Better than expected or as bad as you thought? The neurocognitive development of probabilistic feedback processing
Open accessAbstract
Learning from feedback lies at the foundation of adaptive behavior. Two prior neuroimaging studies have suggested that there are qualitative differences in how children and adults use feedback by demonstrating that dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and parietal cortex were more active after negative feedback for adults, but after positive feedback for children. In the current study we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to test whether this difference is related to valence or informative value of the feedback by examining neural responses to negative and positive feedback while applying probabilistic rules. In total, 67 healthy volunteers between ages 8 and 22 participated in the study (8-11 years, n = 18; 13-16 years, n = 27; 18-22 years, n = 22). Behavioral comparisons showed that all participants were able to learn probabilistic rules equally well. DLPFC and dorsal anterior cingulate cortex were more active in younger children following positive feedback and in adults following negative feedback, but only when exploring alternative rules, not when applying the most advantageous rules. These findings suggest that developmental differences in neural responses to feedback are not related to valence per se, but that there is an age-related change in processing learning signals with different informative value.
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Eckstein, M. K., Master, S. L., Dahl, R. E., Wilbrecht, L., & Collins, A. G. E. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.07.04.187971 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Predicting reading and mathematics from neural activity for feedback learning.
Peters, S., van der Meulen, M., Zanolie, K., & Crone, E. A. (2016) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000234 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Sequence Learning Under Uncertainty in Children: Self-Reflection vs. Self-Assertion
Lange‐Küttner, C., Averbeck, B. B., Hirsch, S. V., Wießner, I., & Lamba, N. (2012) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00127 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Probabilistic Learning in Children With Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
Luman, M., Janssen, T. W. P., Bink, M., van Mourik, R., Maras, A., & Oosterlaan, J. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054720905094 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Development of Cognitive Control across Childhood and Adolescence
Zanolie, K., & Crone, E. A. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119170174.epcn405 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Wang, J., Cao, B., Cai, X., Gao, H., & Li, F. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140731 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Learning With and Without Feedback in Children With Developmental Language Disorder
Arbel, Y., Fitzpatrick, I., & He, X. (2021) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2021_jslhr-20-00499 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
A Systematic Review of the Literature Linking Neural Correlates of Feedback Processing to Learning
Dion, J.-S., & Restrepo, G. (2016) · Zeitschrift für Psychologie · doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000260 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Positive-blank versus negative-blank feedback learning in children and adults
Verburg, M., Snellings, P., Zeguers, M. H. T., & Huizenga, H. M. (2018) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021818769038 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
The Influence of Visual Perception of Self-Motion on Locomotor Adaptation to Unilateral Limb Loading
Mukherjee, M., Siu, K., Katsavelis, D., Fayad, P. B., & Stergiou, N. (2011) · Journal of Motor Behavior · doi:10.1080/00222895.2010.548420 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Schaaf, J. V., Jepma, M., Visser, I., & Huizenga, H. M. (2019) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2019.102276 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pincham, H. L., Wu, C., Killikelly, C., Vuillier, L., & Fearon, P. R. M. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.10.003 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Myopia drives reckless behavior in response to over-taxation
Spektor, M. S., & Wulff, D. U. (2021) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/s1930297500008329 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Gul, A., Baron, L. S., & Arbel, Y. (2022) · Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research · doi:10.1044/2022_jslhr-21-00612 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Electrophysiological Examination of Feedback-Based Learning in 8–11-Year-Old Children
Arbel, Y., & Fox, A. B. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.640270 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Kramer, A., Schaaf, J. V., & Huizenga, H. M. (2023) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2023.102375 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Altered learning from positive feedback in adolescents with anorexia nervosa
Uniacke, B., van den Bos, W., Wonderlich, J. A., Ojeda, J., Posner, J., STEINGLASS, J. E., & Foerde, K. (2024) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617724000237 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Valuing Others: Evidence from Economics, Developmental Psychology, and Neurobiology
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Liu, C., & Huo, Z. (2020) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.01.004 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Stelzer, F., Cervigni, M., & Martino, P. (2010) · Americanae (AECID Library) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Exploring the Interplay of Age and Pedagogy in the Maturation of Error‐Monitoring
Denervaud, S., Tovar, D. A., Knebel, J., Mullier, E., Alemán‐Gómez, Y., Hagmann, P., & Murray, M. M. (2023) · Mind Brain and Education · doi:10.1111/mbe.12395 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Neurobiology of Adolescent Self‐Control
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The Role of IQ and Social Skills in Coping With Uncertainty in 7- to 11-Year-Old Children
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The effects of rewards on trial-and-error learning in school-aged children
Raux, H. G. D., Ghilardi, T., & Ossmy, O. (2025) · International Journal of Behavioral Development · doi:10.1177/01650254251321423 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Reversal learning is influenced by cognitive flexibility and develops throughout early adolescence
Bamberg, C., Weigelt, S., & Hagelweide, K. (2025) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-025-00308-3 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The interplay of age and pedagogy in maturation of error-monitoringPreprint
Denervaud, S., Tovar, D. A., Knebel, J., Mullier, E., Alemán‐Gómez, Y., Hagmann, P., & Murray, M. M. (2019) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/7nbqz · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Learning and plasticity in adolescence
Fuhrmann, D. (2017) · UCL Discovery (University College London) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Fallowfield, H. J. (2015) · Scholarship@Western (Western University)
Neurocognitieve ontwikkelingspsychologie: een blik op een razendsnel ontwikkelend vakgebied
Crone, E. A. (2010) · GZ - Psychologie · doi:10.1007/s41480-010-0040-x
Assessment, Instruction, and Learning: What’s the Difference?
Wolsey, T. D. (2020) · Emerald Group Publishing Limited eBooks · doi:10.1108/s2048-045820200000011007
Myopia drives reckless behavior in the face of over-taxationPreprint
Spektor, M. S., & Wulff, D. U. (2020) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/34gzp
What’s in a name: The role of verbalization in reinforcement learning
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Emotion Regulation in Individuals with ADHD: A Clinical Guide
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- Authors
- van den Bos, W.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 3
- Pages
- 52-52
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2816174
- OpenAlex
- W2164282024
- Cited by
- 89
- References
- 55
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 4 · 2012: 5
- FWCI
- 2.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Keywords
- feedback learning, probabilistic learning, developmental differences, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, dorsal anterior cingulate cortex, parietal cortex, feedback valence, children and adolescents
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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