Evaluating the negative or valuing the positive? Neural mechanisms supporting feedback-based learning across development
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How children learn from positive and negative performance feedback lies at the foundation of successful learning and is therefore of great importance for educational practice. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine the neural developmental changes related to feedback-based learning when performing a rule search and application task. Behavioral results from three age groups (8-9, 11-13, and 18-25 years of age) demonstrated that, compared with adults, 8- to 9-year-old children performed disproportionally more inaccurately after receiving negative feedback relative to positive feedback. Additionally, imaging data pointed toward a qualitative difference in how children and adults use performance feedback. That is, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and superior parietal cortex were more active after negative feedback for adults, but after positive feedback for children (8-9 years of age). For 11- to 13-year-olds, these regions did not show differential feedback sensitivity, suggesting that the transition occurs around this age. Pre-supplementary motor area/anterior cingulate cortex, in contrast, was more active after negative feedback in both 11- to 13-year-olds and adults, but not 8- to 9-year-olds. Together, the current data show that cognitive control areas are differentially engaged during feedback-based learning across development. Adults engage these regions after signals of response adjustment (i.e., negative feedback). Young children engage these regions after signals of response continuation (i.e., positive feedback). The neural activation patterns found in 11- to 13-year-olds indicate a transition around this age toward an increased influence of negative feedback on performance adjustment. This is the first developmental fMRI study to compare qualitative changes in brain activation during feedback learning across distinct stages of development.
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A qualitative shift in neural recruitment during feedback-based learning is seen in early adolescence, possibly reflecting the increasing influence of negative feedback on behavioral adjustment.
“A qualitative shift in neural recruitment during feedback-based learning is seen in early adolescence, possibly reflecting the increasing influence of negative feedback on behavioral adjustment (van Duijvenvoorde et al. 2008).”
From Is Adolescence a Sensitive Period for Sociocultural Processing? (2014) · cites this paper as van Duijvenvoorde et al. 2008
Activation to negative feedback or aversive consequences increases with age in various cognitive control regions.
“gradual age-related increases in activation to negative feedback/aversive consequences in a variety of cognitive control regions”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as van Duijvenvoorde et al, 2008
Neural responses to positive feedback mature earlier than neural responses to negative feedback.
“other fMRI evidence for earlier maturation of neural responses to positive than negative feedback”
From Rewards, aversions and affect in adolescence: emerging convergences across laboratory animal and human data (2011) · cites this paper as van Duijvenvoorde et al, 2008
Children in the eight to nine year old age group demonstrated greater brain activation during positive feedback compared to negative feedback, particularly in dlPFC and parietal regions, whereas adults showed the reverse trend.
“At the neural level, children in the eight to nine year old age group demonstrated greater brain activation during positive feedback compared to negative feedback, particularly in dlPFC and parietal regions, whereas adults showed the reverse trend, activating similar regions more than the other age groups when receiving negative compared to positive feedback.”
From The neuroscience of emotion regulation development: Implications for education (2016) · cites this paper as [42]
All age groups performed better on a rule learning task when they received positive feedback compared to negative feedback, and this trend was largest for eight to nine year olds.
“A study by Duijvenvoorde et al. comparing responses to positive and negative feedback across age found that all age groups performed better on a rule learning task when they received positive feedback compared to negative feedback, and this trend was the largest for eight to nine year olds [42].”
From The neuroscience of emotion regulation development: Implications for education (2016) · cites this paper as [42]
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- Authors
- van Duijvenvoorde, A. C. K., Zanolie, K., Rombouts, S. A. R. B., Raijmakers, M. E. J., & Crone, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Leiden University (NL)
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2008-09-17
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 38
- Pages
- 9495-9503
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6671119
- OpenAlex
- W2070258707
- Cited by
- 211
- References
- 45
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 3 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 17 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 20 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 6.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (publishedVersion)
- VU Research Portal (publishedVersion)
- EUR Research Repository (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion)
- RePub (Erasmus University Rotterdam) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (submittedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (516542)
- Nederlandse Organisatie voor Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Motor Control and Adaptation
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience, Education and Cognitive Function
- Keywords
- performance feedback, feedback learning, negative feedback, positive feedback, cognitive control, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, superior parietal cortex, pre-supplementary motor area, anterior cingulate cortex, children and adolescents, age differences in learning
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aging, Brain Mapping, Cerebral Cortex, Child, Cognition, Feedback, Female, Gyrus Cinguli, Humans, Judgment, Learning, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Mental Processes, Neuropsychological Tests, Parietal Lobe, Prefrontal Cortex
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