Human Brain Language Areas Identified by Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Open accessAbstract
Functional magnetic resonance imaging (FMRI) was used to identify candidate language processing areas in the intact human brain. Language was defined broadly to include both phonological and lexical–semantic functions and to exclude sensory, motor, and general executive functions. The language activation task required phonetic and semantic analysis of aurally presented words and was compared with a control task involving perceptual analysis of nonlinguistic sounds. Functional maps of the entire brain were obtained from 30 right-handed subjects. These maps were averaged in standard stereotaxic space to produce a robust “average activation map” that proved reliable in a split-half analysis. As predicted from classical models of language organization based on lesion data, cortical activation associated with language processing was strongly lateralized to the left cerebral hemisphere and involved a network of regions in the frontal, temporal, and parietal lobes. Less consistent with classical models were (1) the existence of left hemisphere temporoparietal language areas outside the traditional “Wernicke area,” namely, in the middle temporal, inferior temporal, fusiform, and angular gyri; (2) extensive left prefrontal language areas outside the classical “Broca area”; and (3) clear participation of these left frontal areas in a task emphasizing “receptive” language functions. Although partly in conflict with the classical model of language localization, these findings are generally compatible with reported lesion data and provide additional support for ongoing efforts to refine and extend the classical model.
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The language localizer was previously shown to robustly and reliably identify each of the key brain regions previously implicated in high-level linguistic processing in at least 80% of subjects individually.
“This localizer was previously shown (29) to robustly and reliably identify each of the key brain regions previously implicated in high-level linguistic processing (30, 31) (Fig. 2 and Fig. S1) in at least 80% of subjects individually”
From Functional specificity for high-level linguistic processing in the human brain (2011) · cites this paper as [30]
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- Authors
- Binder, J. R., Frost, J. A., Hammeke, T. A., Cox, R. W., Rao, S. M., & Prieto, T.
- Affiliations
- Pediatrics and Genetics (US)
- Medical College of Wisconsin (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 1997-01-01
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 353-362
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC6793702
- OpenAlex
- W2104127342
- Cited by
- 1,424
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 24 · 2025: 36 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 65 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 98 · 2016: 68 · 2015: 52 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 69 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 28.35
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (P01MH51358, P01MH051358)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R01NS033576, R01 NS33576)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- language localization, language processing, phonological processing, lexical-semantic processing, left hemisphere lateralization, Wernicke's area, Broca's area, fusiform gyrus, angular gyrus, receptive language, auditory word processing, functional maps
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Auditory Perception, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Speech Perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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