series · doi:10.4018/978-1-7998-8634-1.ch006 · Cited by 5
Tuomikoski, A., Parisod, H., Lotvonen, S., & Välimäki, T. H. (2022) · JBI Evidence Synthesis · doi:10.11124/jbies-21-00199 · Cited by 6
Cross-cultural Evaluation of Dementia Passive BCI Neuro-biomarker Candidates
Rutkowski, T. M., Narębski, S., Bekier, P., et al. (2022) · Joint International Conference on Soft Computing and Intelligent Systems and International Symposium on Advanced Intelligent Systems (SCIS&ISIS) · doi:10.1109/scisisis55246.2022.10002105 · Cited by 5
“Modern societies anticipate doable engagement of the AI research society to conceive fast diagnostics and non-pharmacological-therapeutical (NPT) applications [10] to”
BackgroundExploring Non-Pharmacologic Adjunctive Therapies for Patients with Neurodegenerative Diseases
Marchiș, M., & Iorga, M. (2025) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina61071224 · Cited by 4
“Recent research has focused on the effectiveness of neuromodulation therapies, as they show improvements in both emotional and cognitive functions in patients with NDs [11,12].”
Vargas, N. I. M. (2025) · Mexican Journal of Medical Research ICSA · doi:10.29057/mjmr.v13i25.12429 · Cited by 4
Gómez‐Morales, A., Coon, D. W., Joseph, R. P., & Pipe, T. B. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/42655 · Cited by 4
“Interventions using ICTs such as VR present unique advantages [70].”
Kooijmans, E. C. M., Hoogendijk, E. O., Pokladníková, J., Smalbil, L., Szczerbińska, K. E., Barańska, I., Ziuziakowska, A., Fialová, D., Onder, G., Declercq, A., et al. (2023) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1007/s41999-023-00868-w · Cited by 5
Park, J. Y., Choi, S. A., Kim, J. J., Park, Y. J., Kim, C. K., Cho, G. J., Koh, S., & Kang, S. H. (2023) · Dementia and Neurocognitive Disorders · doi:10.12779/dnd.2023.22.4.130 · Cited by 4
“10-14 Individuals can perform tablet-based cognitive interventions regardless of the time and place, and repeated practice is always possible.”
BackgroundMaki, Y., Ohashi, W., Hattori, H., & Suzuki, T. (2021) · Psychogeriatrics · doi:10.1111/psyg.12710 · Cited by 4
Rini, J. F., Tsoy, E., Peet, B. T., Best, J., Tanner, J. A., Asken, B. M., Sanchez, A., Apple, A. C., VandeVrede, L. A., Stephens, M. L., et al. (2022) · Neurology Clinical Practice · doi:10.1212/cpj.0000000000200099 · Cited by 4
“Since the adoption of ADRD telemedicine in South Korea, multiple international studies have shown it to be a reproducible and cost-effective means of providing care that is acceptable to caregivers and patients with varying degrees of cognitive impairment.(13-17) Comparative studies have found agreement between in-per…”
BackgroundA Web and Nonimmersive VR Approach for Reminiscence Therapy: A Caregiver Perspective Comparison
Sun, W., Akhter, R., Uribe-Quevedo, Á., Presas, D., Liscano, R., & Horsburgh, S. (2022) · SeGAH ... IEEE ... International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health/IEEE International Conference on Serious Games and Applications for Health · doi:10.1109/segah54908.2022.9978303 · Cited by 4
“Evidence favoring NPTs is still in its primary stage and would require extensive testing or research before reaching conclusions [13].”
BackgroundTu, C., Weng, S., Hsieh, N., Cheng, W.-C., Alizargar, J., & Chang, K.-S. (2023) · Journal of Multidisciplinary Healthcare · doi:10.2147/jmdh.s390013 · Cited by 5
Zhang, K., Hao, Y., & Fang, Y. (2022) · International Conference on Universal Village (UV) · doi:10.1109/uv56588.2022.10185497 · Cited by 4
“88% were in Class 3 (poor knowledge, poor attitude) [22].”
BackgroundInfluentialGarcía‐Alberca, J. M., de la Rosa, M. D., de Zaldívar, P. S., Ledesma, M., Oltra, E., Gris, E., Ocejo, O., Torrecilla, J., Zafra, C., Sánchez-Fernández, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-230391 · Cited by 6
“In this sense, procedures that favor multisensory stimulation such as the NSC are a very appropriate option in these patients and can contribute to achieve a relaxing and stimulating environment at the same time [37, 38].”
BackgroundHirata, Y., Hoshi, H., Kobayashi, M., et al. (2023) · Clinical Case Reports · doi:10.1002/ccr3.8385 · Cited by 4
“1,2 To provide better treatment, monitoring outcomes repeatedly and regularly is important.”
BackgroundSilva, J. G. D. M., Barros, W. D. M., Prado-Lopes, N., & Bellozi, P. M. Q. (2026) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2026.111640 · Cited by 3
Olorunda, E., & McCrindle, R. (2023) · Intelligent systems reference library · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-31360-8_12 · Cited by 3
Knowledge About Alzheimer’s Disease in Saudi Arabia
El-Gamal, F., Alali, A., Mashaabi, M. H., Alsaghah, A. A., Shukr, F. A., & Kadri, S. Y. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.50188 · Cited by 5
“As AD is managed by multiple specialties, integration of these subdomains is essential for the well-being of the patient [29].”
BackgroundTherapeutic Doll Interventions for People Living with Dementia in Care Homes: A Scoping Review
Henderson, E., McConnell, H., & Mitchell, G. (2024) · Nursing Reports · doi:10.3390/nursrep14040200 · Cited by 4
“Given the limited effectiveness of existing pharmacological interventions and recognition that care should be individualized and person-centered, research has increasingly turned its focus to non-pharmacological interventions [3].”
BackgroundSamir, A. A., Hageen, A. W., Elbarbary, K., Elamir, A. H., Abdel-Fattah, M. A., Alameldin, M. M., Al-Qahtani, F. S., On behalf of the Alzheimer’s group of Egypt, Elsharkawy, S., Mohamed, M. F., et al. (2025) · BMC Medical Education · doi:10.1186/s12909-025-07258-9 · Cited by 3
“Similar findings have been reported in Saudi Arabia [43], Palestine [17], and the United States [44].”
Aurooj, A., & Mahmood, Z. (2021) · Journal of Religion and Health · doi:10.1007/s10943-021-01335-1 · Cited by 3
Detection of Mild Cognitive Impairment by Facial Videos
Lee, C.-C., Chau, H.-H. H., Wang, H.-L., et al. (2022) · IEEE International Conference on Consumer Electronics - Taiwan (ICCE-Taiwan) · doi:10.1109/icce-taiwan55306.2022.9869203 · Cited by 3
“Early identifying patients with MCI and timely applying treatment can delay the progress of the MCI to AD [2].”
BackgroundLanguage and Communication Interventions in People with Alzheimer’s Disease: A Systematic Review
Dimitriou, N., Νούσια, Α., Georgopoulou, E.-N., Μαρτζούκου, Μ., Liampas, I., Dardiotis, E., & Nasios, G. (2024) · Healthcare · doi:10.3390/healthcare12070741 · Cited by 6
“…psychological interventions, occupational therapy, complementary and alternative medicine (such as acupuncture therapy), and new technologies (non-invasive brain stimulation, assistive technology and domotics, virtual reality, gaming, and telemedicine) have demonstrated respectable results [28,29].”
BackgroundFuture perspectives on the clinics of Alzheimer's disease
Mishra, P. K., Singh, D. K. K., Ghosh, S., & Sinha, J. K. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15540-6.00001-x · Cited by 6
Paintings From Spain's COVID-19 Pandemic
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“Modern societies anticipate doable engagement of the AI research society to conceive fast diagnostics and non-pharmacological-therapeutic (NPT) applications [9] to enhance the well-being of elderly communities.”
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Role of GSK-3 Inhibition in Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy
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“…del paciente para convertirse en un problema que trasciende lo estrictamente biomédico, con graves repercusiones sociales, económicas y sanitarias (WHO, 2017), requiriendo una visión multidisciplinar (Zucchella et al., 2018), de modo especial, con enfoque psicosocial (Waldorff et al., 2012).”
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“A narrative review of non-pharmacological treatments, including virtual reality and gaming interventions, have reported positive impacts on this population, particularly in terms of positive emotion, and quality of life (Zucchella et al. 2018).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Zucchella, C., Sinforiani, E., Tamburin, S., Federico, A., Mantovani, E., Bernini, S., Casale, R., & Bartolo, M.
- Affiliations
- University of Verona (IT)
- Fondazione Istituto Neurologico Nazionale Casimiro Mondino (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Tamburin, Stefano
- Bartolo, Michelangelo
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neurology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-12-13
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 1058-1058
- ISSN
- 1664-2295 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6300511
- OpenAlex
- W2903800102
- Semantic Scholar
- eb9fa21a46adcb37d11c71a4b029ef159d1e0b7c
- Cited by
- 297
- References
- 385
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 32 · 2024: 39 · 2023: 53 · 2022: 60 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 38 · 2019: 12
- FWCI
- 3.31
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neurology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Dementia and Cognitive Impairment Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, dementia, non-pharmacological treatment, multidisciplinary care, cognitive rehabilitation, behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia, occupational therapy, psychotherapy, complementary and alternative medicine, virtual reality, telemedicine, assistive technology, home automation, caregiver burden, population aging
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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