Role of dopamine in the motivational and cognitive control of behavior

Cools, Roshan

doi:10.1177/1073858408317009

Cited by 352Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on BehaviorNeural and Behavioral Psychology StudiesParkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments

Role of dopamine in the motivational and cognitive control of behavior

Cools, Roshan·2008·The Neuroscientist

DOI 10.1177/1073858408317009

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Abstract

Brain dopamine has often been implicated in impulsive and/or inflexible behaviors, which may reflect failures of motivational and/or cognitive control. However, the precise role of dopamine in such failures of behavioral control is not well understood, not least because they implicate paradoxical changes in distinct dopamine systems that innervate dissociable neural circuits. In addition, there are large individual differences in the response to dopaminergic drugs with some individuals benefiting from and others being impaired by the same drug. This complicates progress in the understanding of dopamine's role in behavioral control processes, but also provides a major problem for neuropsychiatry, where some individuals are disproportionately vulnerable to the adverse effects of dopamine-enhancing drugs on motivation and cognition. Recent progress is reviewed from cognitive and behavioral neuroscience research on motivation and cognitive control, which begins to elucidate the factors that mediate the complex roles of mesolimbic, mesocortical, and nigrostriatal dopamine in behavioral control.

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Dopamine signaling in the striatum is part of a larger system that mediates impulsive behavior, which includes the prefrontal cortex.
“Dopamine signaling in the striatum is part of a larger system that mediates impulsive behavior, which includes the prefrontal cortex (Cools, 2008; Dalley et al., 2011; George and Koob, 2010; Groman and Jentsch, 2012).”
From Imaging addiction: D2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity (2014) · cites this paper as Cools, 2008
Cognitive control deficits are often associated with alterations in dopamine transmission in prefrontal cortex and striatum.
“Cognitive control deficits are often associated with alterations in dopamine transmission in prefrontal cortex and striatum (Arnsten et al., 1994; Cai and Arnsten, 1997; Cools, 2008; Cools and D'Esposito, 2011; Landau et al., 2009; Vernaleken et al., 2007)”
From Imaging addiction: D2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity (2014) · cites this paper as Cools, 2008
Frontostriatal circuits subserving affective, cognitive, and motor processes are significantly modulated by dopamine, through facilitation of the direct pathway via D1-like receptors and inhibition of the indirect pathway via D2-like receptors.
“Frontostriatal circuits subserving affective, cognitive, and motor processes are significantly modulated by the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) (for reviews see (Schultz 2002; Wise 2004; Cools 2008), through facilitation of the direct pathway via the action of excitatory DA receptors (D1-like) and inhibition of the indirect pathway via the action of inhibitory DA receptors (D2-like).”
From Developmental imaging genetics: Linking dopamine function to adolescent behavior (2014) · cites this paper as Cools 2008

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James, A. S., Groman, S. M., Seu, E., Jorgensen, M. J., Fairbanks, L. A., & Jentsch, J. D. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.4508-07.2007 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Effect of apomorphine infusion on dopamine synthesis rate relates to dopaminergic tone
Torstenson, R., Hartvig, P., Långström, B., Bastami, S., Antoni, G., & Tedroff, J. (1998) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/s0028-3908(98)00085-9 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Disruption of self‐organized actions in monkeys with progressive MPTP‐induced parkinsonism: II. Effects of reward preference
Pessiglione, M., Guehl, D., Jan, C., François, C., Hirsch, É. C., Féger, J., & Tremblay, L. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.0953-816x.2003.03089.x · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Switching to cue-directed behavior: specific for ventral striatal dopamine but not ventral pallidum/substantia innominata gaba as revealed by a swimming-test procedure in rats
van den Bos, R., & Cools, A. R. (2003) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/s0306-4522(03)00058-7 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Bilateral nigral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions increase the amount of extracellular dopamine in the nucleus accumbens
van Oosten, R. V., Verheij, M. M. M., & Cools, A. R. (2004) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1016/j.expneurol.2004.09.004 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Differential Effects of a Small, Unilateral, 6-Hydroxydopamine-Induced Nigral Lesion on Behavior in High and Low Responders to Novelty
van Oosten, R. V., & Cools, A. R. (2002) · Experimental Neurology · doi:10.1006/exnr.2001.7816 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Factor structure of the Barratt impulsiveness scale
Patton, J. H., Stanford, M. S., & Barratt, E. S. (1995) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/1097-4679(199511)51:6

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The dual pathway to creativity model: Creative ideation as a function of flexibility and persistence
Nijstad, B. A., Dreu, C. K. W. D., Rietzschel, E. F., & Baas, M. (2010) · European Review of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/10463281003765323 · Cited by 1,062 · see citing works
“Within cognitive psychology this has been described as a trade-off between flexibility and stability (e.g., Cools, 2008; Dreisbach & Goschke, 2004; Dreisbach et al., 2005; Müller et al., 2007).”
Background
The neural mechanisms of inter-temporal decision-making: understanding variability
Peters, J., & Büchel, C. (2011) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2011.03.002 · Cited by 693 · see citing works
Neurophysiology of performance monitoring and adaptive behavior
Ullsperger, M., Danielmeier, C., & Jocham, G. (2014) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00041.2012 · Cited by 634 · see citing works
“Generally, the FRN might be affected later in the course of disease progression than the ERN because the ventral striatum, relevant for reward processing, seems to be affected by dopamine depletion only at more severe stages of PD (104, 105).”
Background
An Integrative Model of the Maturation of Cognitive Control
Luna, B., Marek, S., Larsen, B., Tervo-Clemmens, B., & Chahal, R. (2015) · Annual Review of Neuroscience · doi:10.1146/annurev-neuro-071714-034054 · Cited by 550 · see citing works
“Owing to its role in motivational processing underlying learning, memory, cognition, emotion, and reward processing (Cools 2008, Schultz 2002), DA function has been of keen interest regarding adolescence sensation seeking (for reviews, see Padmanabhan & Luna 2013, Spear 2000, Wahlstrom et al. 2010).”
Background
Psychopathology and the Human Connectome: Toward a Transdiagnostic Model of Risk For Mental Illness
Buckholtz, J. W., & Meyer‐Lindenberg, A. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.06.002 · Cited by 433 · see citing works
“The linkage between DRD2 variation and these seemingly diverse phenotypes may be driven by an effect on frontostriatal circuitry for flexible, value-based action selection (Cools, 2008; Balleine and O’Doherty, 2010).”
Midbrain dopamine neurons control judgment of time
Soares, S., Atallah, B. V., & Paton, J. J. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aah5234 · Cited by 362 · see citing works
Hubris syndrome: An acquired personality disorder? A study of US Presidents and UK Prime Ministers over the last 100 years
Owen, D., & Davidson, J. R. T. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp008 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
“For example Cools (2008) has identified frontostriatal and limbic-striatal dopaminergic pathways as important regulators of impulsive and/or rigid behaviours, which may reflect deficient motivational or cognitive control.”
Background
Dysfunctions of decision‐making and cognitive control as transdiagnostic mechanisms of mental disorders: advances, gaps, and needs in current research
Goschke, T. (2014) · International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1002/mpr.1410 · Cited by 293 · see citing works
“…robust maintenance and flexible updating of working memory representations (e.g. Armbruster et al., 2012; Müller et al., 2007; for reviews see Cools, 2008; Durstewitz and Seamans, 2008; O’Reilly, 2006; van Schouwenburg et al., 2010), whereas serotonergic systems appear to play a role in…”
Background
Quantifying Individual Variation in the Propensity to Attribute Incentive Salience to Reward Cues
Meyer, P., Lovic, V., Saunders, B. T., Yager, L. M., Flagel, S. B., Morrow, J. D., & Robinson, T. E. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0038987 · Cited by 296 · see citing works
Emotional modulation of control dilemmas: The role of positive affect, reward, and dopamine in cognitive stability and flexibility
Goschke, T., & Bolte, A. (2014) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.07.015 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
“…multiple constraint satisfaction problem that confronts agents with fundamental trade-offs between antagonistic adaptive requirements (Goschke, 2000, 2003, 2013; Goschke & Dreisbach, 2008; Gruber & Goschke, 2004; Kuhl & Goschke, 1994) (for related ideas see Cohen, McClure, & Yu, 2007; Cools, 2008).”
Background
Acetylcholine–Dopamine Interactions in the Pathophysiology and Treatment of CNS Disorders
Lester, D. B., Rogers, T. D., & Blaha, C. D. (2010) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/j.1755-5949.2010.00142.x · Cited by 260 · see citing works
Metacontrol of human creativity: The neurocognitive mechanisms of convergent and divergent thinking
Zhang, W., Sjoerds, Z., & Hommel, B. (2020) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116572 · Cited by 247 · see citing works
“It is less clear whether this is because the mesocortical dopaminergic pathway is driving prefrontal cortex as a whole (e.g. Cools, 2008) or whether it mainly drives dopaminergic D1 family receptors that dominate, but are not restricted to prefrontal cortex (Durstewitz and Seamans, 2008).”
Regional gray matter volume of dopaminergic system associate with creativity: Evidence from voxel-based morphometry
Takeuchi, H., Taki, Y., Sassa, Y., Hashizume, H., Sekiguchi, A., Fukushima, A., & Kawashima, R. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.02.078 · Cited by 240 · see citing works
“The dopaminergic system itself is complex and there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between the amount of dopamine receptor stimulation and its effect on performance (Cools, 2008).”
Learning the opportunity cost of time in a patch-foraging task
Constantino, S. M., & Daw, N. D. (2015) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-015-0350-y · Cited by 238 · see citing works
“…1996; Schultz et al., 1997), it has been argued that longer-timescale (Btonic^) extracellular dopamine levels might be a neural substrate for tracking average rewards and for controlling the behaviors that depend on them (Beierholm et al., 2013; Cools, 2008; Niv et al., 2006; Niv et al., 2007).”
Between Persistence and Flexibility
Hommel, B. (2015) · Advances in motivation science · doi:10.1016/bs.adms.2015.04.003 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“This possible link between dopamine and control policies was also strongly emphasized by Cools and D’Esposito (Cools, 2008, 2012; Cools & D’Esposito, 2010).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Neurogenetics and Pharmacology of Learning, Motivation, and Cognition
Frank, M. J., & Fossella, J. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.96 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
Working memory ability predicts trajectories of early alcohol use in adolescents: the mediational role of impulsivity
Khurana, A., Romer, D., Betancourt, L. M., Brodsky, N. L., Giannetta, J. M., & Hurt, H. (2013) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12001 · Cited by 191 · see citing works
“This uniqueness of SS may be explained by the fact that just like the other impulsivity dimensions, it is influenced by the ventral-striatal dopamine system (60), but unlike them, it does not share weakness in other dopamine pathways such as the dorsal nigrostriatal system, which subserves WM and flexible behavioral c…”
Background
Freezing of gait in Parkinson's disease: disturbances in automaticity and control
Vandenbossche, J., Deroost, N., Soetens, E., Coomans, D. H., Spildooren, J., Vercruysse, S., Nieuwboer, A., & Kerckhofs, E. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00356 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
“Controlled processing (or executive control) entails the maintenance and stabilization of goal representations in working or prospective memory and the flexibility to update these goal representations when necessary (Cools, 2008).”
Background
A critical review of human endotoxin administration as an experimental paradigm of depression.
DellaGioia, N., & Hannestad, J. (2010) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2009.07.014 · Cited by 175 · see citing works
“Recent imaging studies of immune-induced fatigue implicate the nigrostriatal pathway, a dopamine pathway that facilitates movement and drives motivational behavior (Cools, 2008).”
Background
Imaging addiction: D2 receptors and dopamine signaling in the striatum as biomarkers for impulsivity
Trifilieff, P., & Martinez, D. (2014) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.031 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“…are often associated with alterations in dopamine transmission in prefrontal cortex and striatum (Arnsten et al., 1994; Cai and Arnsten, 1997; Cools, 2008; Cools and D’Esposito, 2011; Landau et al., 2009; Vernaleken et al., 2007) and dopamine depletion in those brain areas impairs cognitive…”
Background
Individual variation in resisting temptation: Implications for addiction
Saunders, B. T., & Robinson, T. E. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.02.008 · Cited by 165 · see citing works
“, 2012, 2011), and striatal dopamine signaling, particularly in the ventral striatum, has been suggested to serve as an interface between so called “bottom-up” incentive motivational processes and “top-down” cognitive control of behavior (Aarts et al., 2010; Cools, 2008).”
BackgroundInfluential
Engagement of large-scale networks is related to individual differences in inhibitory control
Congdon, E. L., Mumford, J. A., Cohen, J. R., Galván, A., Aron, A. R., Xue, G., Miller, E. N., & Poldrack, R. A. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.06.062 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
“Response inhibition is the ability to suppress a prepotent or habitual response, including both motor actions and higher-order responses (such as thoughts, memories, or emotions) and is therefore critical to the ability to stop or suppress rapid, automatic behaviors in response to goals or environmental contingencies…”
Dopamine-Dependent Architecture of Cortico-Subcortical Network Connectivity
Cole, D. M., Oei, N. Y. L., Soeter, R. P., Both, S., van Gerven, J., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., & Beckmann, C. F. (2012) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhs136 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Enhanced frontal function in Parkinson's disease
Cools, R., Miyakawa, A., Sheridan, M. A., & D’Esposito, M. (2009) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awp301 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The differential influences of positive affect, random reward, and performance-contingent reward on cognitive control
Fröber, K., & Dreisbach, G. (2014) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-014-0259-x · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Dopamine, Corticostriatal Connectivity, and Intertemporal Choice
Kayser, A. S., Allen, D. C., Cebrian, A. N., Mitchell, J., & Fields, H. L. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1180-12.2012 · Cited by 146 · see citing works
Adolescent cognitive control and reward processing: Implications for risk taking and substance use
Geier, C. F. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.02.008 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“While changes occur in numerous neurotransmitter systems, some key findings from the expansive literature on changes in the dopamine (DA) system are highlighted below given its prominent role in reward and cognitive processing (Cools, 2008; Schultz, 2007; Wise, 2004).”
Background
Dopamine, but not serotonin, regulates reversal learning in the marmoset caudate nucleus
Clarke, H. F., Hill, G. J., Robbins, T. W., & Roberts, A. C. (2011) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.5066-10.2011 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Context-dependent Dynamic Processes in Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Differentiating Common and Unique Effects of State Regulation Deficits and Delay Aversion
Sonuga-Barke, E. J. S., Wiersema, J. R., van der Meere, J. J., & Roeyers, H. (2010) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-009-9115-0 · Cited by 142 · see citing works
“Dopamine is a key neuro-modulator (Cools, 2008) and appears to play a special role in the control of delay-related responding (Roesch et al., 2007).”
Background
Bilingualism and Creativity: Benefits in Convergent Thinking Come with Losses in Divergent Thinking
Hommel, B., Colzato, L., Fischer, R., & Christoffels, I. (2011) · Front. Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2011.00273 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Interestingly, the brain systems that are targeted by the two major dopaminergic pathways in humans (the frontal and the striatal pathway; see Cools, 2008) are particularly strongly affected by developmental factors and are suspected to keep developing into early adulthood (Gogtay et al., 2004).”
Background
Dopamine transporter imaging is associated with long‐term outcomes in Parkinson's disease
Ravina, B. M., MAREK, K. L., Eberly, S. W., Oakes, D., Kurlan, R., Ascherio, A., Beal, F. M., Beck, J. C., Flagg, E., Galpern, W. R., et al. (2012) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.25157 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
A systematic review of impulse control disorders in Parkinson’s disease.
Callesen, M. B., Scheel-Krüger, J., Kringelbach, M. L., & Møller, A. (2013) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-120165 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
“Below, we discuss findings based on a selection of cognitive tasks dependent on frontal cortical functions comparing PD patients with and without ICDs.”
Background
On the potential harmful effects of E-Cigarettes (EC) on the developing brain: The relationship between vaping-induced oxidative stress and adolescent/young adults social maladjustment.
Tobore, T. (2019) · Journal des adolescens · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2019.09.004 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
Vive les differences! Individual variation in neural mechanisms of executive control
Braver, T. S., Cole, M. W., & Yarkoni, T. (2010) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2010.03.002 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Neural Basis of Motivational and Cognitive Control
Mars, R., Sallet, J., Mfs., R., & Yeung, N. (2011) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9780262016438.001.0001 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Lateral habenula and the rostromedial tegmental nucleus innervate neurochemically distinct subdivisions of the dorsal raphe nucleus in the rat
Sego, C., Gonçalves, L., Lima, L. B., Furigo, I. C., Donato, J., & Metzger, M. (2013) · The Journal of Comparative Neurology · doi:10.1002/cne.23533 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Tics and Tourette Syndrome
Singer, H. S. (2019) · CONTINUUM Lifelong Learning in Neurology · doi:10.1212/con.0000000000000752 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
The social transmission of metacontrol policies: Mechanisms underlying the interpersonal transfer of persistence and flexibility
Hommel, B., & Colzato, L. S. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.01.009 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Motivated Cognitive Control: Reward Incentives Modulate Preparatory Neural Activity during Task-Switching
Savine, A. C., & Braver, T. S. (2010) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2052-10.2010 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Retracted
Dopamine receptor D4 polymorphism predicts the effect of L-DOPA on gambling behavior.
Eisenegger, C., Knoch, D., Ebstein, R., Gianotti, L. R. R., Sandor, P., & Fehr, E. (2010) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2009.09.021 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
“Analysis of variance evealed again a significant interaction between drug treatment nd genotype on gambling behavior [F (1,196) 4.”
Influential
Adolescent brain development: Implications for the juvenile criminal justice system.
Luna, B., & Wright, C. M. (2015) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/14643-005 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Influence of SLC6A3 and COMT variation on neural activation during response inhibition
Congdon, E., Constable, R. T., Lesch, K. P., & Canli, T. (2009) · Biological Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.biopsycho.2009.03.005 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
“In conclusion, dopaminergic variation in healthy adults may be one of many factors (including individual differences in baseline performance of the given task and self-reported trait impulsivity (Cools, 2008)) to influence this range of dopamine availability.”
Background
Frontal-striatal abnormalities underlying behaviours in the compulsive-impulsive spectrum
den Heuvel, O. A. V., der Werf, Y. D. V., Verhoef, K. M. W., de Wit, S., Berendse, H. W., Wolters, E. C., Veltman, D. J., & Groenewegen, H. J. (2010) · Journal of the Neurological Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.jns.2009.08.043 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
“The role of ventral versusdorsalmechanisms in ICDs aspart of PD awaits further investigation, but appears of crucial importance [51].”
Background
Electrochemical Detection of Dopamine Using 3D Porous Graphene Oxide/Gold Nanoparticle Composites
Choo, S.-S., Kang, E., Song, I., Lee, D., Choi, J., & Kim, T. P. (2017) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s17040861 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“Dopamine is known as a critical signal-transmission element between the neurons since it is affiliated with most of the important human body function such as motor control, reward, motivation, and cognitive functions [2-5].”
Background
Impact of aerobic exercise training on cognitive functions and affect associated to the COMT polymorphism in young adults
Stroth, S., Reinhardt, R. K., Thöne, J., Hille, K., Schneider, M., Härtel, S., Weidemann, W. M., Bös, K., & Spitzer, M. (2010) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2010.08.003 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Dopamine modulates working memory by controlling the dorsolateral prefrontal cortical circuits (Tanaka, 2006), that is part of the internal reward system (Schultz, 2005), and modulates arousal and attention and the cognitive control of behavior (Cools, 2008).”
Background
Neuroprotective effect of curcumin in arsenic-induced neurotoxicity in rats
Yadav, R. S., Shukla, R. K., Sankhwar, M. L., Patel, D. K., Ansari, R. W., Pant, A. B., Islam, F., & Khanna, V. K. (2010) · NeuroToxicology · doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2010.05.001 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Dopamine and the Creative Mind: Individual Differences in Creativity Are Predicted by Interactions between Dopamine Genes DAT and COMT
Zabelina, D. L., Colzato, L. S., Beeman, M. J., & Hommel, B. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0146768 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“First, there is not just one DA system, but three major pathways, with at least two of them putatively involved in regulating creative thinking and behavior [21]: the mediofrontal pathway originating in the ventral tegmental area, and the nigrostriatal pathway originating in the substantia nigra [12, 22].”
Background
Double Dissociation of Dopamine Genes and Timing in Humans
Wiener, M., Lohoff, F., & Coslett, H. B. (2011) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.2011.21626 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“affecting the dopamine system (Rammsayer, 2008; Meck, 1996), suggesting that this neurotransmitter system, which may underlie such crucial functions as working memory (Cools, 2008) learning (Klein et al.”
BackgroundInfluential
Video game training and the reward system
Lorenz, R. C., Gleich, T., Gallinat, J. ⁄. R., & Kühn, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2015.00040 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
“Our findings suggested an effect on reward processing, which in turn is essential for shaping of goal-directed behavior and flexible adaption to volatile environments (Cools, 2008).”
Background
Trace amine-associated receptor 1 as a monoaminergic modulator in brain
Xie, Z., & Miller, G. M. (2009) · Biochemical Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.bcp.2009.05.031 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
The Teenage Brain: Cognitive Control and Motivation
Luna, B., Paulsen, D. J., Padmanabhan, A., & Geier, C. (2013) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0963721413478416 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“…produce dopamine respond to different properties of incentives, including salience and valence, and modulate reciprocal interactions between the prefrontal cortex and the ventral striatum (which includes the nucleus accumbens), an area highly implicated in the processing of rewards (Cools, 2008).”
The role of reward prediction in the control of attention.
Sali, A. W., Anderson, B. A., & Yantis, S. (2014) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037/a0037267 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“The dopaminergic reward circuitry of the basal ganglia has been a prominent topic of research on associative reward learning (e.g., Cools, 2008; Schultz et al., 1997; Waelti et al., 2001).”
Methamphetamine use and cognitive function: A systematic review of neuroimaging research
Sabrini, S., Wang, G., Lin, J. C., Kirk, I. J., & Curley, L. E. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.08.041 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Dopamine and the motivation of cognitive control
Cools, R., Froböse, M. I., Aarts, E., & Hofmans, L. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00007-0 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Risk and learning in impulsive and nonimpulsive patients with Parkinson's disease
Djamshidian, A., Jha, A., O’Sullivan, S. S., Silveira‐Moriyama, L., Jacobson, C., Brown, P., Lees, A. J., & Averbeck, B. B. (2010) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.23247 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Better than expected or as bad as you thought? The neurocognitive development of probabilistic feedback processing
van den Bos, W. (2009) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/neuro.09.052.2009 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Dopamine D3 Receptor Antagonists as Potential Therapeutics for the Treatment of Neurological Diseases
Maramai, S., Gemma, S., Brogi, S., Campiani, G., Butini, S., Stark, H., & Brindisi, M. (2016) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2016.00451 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Neuroimaging studies in humans link drug-associated visual cues with DA release in the dorsal striatum and cocaine craving (Wong et al., 2006; Volkow et al., 2006, 2008).”
Developmental imaging genetics: Linking dopamine function to adolescent behavior
Padmanabhan, A., & Luna, B. (2014) · Brain and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2013.09.011 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Frontostriatal circuits subserving affective, cognitive, and motor processes are significantly modulated by the neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) (for reviews see (Cools, 2008; Schultz, 2002; Wise, 2004), through facilitation of the direct pathway via the action of excitatory DA receptors (D1-like), and inhibition of the…”
Functional neuroanatomical review of the ventral tegmental area
Trutti, A. C., Mulder, M., Hommel, B., & Forstmann, B. U. (2019) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.01.062 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“…of D1 and D2 receptors in prefrontal and striatal areas, respectively, affect cognitive functioning by modulating frontal and striatal DA levels (Cools, 2008; Cools and D’Esposito, 2011; Colzato, van den Wildenberg, Van der Does and Hommel, 2010; Colzato, van den Wildenberg and Hommel, 2013;…”
Photoelectrochemical sensor based on zinc phthalocyanine semiconducting polymer dots for ultrasensitive detection of dopamine
Peng, J., Li, X., Liu, Y., Zhuge, W., Zhang, C., & Huang, Y. (2022) · Sensors and Actuators B Chemical · doi:10.1016/j.snb.2022.131619 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Contextual modulation of behavioral choice
Palmer, C., & Kristan, W. B. (2011) · Current Opinion in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.conb.2011.05.003 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Resting‐state functional connectivity of the striatum in early‐stage P arkinson's disease: Cognitive decline and motor symptomatology
Manza, P., Zhang, S., Li, C.-S. R., & Leung, H. (2015) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23056 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“The dorsal caudate is viewed as critical for cognitive processing [Cools, 2008], as it receives strong connections with cortical regions implicated in cognition such as the dlPFC and dmPFC including the ACC [Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1985; Vogt and Pandya 1987; Yeterian and Van Hoesen, 1978; Zhang…”
Background
Synchronization of Medial Temporal Lobe and Prefrontal Rhythms in Human Decision Making
Guitart‐Masip, M., Barnes, G. R., Horner, A. J., Bauer, M., Dolan, R. J., & Düzel, E. (2013) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2573-12.2013 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“…with the possibility that dopamine has a broader role in decision making beyond reward prediction errors extending to signaling punishments (Bromberg-Martin et al., 2010), action requirements (GuitartMasip et al., 2012), and modulating cognitive flexibility and working memory (Cools, 2008).”
Background
The association between creativity and 7R polymorphism in the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4)
Mayseless, N., Uzefovsky, F., Shalev, I., Ebstein, R. P., & Shamay‐Tsoory, S. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00502 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Moreover, several studies have found cortical dopamine to be involved in cognitive flexibility (Frank, 2005; Cools, 2008; Garcia-Garcia et al., 2010), one of the main components of DT.”
Background
The role of the dopamine transporter DAT1 genotype on the neural correlates of cognitive flexibility
García-García, M., Barceló, F., Clemente, I. C., & Escera, C. (2010) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2010.07102.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Out of control: Diminished prefrontal activity coincides with impaired motor performance due to choking under pressure
Lee, T. G., & Grafton, S. T. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.10.058 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Given the relationship between trait impulsivity, dopamine, striatal, and prefrontal function (Cools, 2008), it is tempting to speculate that differences in the propensity to choke under pressure might be due to naturally occurring differences in endogenous dopamine function.”
Background
Human behavioral assessments in current research of Parkinson’s disease
Asakawa, T., Fang, H., Sugiyama, K., Nozaki, T., Kobayashi, S. S., Hong, Z., Suzuki, K., Mori, N., Yang, Y., Hua, F., et al. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.036 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Adolescents exhibit behavioral differences from adults during instrumental learning and extinction
Sturman, D. A., Mandell, D. R., & Moghaddam, B. (2010) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/a0018463 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“The mesocortical dopaminergic circuitry, considered broadly relevant to motivated behavior [for reviews see Cools (2008), Salamone & Correa (2002), Berridge (2007), and Floresco & Magyar (2006)] also undergoes considerable development during adolescence (Chambers et al., 2003; Ernst & Fudge, 2009;…”
Background
Towards a comprehensive theory of obesity and a healthy diet: The causal role of oxidative stress in food addiction and obesity
Tobore, T. O. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112560 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Decision making under risk and under ambiguity in Parkinson's disease
Delazer, M., Sinz, H., Zamarian, L., Stockner, H., Seppi, K., Wenning, G. K., Benke, T., & Poewe, W. H. (2009) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.02.034 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Several studies have also highlighted the role of neurotransmitters in decision making and reward processing attributing a crucial role to the dopaminergic system (for reviews see Cools, 2006, 2008; Schultz, 2002).”
Background
Convergent and Divergent Operations in Cognitive Search
(2012) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/9529.003.0020 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Fronto-striatal atrophy correlates of inhibitory dysfunction in Parkinson's disease versus behavioural variant frontotemporal dementia
O’Callaghan, C., Naismith, S. L., Hodges, J. R., Lewis, S. J. G., & Hornberger, M. (2012) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2012.12.003 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
“This suggests that this measure of impulsivity, which is one of the most widely used (Cools, 2008), may be useful in detecting impulsive behaviour in PD.”
The dopamine D3 receptor antagonist, S33138, counters cognitive impairment in a range of rodent and primate procedures
Millan, M. J., Buccafusco, J. J., Loiseau, F., Watson, D. J., Decamp, E., Fone, K. C. F., Thomasson, N., Hill, M. P., Mocaër, E., & Schneider, J. S. (2010) · The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145710000775 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Eliminating the Attentional Blink through Binaural Beats: A Case for Tailored Cognitive Enhancement
Reedijk, S. A., Bolders, A., Colzato, L. S., & Hommel, B. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2015.00082 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“Also of interest, individual differences in the balance between these two pathways in the corresponding functions have been demonstrated to modulate the size of the AB: it is smaller in individuals with high working-memory span (26) – a frontal function (21) – and with a genetic setup that is associated with high fron…”
BackgroundInfluential
Animal behavioral assessments in current research of Parkinson’s disease
Asakawa, T., Fang, H., Sugiyama, K., Nozaki, T., Hong, Z., Yang, Y., Hua, F., Ding, G., Chao, D., Fenoy, A. J., et al. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.03.016 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Tyrosine promotes cognitive flexibility: evidence from proactive vs. reactive control during task switching performance
Steenbergen, L., Sellaro, R., Hommel, B., & Colzato, L. S. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.01.022 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“…(Colzato et al., 2014b), this might be taken to imply a stronger impact of TYR on the nigrostriatal dopaminergic pathway, which is assumed to be involved in switching to novel information, updating, and inhibition (Cools, 2008; Cools and D'Esposito, 2010; van Schouwenburg , Aarts and Cools, 2010).”
Cognitive dysfunction in non-demented Parkinson's disease patients: Controlled and automatic behavior
Koerts, J., Leenders, K. L., & Brouwer, W. (2009) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2009.02.014 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“A consequence however, is that the use of levodopa can overdose this nucleus, which may cause feedback-based learning deficits (Cools, 2006).”
Prefrontal and striatal glutamate differently relate to striatal dopamine: Potential regulatory mechanisms of striatal presynaptic dopamine function?
Gleich, T., Deserno, L., Lorenz, R. C., Boehme, R., Pankow, A., Buchert, R., Kuhn, S., Heinz, A., Schlagenhauf, F., & Gallinat, J. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0329-15.2015 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…synthesis capacity measured via FDOPA PET relate to important behavioral and neural signatures in healthy participants (Gallinat et al., 2007; Cools, 2008; Jocham et al., 2012; Schlagenhauf et al., 2012; Schmaal et al., 2012; Gleich et al., 2014; Deserno et al., 2015b) and in schizophrenia…”
Background
Be quick about it. Endogenous estradiol level, menstrual cycle phase and trait impulsiveness predict impulsive choice in the context of reward acquisition
Diekhof, E. K. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.06.001 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Secondly and even more importantly, it has to be taken into account that the relationship betweenmesolimbic DA, D2-receptor density and impulsivity is not linear, but may rather follow the shape of an inverted-U function (see Cools, 2008).”
Background
The genetic effects of the dopamine D1 receptor gene on chicken egg production and broodiness traits
Xu, H., Shen, X., Zhou, M., Fang, M., Zeng, H., Nie, Q., & Zhang, X. (2010) · BMC Genetics · doi:10.1186/1471-2156-11-17 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Implicit Theories, Working Memory, and Cognitive Load: Impacts on Creative Thinking
Redifer, J. L., Bae, C. L. L., & DeBusk‐Lane, M. (2019) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/2158244019835919 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Although disinhibition may benefit creative thinking initially (Cheng et al., 2016), as the process of ideation progresses, disinhibition can allow task-irrelevant material to increase cognitive load (Cheng et al., 2016; Cools, 2008; Dreisbach & Goschke, 2004).”
Background
Opening the gate to working memory
Badre, D. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1216902109 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Differential contributions of striatal dopamine D1 and D2 receptors to component processes of value-based decision making
Verharen, J. P. H., Adan, R. A. H., & Vanderschuren, L. J. M. J. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0454-0 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Safety out of control: dopamine and defence
Lloyd, K., & Dayan, P. (2016) · Behavioral and Brain Functions · doi:10.1186/s12993-016-0099-7 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Effect of Anesthesia/Surgery on Gut Microbiota and Fecal Metabolites and Their Relationship With Cognitive Dysfunction
Lian, X., Zhu, Q., Li, S., & Cheng, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Systems Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnsys.2021.655695 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Numerous research studies have provided the evidence that dopamine is correlated with motivational and cognitive control of behaviors (Cools, 2008).”
Background
Interactions between the cannabinoid and dopaminergic systems: Evidence from animal studies
Khoury, M. E., Gorgievski, V., Moutsimilli, L., Bruno Giros, A., & Tzavara, E. T. (2012) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2011.12.005 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Neuroimaging genetics approaches to identify new biomarkers for the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder
Nisar, S., & Haris, M. (2023) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-023-02060-9 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“The neuromodulator dopamine acts as a reward center for the brain and regulates motivational and cognitive-behavioral control [125].”
Background
Partial least squares correlation of multivariate cognitive abilities and local brain structure in children and adolescents
Ziegler, G., Dahnke, R., Winkler, A. D., & Christian Gaser, B. (2013) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2013.05.088 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Effective connectivity of cortical and subcortical regions during unification of sentence structure
Snijders, T. M., Petersson, K. M., & Peter Hagoort, A. (2010) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.05.035 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“Recently also the striatum has been found to play a role in the updating of representations (Frank et al., 2001; Gruber et al., 2006; Cools, 2008; McNab and Klingberg, 2008).”
Sleep Deprivation Is Associated with Attenuated Parametric Valuation and Control Signals in the Midbrain during Value-Based Decision Making
Menz, M. M., Büchel, C., & Peters, J. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3553-11.2012 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Meditation and Metacontrol
Hommel, B., & Colzato, L. S. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0017-4 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…opposing cognitive control functions: while the mesofrontal pathway seems to be important for working memory and the representation and maintenance of goals, the nigrostriatal pathway seems to play a key role in inhibiting ongoing actions and taking in external information (Cools 2006, 2008).”
Background
Comparison of cognitive flexibility, appropriate risk-taking and reaction time in individuals with and without adult ADHD
Roshani, F., Piri, R., Malek, A., Michel, T. M., & Vafaee, M. S. (2019) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2019.112494 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Relation betweenCYP2D6Genotype, Personality, Neurocognition and Overall Psychopathology in Healthy Volunteers
Peñas‐Lledó, E., Dorado, P., Pacheco, R., González, I., & LLerena, A. (2009) · Pharmacogenomics · doi:10.2217/pgs.09.75 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Epistasis effects of dopamine genes on interval timing and reward magnitude in humans
Balcı, F., Wiener, M., Çavdaroğlu, B., & Coslett, H. B. (2012) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.08.002 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Importantly, these groups presumably have more balanced cortical and striatal involvement in performance via balanced D1 and D2 dopamine receptor activation (Cools, 2008; Garcia-Garcia et al., 2011).”
The effects of age on resting state functional connectivity of the basal ganglia from young to middle adulthood
Manza, P., Zhang, S., Hu, S., Chao, H. H., Leung, H., & Li, C.-S. R. (2014) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2014.12.016 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“…the prefrontal cortex (PFC) including the dorsolateral PFC and dorsal ACC (Yeterian and Van Hoesen, 1978; Selemon and Goldman-Rakic, 1985; Vogt and Pandya, 1987; Haber, 2003; Zhang et al., 2012), the caudate nucleus is viewed as a subcortical hub for higher order cognitive functions (Cools, 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Reduced cognitive control in passionate lovers
van Steenbergen, H., Langeslag, S. J. E., Band, G. P. H., & Hommel, B. (2013) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-013-9380-3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“It is possible that such dopaminergic modulation changed the balance between striatal and prefrontal processing, which might have driven the changes in cognitive control we have observed (cf. Cools 2008).”
Background
A Combination of Dopamine Genes Predicts Success by Professional Wall Street Traders
Sapra, S., Beavin, L. E., & Zak, P. J. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0030844 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Several studies have found that G/G individuals perform better than those with the A/A allele on tasks demanding cognitive flexibility, while individuals with the A/A allele are better at tasks demanding focused attention [40-43].”
Background
High-Frequency Binaural Beats Increase Cognitive Flexibility: Evidence from Dual-Task Crosstalk
Hommel, B., Sellaro, R., Fischer, R., Borg, S., & Colzato, L. S. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.01287 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
“Both functional (Goschke, 2003; Dreisbach and Goschke, 2004) and neural (Cools, 2008, 2012; Cools and D’Esposito, 2011) considerations suggest that cognitive-control states can vary both intra- and inter-individually to the degree that they either focus the available processing capacity on one…”
Background
Aversive motivation and cognitive controlPreprint
Yee, D., Leng, X.-M., Shenhav, A., & Braver, T. (2021) · Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.12.016 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“, attentional processes, task-switching) by monetary rewards is specifically linked with increased dopamine release in the striatum and prefrontal cortex (Aarts et al., 2011; Braver & Cohen, 2000; Cools, 2008; Schouwenburg et al., 2010; Westbrook & Braver, 2016).”
Background
Trait impulsivity is related to ventral ACC and amygdala activity during primary reward anticipation
Kerr, K. L., Avery, J. A., Barcalow, J. C., Moseman, S. E., Bodurka, J., Bellgowan, P. S. F., & Simmons, W. K. (2014) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsu023 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Trait impulsivity is thought to be at least partly the result of heightened reward sensitivity and activity of reward and affective neurocircuitry (Cools et al., 2003; Cools, 2008; Buckholtz et al., 2010; Reeves et al., 2012).”

Dopamine and the motivation of cognitive control
Cools, R., Froböse, M. I., Aarts, E., & Hofmans, L. (2019) · Handbook of clinical neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804281-6.00007-0 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
The cost of dopamine for dynamic cognitive control
Cools, R. (2015) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2015.05.007 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
A dopaminergic basis of behavioral controlPreprint
Ballard, I. C., Furman, D. J., Berry, A. S., White, R. L., Jagust, W. J., Kayser, A. S., & D’Esposito, M. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.17.613524 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Interactions of Motivation and Cognitive Control
Yee, D., & Braver, T. (2017) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2017.11.009 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Monoaminergic Regulation of Cognitive Control in Laboratory Animals
Jentsch, J. D., Groman, S. M., James, A. S., & Seu, E. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4419-1268-8_3

Authors: Cools, R.
Affiliations: Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
Corresponding author: Cools, Roshan
ORCID: Cools, Roshan
Venue: The Neuroscientist
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 2008-08
Volume: 14
Issue: 4
Pages: 381-395
ISSN: 1073-8584 (ISSN-L)
1089-4098
DOI: 10.1177/1073858408317009
OpenAlex: W2147381727
Cited by: 352
References: 91
Citations by year: 2026: 8 · 2025: 14 · 2024: 14 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 26 · 2012: 32
FWCI: 10.23
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: journals.sagepub.com/page/policies/text-and-data-mining-license (tdm)
Locations: The Neuroscientist (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Radboud Repository (Radboud University) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
Keywords: dopamine, motivation, cognitive control, impulsive behavior, mesolimbic dopamine system, mesocortical dopamine system, nigrostriatal dopamine system, neuropsychiatry
MeSH terms: Animals, Behavior, Brain, Brain Mapping, Cognition, Dopamine, Humans, Motivation, Dopamine Agents

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Role of dopamine in the motivational and cognitive control of behavior

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