Relationship of Interleukin-6 and Tumor Necrosis Factor- With Muscle Mass and Muscle Strength in Elderly Men and Women: The Health ABC Study
Abstract
BACKGROUND: A decline in muscle mass and muscle strength characterizes normal aging. As clinical and animal studies show a relationship between higher cytokine levels and low muscle mass, the aim of this study was to investigate whether markers of inflammation are associated with muscle mass and strength in well-functioning elderly persons. METHODS: We used baseline data (1997-1998) of the Health, Aging, and Body Composition (Health ABC) Study on 3075 black and white men and women aged 70-79 years. Midthigh muscle cross-sectional area (computed tomography), appendicular muscle mass (dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry), isokinetic knee extensor strength (KinCom), and isometric grip strength were measured. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS: Higher cytokine levels were generally associated with lower muscle mass and lower muscle strength. The most consistent relationship across the gender and race groups was observed for IL-6 and grip strength: per SD increase in IL-6, grip strength was 1.1 to 2.4 kg lower (p <.05) after adjustment for age, clinic site, health status, medications, physical activity, smoking, height, and body fat. An overall measure of elevated cytokine level was created by combining the levels of IL-6 and TNF-alpha. With the exception of white men, elderly persons having high levels of IL-6 (>1.80 pg/ml) as well as high levels of TNF-alpha (>3.20 pg/ml) had a smaller muscle area, less appendicular muscle mass, a lower knee extensor strength, and a lower grip strength compared to those with low levels of both cytokines. CONCLUSIONS: Higher plasma concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-alpha are associated with lower muscle mass and lower muscle strength in well-functioning older men and women. Higher cytokine levels, as often observed in healthy older persons, may contribute to the loss of muscle mass and strength that accompanies aging.
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Higher levels of inflammatory markers in blood are associated with greater loss of muscle mass and strength, accelerated loss of mobility, lower-extremity performance and physical activity, and depression in older individuals.
“higher levels of inflammatory markers in blood are associated with a greater loss of muscle mass and strength, accelerated loss of mobility, lower-extremity performance and physical activity, and depression in older individuals”
From Inflammageing: chronic inflammation in ageing, cardiovascular disease, and frailty (2018) · cites this paper as [226]
Adipose tissue secretes proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6, interleukin 1, and tumor necrosis factor alpha.
“Adipose tissue secretes proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin 6 (IL-6), interleukin 1 (IL-1), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).20”
From Imaging of Sarcopenia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
Altered adipose tissue growth and function lead to fluctuations in adipokines and cytokines, causing chronic inflammation, mitochondrial impairment, disruption of insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, and eventual muscular atrophy.
“Altered adipose tissue growth and function lead to fluctuations in the concentrations of adipokines and cytokines, causing chronic inflammation, mitochondrial impairment, disruption of the insulin signaling pathway in the skeletal muscle, and eventual muscular atrophy.”
From Imaging of Sarcopenia in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
Sarcopenia is contributed to by reductions in circulating sex hormones, physical inactivity, low-grade inflammation, impairments to neuromuscular junctions, and reduced satellite cell number and function.
“Other factors that are known to contribute to sarcopenia include reductions in circulating sex hormones [8], physical inactivity [9], low grade inflammation [10,11], impairments to neuromuscular junctions [12], and reduced muscle stem cell (i.e., satellite cell) number and function [13].”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
Circulating growth factors GDF11 and myostatin, as well as inflammatory markers TNF-α and IL-6, increase with age, impairing regenerative capacity of satellite cells in human skeletal muscle.
“For instance, circulating growth factors, such as GDF11 and myostatin, as well as inflammatory markers, such as TNF-α and IL-6, increase with age, impairing the regenerative capacity of satellite cells in human skeletal muscle [10,115].”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
Circulating systemic factors such as hormones and inflammatory markers can positively and negatively influence satellite cell activation.
“Circulating systemic factors, such as hormones and inflammatory marker, can positively and negatively influence satellite cell activation.”
From Potential Roles of n-3 PUFAs during Skeletal Muscle Growth and Regeneration (2018) · cites this paper as [10]
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- Authors
- Visser, M., Pahor, M., Taaffe, D. R., Goodpaster, B. H., Simonsick, E. M., Newman, A. B., Nevitt, M., & Harris, T. B.
- Affiliations
- Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Visser, M.
- Venue
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2002-05-01
- Volume
- 57
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- M326-M332
- ISSN
- 1079-5006 (ISSN-L)
- 1758-535X
- OpenAlex
- W2137646952
- Cited by
- 1,294
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 50 · 2024: 67 · 2023: 67 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 82 · 2020: 97 · 2019: 77 · 2018: 75 · 2017: 56 · 2016: 54 · 2015: 61 · 2014: 59 · 2013: 41 · 2012: 49
- FWCI
- 18.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- The Journals of Gerontology Series A (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5k01ag000851-04)
- National Institute on Aging (N01‐AG‐6–2101, K01-AG-00851, P60AG010484, P60 AG-10484, N01AG62106, N01-AG-62103)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Rehabilitation › Exercise and Physiological Responses
- Keywords
- interleukin-6, TNF-α, muscle mass, muscle strength, aging, inflammation, cytokines, grip strength, quadriceps strength, appendicular skeletal muscle mass, older adults, sex differences, racial differences
- MeSH terms
- Aged, Aging, Female, Humans, Knee, Male, Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha, Interleukin-6, Muscle, Skeletal, Hand Strength, Black People, White People
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