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From Polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRNs) to Polynucleotides (PNs): Bridging the Gap Between Scientific Definitions, Molecular Insights, and Clinical Applications of Multifunctional Biomolecules

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Marques, Cíntia, Porcello, Alexandre, Cerrano, Marco, Hadjab, Farid, Chemali, Michèle, Lourenço, Kelly, Hadjab, Basste, Raffoul, Wassim +2 more·2025·Biomolecules
DOI 10.3390/biom15010148PMC PMC11764130
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Abstract

Polydeoxyribonucleotides (PDRNs) and polynucleotides (PNs) are similar DNA-derived biopolymers that have garnered significant scientific attention since the 1990s for their potential applications in wound healing and skin rejuvenation. These biopolymers exhibit a broad molecular weight (MW) range, typically spanning from 50 to 1500 kDa. However, recent studies have expanded this range to encompass fragments as small as 1 kDa and as large as 10,000 kDa. Clinically, PDRN/PN formulations, commercially available in various galenic forms (gels, creams, serums, masks, and injectables), have demonstrated promising effects in significantly promoting skin regeneration, reducing inflammation, improving skin texture, preventing scar formation, and mitigating wrinkles. Importantly, despite their widespread use in cosmetology and aesthetic dermatology, the interchangeable use of the terms “PDRN” and “PN” in the scientific literature (to describe polymers of varying lengths) has led to considerable confusion within the medical and scientific communities. To specifically address this PDRN/PN ambiguity, this narrative review proposes a standardized structure-based nomenclature for these DNA-derived polymers, the “Marques Polynucleotide Cutoff”, set at 1500 kDa. Thus, we propose that the term “PDRN” should be exclusively reserved for small- and medium-chain polymers (MW < 1500 kDa), while the term “PN” should specifically be used to denote longer-chain polymers (MW ≥ 1500 kDa). In a broader perspective, this classification is based on the distinct physicochemical properties and therapeutic effects of these DNA fragments of various MWs, which are comprehensively discussed in the present review.

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  • PDRN is composed of a linear structure of deoxyribonucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds, which is double stranded.

    “PDRN, similar to PN, is composed of a linear structure of deoxyribonucleotides linked by phosphodiester bonds, which is double stranded [11,23].”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

    The Introduction describes PDRN and PN as DNA fragments composed of deoxyribonucleotide units and measured in base pairs. Section 2 calls them chains of deoxyribonucleotides and describes DNA as a double helix. The copy does not specify that the units are linked by phosphodiester bonds, so that detail is not supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Both PN and PDRN are nucleic acid-derived polymers composed of nucleotide monomers connected via phosphodiester bonds.

    “Both PN and PDRN are nucleic acid-derived polymers composed of nucleotide monomers connected via phosphodiester bonds [11,17].”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

    The Introduction and Section 2 describe both PDRN and PN as DNA-derived polymers made of deoxyribonucleotide units. Our copy does not specify that the units are connected by phosphodiester bonds, so that detail is not directly supported by this source. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • PN forms a more porous, highly viscous, three-dimensional structure.

    “However, PDRN exhibits lower viscoelasticity than that of PN because of its reduced molecular weight, whereas PN forms a more porous, highly viscous, three-dimensional structure [11,24,25].”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

    Section 5 says PN is used to make hydrogels with high viscosity. Section 6 describes a scaffolded, polygonal structure in a PN-based hydrogel, but does not establish that it is more porous than PDRN or explicitly characterize that PN structure as three-dimensional. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • PDRN exhibits lower viscoelasticity than PN because of its reduced molecular weight.

    “However, PDRN exhibits lower viscoelasticity than that of PN because of its reduced molecular weight, whereas PN forms a more porous, highly viscous, three-dimensional structure [11,24,25].”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

    Section 5 describes PDRN as generally having a lower molecular weight than PN, calls PN viscoelastic, and links PN’s high molecular weight to high-viscosity hydrogels. The Conclusions also say viscosity can vary with the final molecular weight of a formulation. The paper does not directly establish that PDRN is less viscoelastic than PN as a general comparison. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • PDRN has demonstrated a strong safety profile in both acute and chronic toxicity studies, with no significant immunogenic responses.

    “PDRN has demonstrated a strong safety profile in both acute and chronic toxicity studies, where no significant immunogenic responses were observed [11,17,19].”

    From Comparison of Polynucleotide and Polydeoxyribonucleotide in Dermatology: Molecular Mechanisms and Clinical Perspectives (2025) · cites this paper as [11]

    Section 4 (page not available) reports that salmon-derived PDRN/PN has a lower chance of eliciting an immune response and cites studies of its biocompatibility and safety. The paper does not report acute or chronic toxicity-study results or state that those studies observed no significant immunogenic responses. (LLM, conf=0.84)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Marques, C., Porcello, A., Cerrano, M., Hadjab, F., Chemali, M., Lourenço, K., Hadjab, B., Raffoul, W., Applegate, L. A., & Laurent, A. E.
Affiliations
  • Development Department, LOUNA REGENERATIVE SA, CH-1207 Geneva, Switzerland
  • Aesthetic Surgery Department, Clinique Entourage, CH-1003 Lausanne, Switzerland
  • Development Department, Albomed GmbH, D-90592 Schwarzenbruck, Germany
  • Plastic and Aesthetic Surgery Service, Centre Médical Lausanne Ouest, CH-1008 Prilly, Switzerland
  • Independent Consultant Office, F-74330 Poisy, France
  • Hôpital de Morges (CH)
  • University of Zurich (CH)
  • Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois (CH)
Corresponding author
Laurent, Alexis E.
ORCID
Venue
Biomolecules
Publisher
MDPI AG
Published
2025-01-19
Volume
15
Issue
1
Pages
148
ISSN
2218-273X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3390/biom15010148
PMC
PMC11764130
OpenAlex
W4406629001
Cited by
42
References
2
Citations by year
2026: 22 · 2025: 20
FWCI
4.90
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Biomolecules (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • SERVAL (Université de Lausanne) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
  • IRIS (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Wound Healing and Treatments
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Dermatologic Treatments and Research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Facial Rejuvenation and Surgery Techniques
Keywords
polydeoxyribonucleotide, polynucleotides, molecular weight cut-off, terminology standardization, skin regeneration, wound healing, scar prevention, wrinkle reduction, anti-aging cosmetics, cosmetic dermatology, inflammation reduction, skin texture
MeSH terms
Animals, Humans, Molecular Weight, Polydeoxyribonucleotides, Polynucleotides, Wound Healing

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