The DOI matches its Crossref record; 144 of the 146 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; 66 of the 115 sources its claims cite were checked for support.
Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss
Open accessAbstract
Weight loss is the cornerstone of therapy for people with obesity because it can ameliorate or completely resolve the metabolic risk factors for diabetes, coronary artery disease, and obesity-associated cancers. The potential health benefits of diet-induced weight loss are thought to be compromised by the weight-loss-associated loss of lean body mass, which could increase the risk of sarcopenia (low muscle mass and impaired muscle function). The objective of this review is to provide an overview of what is known about weight-loss-induced muscle loss and its implications for overall physical function (e.g., ability to lift items, walk, and climb stairs). The currently available data in the literature show the following: 1 ) compared with persons with normal weight, those with obesity have more muscle mass but poor muscle quality; 2 ) diet-induced weight loss reduces muscle mass without adversely affecting muscle strength; 3 ) weight loss improves global physical function, most likely because of reduced fat mass; 4 ) high protein intake helps preserve lean body and muscle mass during weight loss but does not improve muscle strength and could have adverse effects on metabolic function; 5 ) both endurance- and resistance-type exercise help preserve muscle mass during weight loss, and resistance-type exercise also improves muscle strength. We therefore conclude that weight-loss therapy, including a hypocaloric diet with adequate (but not excessive) protein intake and increased phy…
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16 Partly supported · 9 Sources not found · 6 Own interpretation · 2 No full text of the sources · 1 Supported · 1 Supported so far · 1 Mixed support · 1 Not checked yet · accuracy not yet measured
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“both endurance-and resistance-type exercise help preserve muscle mass during weight loss”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
“adding exercise (endurance and resistance type) to a hypocaloric diet helps preserve muscle mass during weight loss”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med source
The Methods (Intervention) describe a program combining aerobic and resistance training. The Results (Body Weight and Composition) show that obese older adults receiving diet plus that exercise program lost less lean body mass than those receiving diet alone. The study supports the combined program, not either exercise type tested separately. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Supportedcites [65] Frimel, 2008, Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
The Discussion reports that an exercise program incorporating progressive resistance training reduced lean-tissue loss during weight loss in frail obese older adults. This supports the attributed claim about resistance-type exercise; the study did not isolate resistance training from other exercise components. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] Figueroa, 2013, Effects of hypocaloric diet, low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement, or both on aortic hemodynamics and muscle mass in obese postmenopausal women, Menopause source
- Partly supportedcites [93] Nicklas, 2015, Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that thigh muscle volume did not change in older overweight and obese adults who combined resistance training with caloric restriction. But they also report a significant loss of total lean mass, and the trial had no weight-loss-only group to show how much muscle resistance training preserved compared with weight loss without exercise. (LLM, conf=0.86)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“and could have adverse effects on metabolic function”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · hedged
“and could have adverse effects on metabolic function”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [106] Smith, 2016, High protein intake during weight loss therapy eliminates the weight loss-induced improvement in insulin action in postmenopausal women, Cell Reports source
The Introduction says high-protein intake could have detrimental metabolic effects. The Discussion reports that high-protein intake prevented the weight-loss-induced improvement in muscle insulin sensitivity in obese postmenopausal women, supporting the citing sentence’s qualified claim. (LLM, conf=0.93)
- Supportedcites [120] Linn, 2000, Effect of long-term dietary protein intake on glucose metabolism in humans, Diabetologia source
The Discussion reports that a high-protein diet reduced glucose disposal and oxidation while increasing hepatic glucose production. It says these changes resulted in insulin resistance and glucose intolerance, supporting the qualified claim that high protein intake could adversely affect metabolic function. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Not matchedcites [121] Linn, 1996, Effect of dietary protein intake on insulin secretion and glucose metabolism in insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus, J Clin Endocrinol Metab
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [122] Wang, 2010, Higher protein intake is associated with diabetes risk in South Asian Indians: the Metabolic Syndrome and Atherosclerosis in South Asians Living in America (MASALA) Study, J Am Coll Nutr source
The Conclusions report that higher protein intake was associated with increased odds of diabetes among South Asian Indians aged 45–79. That finding supports the cautious statement that high protein intake could have adverse metabolic effects, though the study does not establish causation. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [123] Tinker, 2011, Biomarker-calibrated dietary energy and protein intake associations with diabetes risk among postmenopausal women from the Women's Health Initiative, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Supportedcites [124] Sluijs, 2010, Dietary intake of total, animal, and vegetable protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)-NL study, Diabetes Care source
The Conclusions report that higher total and animal protein intake was associated with higher diabetes risk. They also describe possible adverse effects on glucose metabolism, including insulin resistance, supporting the hedged claim about metabolic function. (LLM, conf=0.91)
- Partly supportedcites [125] Levine, 2014, Low protein intake is associated with a major reduction in IGF-1, cancer, and overall mortality in the 65 and younger but not older population, Cell Metab sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Association between Protein and Mortality; page not provided) associate higher protein intake with increased diabetes-related mortality, which supports concern about a possible adverse metabolic effect. The paper does not show that high protein intake impairs metabolic function itself, and its Discussion notes that the effects of protein intake differ by age. (LLM, conf=0.82)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [126] Similä, 2012, Carbohydrate substitution for fat or protein and risk of type 2 diabetes in male smokers, Eur J Clin Nutr source
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · hedged
The sources with a verdict support this claim; the rest weren’t checked yet, have no full text we could read, or their verdicts aren’t rated yet.
In the paper
“both endurance-and resistance-type exercise help preserve muscle mass during weight loss”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
“adding exercise (endurance and resistance type) to a hypocaloric diet helps preserve muscle mass during weight loss”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (53,59,(62)(63)(64)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Supportedcites [63] Yoshimura, 2014, Aerobic exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle during energy restriction in adults with visceral adiposity, Obes Facts source
The Discussion reports that adding aerobic exercise to diet-induced weight loss attenuated the loss of thigh skeletal muscle mass compared with energy restriction alone. The study concerned middle-aged to elderly adults with visceral adiposity, and its finding supports the attributed point about endurance-type exercise. (LLM, conf=0.92)
- Supportedcites [53] Weiss, 2007, Lower extremity muscle size and strength and aerobic capacity decrease with caloric restriction but not with exercise-induced weight loss, J Appl Physiol source
The Discussion reports that thigh muscle size was preserved during exercise-induced weight loss and concludes that endurance exercise protects against energy-deficit-induced loss of muscle size. The paper limits this finding to muscles active during exercise; it does not claim that total muscle mass was preserved. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Ross, 2000, Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men: a randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“but does not improve muscle strength”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
“but does not improve muscle strength”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (‘Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function’; page not provided) reports that strength improved over 13 weeks in both groups, with no difference between them. This supports no additional strength benefit from the whey protein–, leucine–, and vitamin D–enriched supplement in obese older adults undergoing diet and resistance exercise, but not the broader claim that high protein intake does not improve strength during weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [98] Schollenberger, 2016, Impact of protein supplementation after bariatric surgery: a randomized controlled double-blind pilot study, Nutrition source
- Supportedcites [107] Longland, 2016, Higher compared with lower dietary protein during an energy deficit combined with intense exercise promotes greater lean mass gain and fat mass loss: a randomized trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Results report that strength increased in both groups for all exercises except isometric knee extension torque, but that no performance measure differed between the higher- and lower-protein groups. The Discussion likewise reports no differential strength response. Thus, higher protein did not provide an additional strength benefit during this energy-deficit intervention; strength did improve in both groups. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“high protein intake helps preserve lean body and muscle mass during weight loss”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“high protein intake helps preserve lean body and muscle mass”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [109] Kim, 2016, Effects of dietary protein intake on body composition changes after weight loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutr Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Conclusion (p. 13) says adults aged 50 and older better retain lean mass on energy-restricted higher-protein diets than on normal-protein diets. The section on lean mass versus skeletal muscle mass (pp. 9, 12) cautions against equating the two: only one included study directly measured skeletal muscle mass. Thus, the lean-mass claim is supported, but preservation of muscle mass specifically is not established by this review. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Discussion reports that a high-protein diet preserved fat-free mass more effectively than a normal-protein diet during weight loss in overweight adults. It also reports preservation of skeletal muscle mass in this trial’s obese older adults during a weight-loss program. (LLM, conf=0.90)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Whether increasing protein intake during weight loss can limit the weight-loss-induced loss of fat-free mass is unclear because of conflicting results reported in the literature (54, 56, 96, 98, 101-108).”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Effect of high-protein intake on lean body and muscle mass during diet-induced weight loss.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function; page unavailable) report that the enriched-supplement group preserved appendicular muscle mass better than controls during weight loss. The Introduction says data in obese older adults are limited, but the paper does not report conflicting results in the literature or conclude that the effect of increasing protein intake is unclear. Its intervention also combined protein with leucine and vitamin D, rather than testing protein alone. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- Partly supportedcites [96] Campbell, 2015, Higher total protein intake and change in total protein intake affect body composition but not metabolic syndrome indexes in middle-aged overweight and obese adults who perform resistance and aerobic exercise for 36 weeks, J Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction (page not supplied) says findings on protein intake and exercise-related body-composition changes are equivocal. The Discussion (page not supplied) reports no association between protein intake and change in lean mass in this study. Neither passage establishes that the literature specifically conflicts on preserving fat-free mass during weight loss; participants were not instructed to restrict their food intake for weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.79)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [98] Schollenberger, 2016, Impact of protein supplementation after bariatric surgery: a randomized controlled double-blind pilot study, Nutrition source
- Partly supportedcites [101] Layman, 2003, A reduced ratio of dietary carbohydrate to protein improves body composition and blood lipid profiles during weight loss in adult women, J Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion (page unavailable) says the ideal carbohydrate-to-protein ratio remains unknown and that few experimental studies exist. The Results (page unavailable) report a trend toward less lean-body-mass loss with higher protein intake (P = 0.07), but the paper does not describe conflicting findings in the literature about preservation of fat-free mass; its Discussion cites similar findings from other studies. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [102] Farnsworth, 2003, Effect of a high-protein, energy-restricted diet on body composition, glycemic control, and lipid concentrations in overweight and obese hyperinsulinemic men and women, Am J Clin Nutr source
The Body weight and body composition section (page not provided) reports no overall effect of the high-protein diet on lean-mass loss, although women lost significantly less lean mass on that diet. The Discussion (page not provided) contrasts this finding with a previous study in which lean mass was not spared, supporting the claim that the evidence is mixed. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites [103] Leidy, 2007, Higher protein intake preserves lean mass and satiety with weight loss in pre-obese and obese women, Obesity (Silver Spring) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Body Weight and Body Composition Changes section reports that higher protein intake preserved more lean body mass during weight loss, and the Discussion describes similar findings in earlier studies. The paper therefore supports the possibility that protein limits fat-free-mass loss, but the cited passages do not support the claim that conflicting results make the question unclear. (LLM, conf=0.83)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [104] Meckling, 2007, A randomized trial of a hypocaloric high-protein diet, with and without exercise, on weight loss, fitness, and markers of the metabolic syndrome in overweight and obese women, Appl Physiol Nutr Metab source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [105] Brehm, 2008, Benefits of high-protein weight loss diets: enough evidence for practice?, Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes source
- Partly supportedcites [106] Smith, 2016, High protein intake during weight loss therapy eliminates the weight loss-induced improvement in insulin action in postmenopausal women, Cell Reports sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Introduction says increased protein intake during weight loss helps preserve lean tissue mass, and the Results report about 45% less fat-free-mass loss in the high-protein group. The paper does not describe conflicting results in the literature as making that effect unclear; its Discussion instead questions the clinical importance of the small difference observed. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.84)
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The results from the most recent systematic review and meta-analysis (109) support a very small but significant beneficial effect (400-800 g of lean mass preservation) of high protein intake on fat-free mass during weight-loss therapy.”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Effect of high-protein intake on lean body and muscle mass during diet-induced weight loss.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [109] Kim, 2016, Effects of dietary protein intake on body composition changes after weight loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Nutr Rev sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The effects section (p. 8) reports significantly greater lean-mass retention with higher-protein diets during energy restriction: 0.45 kg in one analysis and 0.83 kg in another, broadly matching the quoted 400–800 g. The review studied adults aged 50 and older, however, while the citing sentence does not limit its claim to that population. (LLM, conf=0.85)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The reductions in muscle mass in young and old men and women with obesity after diet-induced weight-loss of 8-10% were ;2-10% (47, 52-56, 59, 62-66).”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Effect of diet-induced weight loss on muscle mass in persons with obesity
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [47] Bosy-Westphal, 2009, Contribution of individual organ mass loss to weight loss–associated decline in resting energy expenditure, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Body composition section reports a 3.2% mean reduction in skeletal muscle mass after diet-induced weight loss, within the claimed 2–10% range. But the Study protocol limits the participants to women aged 22–41, predominantly with obesity; the paper does not establish that range for men or older adults. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites [52] Santanasto, 2011, Impact of weight loss on physical function with changes in strength, muscle mass, and muscle fat infiltration in overweight to moderately obese older adults: a randomized clinical trial, J Obes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.4, page unavailable) report a 2.2% reduction in thigh muscle cross-sectional area, within the claimed 2–10% range. But §3.2 reports average weight loss of 5.5%, not 8–10%, and the trial studied older adults receiving physical activity alongside dietary weight loss; it does not establish the claim for young adults or diet-induced weight loss alone. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Partly supportedcites [53] Weiss, 2007, Lower extremity muscle size and strength and aerobic capacity decrease with caloric restriction but not with exercise-induced weight loss, J Appl Physiol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract reports a 6.9% decrease in thigh muscle volume after caloric restriction, within the claimed 2–10% range. But this study examined adults aged 50–60 with BMIs of 23.5–29.9, not young and old men and women with obesity generally; its caloric-restriction group also lost 10.7% of body weight on average, rather than 8–10%. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results sections (page not supplied) report a 0.5 kg mean reduction in appendicular muscle mass in the control group of obese older adults, so the paper supports the possibility of muscle loss during weight loss. But weight loss was about 3%, not 8–10%; the paper does not establish a 2–10% muscle-mass reduction or findings across young and old men and women. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Body Weight and Composition) report 10% weight loss and a 5% reduction in lean body mass with diet alone, within the claimed ranges. This study involved older adults, however; the Discussion says most participants were women and cautions against broader inference. It does not establish the stated range for young people or for men and women separately. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Ross, 2000, Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men: a randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med source
- Partly supportedcites [62] Ryan, 2014, Effects of weight loss and exercise on trunk muscle composition in older women, Clin Interv Aging sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Response to AEX+WL and WL; page unavailable) report an 8% decrease in erector spinae muscle area after weight loss, within the claimed 2–10% range. But the study involved older women only, measured trunk muscle area rather than overall muscle mass, and found no significant change in the other three muscle areas. It does not establish the claimed range across young and old men and women. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [63] Yoshimura, 2014, Aerobic exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle during energy restriction in adults with visceral adiposity, Obes Facts sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract Results (page unavailable) report a 5.1% reduction in thigh muscle cross-sectional area in the diet-only group, within the claimed 2–10% range. But that group's mean weight loss was 6.6%, not 8–10%, and the Discussion describes the participants as middle-aged to elderly, not young and old adults. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [64] Chomentowski, 2009, Moderate exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle mass that occurs with intentional caloric restriction-induced weight loss in older, overweight to obese adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report 9.2% weight loss and reductions of 4.3% in fat-free mass and 5.2% in thigh muscle area in the diet-only group, consistent with the claimed ranges. The study examined older adults, however; its Discussion refers to younger people only through previous research, and it could not determine meaningful differences by sex. (LLM, conf=0.88)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
Every source the paper cites for this claim was checked and supports it.
In the paper
“resistance-type exercise also improves muscle strength”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“and resistance-type exercise also improves muscle strength”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Supportedcites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med source
The Methods (Intervention) describe resistance training as part of the exercise program undertaken by the diet–exercise group. The Results (Strength, Balance, Gait, and Quality of Life) report a 35% increase in strength in that group during weight loss, compared with 3% in the diet-only group. The program also included aerobic exercise, so the study does not isolate the effect of resistance training alone. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Supportedcites [65] Frimel, 2008, Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
The Methods describe an exercise program incorporating progressive resistance training during weight loss. The Results report significant increases in one-repetition-maximum strength in the diet-plus-exercise group, while the diet-only group showed no change. (LLM, conf=0.94)
- Supportedcites [93] Nicklas, 2015, Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr source
The treatment-effects passage reports that knee extensor strength increased significantly by 13.0% in the resistance-training-plus-caloric-restriction group. The Discussion also states that strength gains with resistance training were not compromised by weight loss. The paper does not claim that adding caloric restriction improved knee extensor strength more than training alone. (LLM, conf=0.94)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Several investigators found that a progressive resistance exercise training program in conjunction with a hypocaloric diet attenuated the weight-loss-associated loss of muscle mass in middle-aged and older men and women (55,65,66).”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Effects of exercise training or increased physical activity on muscle mass during diet-induced weight loss.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Body Weight and Composition; page not supplied) report less lean-body-mass loss with diet plus exercise than with diet alone. The Methods describe a calorie-deficit diet and progressive resistance training, but the exercise program also included aerobic activity. Participants were at least 65 years old, so this paper does not establish the claim for middle-aged adults or isolate the effect of resistance training. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [65] Frimel, 2008, Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults, Med Sci Sports Exerc sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that adding exercise incorporating progressive resistance training to a weight-loss diet reduced lean-tissue loss by about half. The Methods identify the participants as frail obese older adults (mean age 70 ± 5 years), so this paper does not establish the claim for middle-aged adults. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [66] Figueroa, 2013, Effects of hypocaloric diet, low-intensity resistance exercise with slow movement, or both on aortic hemodynamics and muscle mass in obese postmenopausal women, Menopause source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Partly supported
- It may state two separate claims as one. 16
Some cited sources support this claim and some don’t — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“diet-induced weight loss reduces muscle mass without adversely affecting muscle strength”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · hedged
“weight loss reduces muscle mass without adversely affecting muscle strength and improves global physical function, most likely because of reduced fat mass”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [47] Bosy-Westphal, 2009, Contribution of individual organ mass loss to weight loss–associated decline in resting energy expenditure, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Body composition section reports a mean loss of 923 g of skeletal muscle mass after the low-calorie weight-loss intervention. The paper does not report a muscle-strength outcome, so it does not support the claim that strength was unaffected. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Disputedcites [52] Santanasto, 2011, Impact of weight loss on physical function with changes in strength, muscle mass, and muscle fat infiltration in overweight to moderately obese older adults: a randomized clinical trial, J Obes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Results §§3.4–3.5 report reduced thigh muscle area in the physical-activity-plus-weight-loss group, but also a 12.4% decline in knee extensor strength from baseline to six months (P = .01). The Discussion likewise says the group lost a significant amount of strength. The difference in strength change between intervention groups was not statistically significant (P = .11), but the paper does not support the claim that strength was unaffected. (LLM, conf=0.89)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Disputedcites [53] Weiss, 2007, Lower extremity muscle size and strength and aerobic capacity decrease with caloric restriction but not with exercise-induced weight loss, J Appl Physiol sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion states that caloric restriction reduced both muscle size and strength, contrary to the claim that strength was unaffected. It qualifies that the strength decrease was proportional to weight loss, but does not say strength was preserved. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.
- Partly supportedcites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
In “Muscle mass, muscle strength, and muscle function” (page not provided), the control group had a numerical decline in appendicular muscle mass, while muscle strength improved in both groups. The decline in muscle mass was not statistically significant within the control group, and all participants also performed resistance training. The findings therefore do not establish that diet-induced weight loss alone reduces muscle mass without adversely affecting strength. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Supportedcites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med source
In obese older adults, the Results (Body Weight and Composition) report a decrease in lean body mass in the diet group and similar changes in thigh muscle. The Results (Strength, Balance, Gait, and Quality of Life) report that strength, measured by total one-repetition maximum, was maintained in that group. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [59] Ross, 2000, Reduction in obesity and related comorbid conditions after diet-induced weight loss or exercise-induced weight loss in men: a randomized, controlled trial, Ann Intern Med source
- Partly supportedcites [62] Ryan, 2014, Effects of weight loss and exercise on trunk muscle composition in older women, Clin Interv Aging sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not available in our copy) report an 8% decrease in erector spinae muscle area after weight-loss interventions, but no significant area change in three other trunk muscles; this only partly supports a general claim about reduced muscle mass. The paper does not report whether muscle strength was preserved, so that part of the claim is unsupported. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [63] Yoshimura, 2014, Aerobic exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle during energy restriction in adults with visceral adiposity, Obes Facts sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that thigh muscle area decreased in the diet-only group, supporting the muscle-mass part of the claim. The Methods describe measurements of muscle area and body composition, but the paper does not report a muscle-strength outcome; it therefore cannot establish that strength was unaffected. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [64] Chomentowski, 2009, Moderate exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle mass that occurs with intentional caloric restriction-induced weight loss in older, overweight to obese adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that diet-induced weight loss significantly reduced muscle mass in older overweight to obese adults. It also states that the study did not include a muscular strength or power test, so it cannot support the claim that muscle strength was unaffected. (LLM, conf=0.91)
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · hedged
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“The potential health benefits of diet-induced weight loss are thought to be compromised by the weight-loss-associated loss of lean body mass, which could increase the risk of sarcopenia (low muscle mass and impaired muscle function).”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
“The potential health benefits of diet-induced weight loss could be compromised by the weight-loss-associated loss of lean body (including muscle) mass (9,10), which could increase the risk of sarcopenia (defined as low muscle mass and impaired muscle function) (10)(11)(12), especially in vulnerable populations, such as postmenopausal women and older adults (10,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18).”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [9] Gill, 2015, Weight management in older adults, Curr Obes Rep source
- Partly supportedcites [10] Miller, 2008, The danger of weight loss in the elderly, J Nutr Health Aging sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
- Not matchedcites (10)(11)(12)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites (10,(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · hedged
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“weight loss improves global physical function, most likely because of reduced fat mass”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
“improves global physical function, most likely because of reduced fat mass”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [52] Santanasto, 2011, Impact of weight loss on physical function with changes in strength, muscle mass, and muscle fat infiltration in overweight to moderately obese older adults: a randomized clinical trial, J Obes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Discussion report improved physical function in the physical-activity-plus-weight-loss group and suggest that fat loss explains the improvement. However, Results §3.6 found no significant difference in SPPB improvement between groups, and the Discussion notes that the study cannot distinguish weight loss alone from the activity intervention. The unqualified claim overstates what this trial establishes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results report that fat mass decreased and muscle function improved during the 13-week intervention; the Discussion says physical-performance measures improved in both groups. The paper does not establish that reduced fat mass was the likely reason, and it discusses both training and weight loss as possible contributors. It also reports specific performance measures rather than a measure of global physical function. (LLM, conf=0.84)
- Partly supportedcites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that weight loss improved physical function in obese older adults and suggests that changes in body composition could underlie the improvement. The claim omits that population restriction and presents reduced fat mass as a more likely explanation than the paper establishes. Page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- Partly supportedcites [93] Nicklas, 2015, Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page not specified) report improved physical-function measures in overweight and obese older adults receiving resistance training with caloric restriction, and associate greater fat loss with better 400-m walk time. The Discussion says fat-mass loss is a stronger predictor of functional improvement than lean-mass loss. The trial does not establish that reduced fat mass caused an improvement in global physical function: several measures improved similarly with resistance training alone, and the fat-loss analysis was correlational. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Partly supportedcites [115] Porter Starr, 2016, Improved function with enhanced protein intake per meal: a pilot study of weight reduction in frail, obese older adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract Results (page unavailable) report that both weight-loss groups improved physical function, and Results > Secondary Outcomes (page unavailable) report reduced fat mass in both groups. The paper does not establish that fat loss was the most likely cause of the functional improvement; the protein group improved more despite no between-group difference in fat-mass change. The findings also concern obese, functionally limited older adults, rather than weight loss generally. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [127] Steele, 2015, Impact of bariatric surgery on physical functioning in obese adults, Obes Rev source
- Partly supportedcites [128] Beavers, 2013, Fat mass loss predicts gain in physical function with intentional weight loss in older adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Discussion reports that fat mass loss predicts improvements in gait speed and mobility during intentional weight loss in older adults. The claim broadens those measured outcomes to global physical function and suggests a causal explanation, whereas the Discussion says the causal mechanisms have not been fully established. (LLM, conf=0.85)
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Abstract · hedged
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Weight loss is the cornerstone of therapy for people with obesity because it can ameliorate or completely resolve the metabolic risk factors for diabetes, coronary artery disease, and obesity-associated cancers.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“Obesity is associated with cardiometabolic diseases (e.g., diabetes and coronary artery disease) (1-3) and certain types of cancer (e.g., colon) (4-6), and diet-induced weight loss can ameliorate or completely resolve the metabolic risk factors (e.g., insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, increased blood pressure) for these conditions (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)(7)(8).”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [1] Klein, 2002, AGA technical review on obesity, Gastroenterology source
- Could not verifycites [2] Kirk, 2009, Pathogenesis and pathophysiology of the cardiometabolic syndrome, J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Abstract and Summary describe obesity-related metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk, but neither addresses weight loss as therapy. Searches for weight-loss treatment, resolution of risk factors, and obesity-associated cancers found no passage in our copy supporting the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.75)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [3] Klein, 2004, Circulation source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [4] Moghaddam, 2007, Obesity and risk of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of 31 studies with 70,000 events, Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [5] Gallagher, 2015, Obesity and diabetes: the increased risk of cancer and cancer-related mortality, Physiol Rev source
- Partly supportedcites [6] Wolin, 2010, Obesity and cancer, Oncologist sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The 'Weight Loss and Intermediate Endpoints' section reports improvements in insulin, glucose, and blood pressure with weight loss and increased activity; 'Counseling for Weight Loss' describes diabetes prevention, and 'Weight Loss and Cancer Risk Reduction' describes reduced cancer risk. The paper does not establish that weight loss completely resolves these risk factors, specifically addresses coronary artery disease, or calls weight loss the cornerstone of obesity therapy. Page numbers were not available for these passages. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Not matchedcites (1)(2)(3)(5)(6)(7)(8)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Diet-induced weight loss reduces muscle lipid content (assessed by X-ray attenuation or MRI) (52,62,63,74) and does not affect (55,65,93), or slightly decreases (48,52,56), leg muscle strength.”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Effect of high-protein intake on lean body and muscle mass during diet-induced weight loss.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [52] Santanasto, 2011, Impact of weight loss on physical function with changes in strength, muscle mass, and muscle fat infiltration in overweight to moderately obese older adults: a randomized clinical trial, J Obes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (§3.4) report reduced muscle lipid content, measured by CT muscle attenuation, in the physical-activity-plus-weight-loss group. The Results (§3.5) also report a significant 12.4% decline in knee extensor strength over six months, which is not clearly a slight decrease. Because the intervention combined diet-induced weight loss with physical activity, the study does not isolate the effect of diet alone. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [62] Ryan, 2014, Effects of weight loss and exercise on trunk muscle composition in older women, Clin Interv Aging sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Response to AEX+WL and WL; page unavailable) report reduced CT-measured intramuscular fat after diet-induced weight loss, although the reduction with weight loss alone was statistically significant only in the lateral abdominal muscle. The paper studies trunk muscles and does not report whether leg muscle strength was unchanged or slightly decreased after weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [63] Yoshimura, 2014, Aerobic exercise attenuates the loss of skeletal muscle during energy restriction in adults with visceral adiposity, Obes Facts sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Methods (Computed Tomography; page unavailable) identify low-density muscle area as a marker of lipid-rich skeletal muscle, and the Results report that it decreased in the diet-only group. This supports a reduction in lipid-rich muscle area, but not a direct measurement of muscle lipid content. The paper does not report whether diet-induced weight loss affected leg muscle strength. (LLM, conf=0.85)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [74] Teichtahl, 2016, Associations of surgical and nonsurgical weight loss with knee musculature: a cohort study of obese adults, Surg Obes Relat Dis source
- Partly supportedcites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (Body Weight and Composition; page unavailable) report reduced fat mass and similar changes in thigh fat after diet-induced weight loss, but do not establish a reduction in muscle lipid content. The Results (Strength, Balance, Gait, and Quality of Life; page unavailable) say total strength was maintained in the diet group; that measure included leg exercises but does not establish the claim specifically for leg muscle strength. (LLM, conf=0.78)
- Supportedcites [65] Frimel, 2008, Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
The Discussion states that weight loss decreases muscle fat infiltration. The Results report no change in muscle strength in the diet-only group over six months, including for leg exercises. This paper supports the 'does not affect' alternative, not the 'slightly decreases' alternative. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [93] Nicklas, 2015, Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The results report that thigh intermuscular adipose tissue decreased in the resistance-training-plus-caloric-restriction group, but it also decreased in the resistance-training-only group; the study therefore does not establish that diet-induced weight loss caused the reduction. Knee extensor strength increased in both groups, with no significant difference between them. Thus, the paper supports no additional effect of caloric restriction on leg strength during resistance training, not that leg strength was unchanged overall. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [48] Johnson, 1994, Loss of muscle mass is poorly reflected in grip strength performance in healthy young men, Med Sci Sports Exerc source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Grip strength and global measures of physical function, such as balance, walking speed, or climbing stairs, improve after weight loss (52, 54-56, 93, 115, 127).”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Effect of high-protein intake on lean body and muscle mass during diet-induced weight loss.
What the sources say
- Partly supportedcites [52] Santanasto, 2011, Impact of weight loss on physical function with changes in strength, muscle mass, and muscle fat infiltration in overweight to moderately obese older adults: a randomized clinical trial, J Obes sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
Results §3.6 (page unavailable) reports improved overall physical function in the physical-activity-plus-weight-loss group, measured by a battery that includes walking and balance; it found no significant difference in improvement between intervention groups. The paper does not report improved grip strength or stair-climbing performance, and its intervention combined weight loss with physical activity rather than testing weight loss alone. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [54] Verreijen, 2015, A high whey protein-, leucine-, and vitamin D–enriched supplement preserves muscle mass during intentional weight loss in obese older adults: a double-blind randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section (page not specified) says muscle strength and function improved over the 13-week weight-loss intervention, and Table 4 reports increased handgrip strength. The Methods section lists walking tests, but not balance or stair-climbing tests, so this paper does not support those specific examples. (LLM, conf=0.87)
- Partly supportedcites [55] Villareal, 2011, Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults, N Engl J Med sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results (page unavailable) report improved Physical Performance Test scores after diet-induced weight loss; the test includes walking, balance, and stair-climbing tasks. They also report improved balance in the diet group. However, the paper does not report grip strength, and its measured strength was maintained—not improved—in the diet-only group; gait-speed improvement was reported for the diet–exercise group, not the diet-only group. (LLM, conf=0.89)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [56] Backx, 2016, Protein intake and lean body mass preservation during energy intake restriction in overweight older adults, Int J Obes (Lond) source
- Partly supportedcites [93] Nicklas, 2015, Effects of resistance training with and without caloric restriction on physical function and mobility in overweight and obese older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Treatment effects results (page not provided) report improved grip strength, walking time, gait speed, and overall physical-performance score in older adults receiving resistance training plus caloric restriction. The Discussion (page not provided) says most functional gains were attributable to resistance training rather than weight loss; balance was not reported separately as improved, and stair climbing was not measured. (LLM, conf=0.88)
- Partly supportedcites [115] Porter Starr, 2016, Improved function with enhanced protein intake per meal: a pilot study of weight reduction in frail, obese older adults, J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results > Primary Outcomes section reports improved overall physical function scores in both weight-loss groups. But Results > Secondary Outcomes explicitly says handgrip strength remained unchanged, and the study measured chair stands rather than stair climbing. Thus the source supports improved global function, not the full claim. (LLM, conf=0.90)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [127] Steele, 2015, Impact of bariatric surgery on physical functioning in obese adults, Obes Rev source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Partly supported
The cited sources support only part of this claim — read each source’s verdict below.
In the paper
“Fish-oil-derived n-3 FA supplementation has been shown to improve muscle mass, strength, and physical function in weight-stable older adults (130, 131); and b-hydroxy-b-methylbutyrate, a metabolite of leucine, improved both muscle mass and strength in healthy young and older adults (132, 133).”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Potential novel dietary interventions to improve muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function during weight loss
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [130] Rodacki, 2012, Fish-oil supplementation enhances the effects of strength training in elderly women, Am J Clin Nutr source
- Partly supportedcites [131] Smith, 2015, Fish oil–derived n–3 polyunsaturated fatty acid therapy increases muscle mass and strength in older adults: a randomized controlled trial, Am J Clin Nutr sourceExperimental — accuracy not yet measured
The Results section reports increased thigh muscle volume and handgrip and one-repetition-maximum strength after six months of fish-oil n-3 PUFA therapy, without a significant change in body weight. The study assessed muscle strength and power, but did not directly demonstrate improved physical function; its increase in muscle power was a nonsignificant trend. The beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate claim is attached to different citations, not this paper. (LLM, conf=0.86)
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [132] Nissen, 2003, Effect of dietary supplements on lean mass and strength gains with resistance exercise: a meta-analysis, J Appl Physiol source
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [133] Wu, 2015, Effect of beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate supplementation on muscle loss in older adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis, Arch Gerontol Geriatr source
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim could be matched to a paper in Crossref, so there is nothing to check it against.
In the paper
“compared with persons with normal weight, those with obesity have more muscle mass but poor muscle quality”
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
“persons with obesity have more muscle mass than those with normal weight but poor muscle quality”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Abstract
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (26)(27)(28)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not matchedcites (27)(28)(29)(30)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Also stated in: § Summary and Conclusions · plain
In the paper
“obesity is associated with poor muscle quality, which adversely affects muscle function”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Effect of obesity on muscle quality and muscle function
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (27)(28)(29)(30)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these results suggest that resistance-type exercise is an effective strategy to attenuate or even prevent the weight-loss-induced loss of muscle mass during weight loss, whereas the effects of endurance-type exercise on muscle mass during weight loss are uncertain.”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Effects of exercise training or increased physical activity on muscle mass during diet-induced weight loss.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“In persons who are overweight or obese, fat-free mass contributes only ;20-30% to total weight loss (48,(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59), and weight regain does not prevent fat-free mass regain (49).”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Effect of diet-induced weight loss on muscle mass in persons with obesity
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (48,(50)(51)(52)(53)(54)(55)(56)(57)(58)(59)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Bosy-Westphal, 2014, Measuring the impact of weight cycling on body composition: a methodological challenge, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Moreover, both weight loss and weight gain are accompanied by corresponding changes in both body fat and fat-free (including muscle) mass (22)(23)(24)(25).”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (22)(23)(24)(25)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
In the paper
“Diet-induced weight loss in those with obesity therefore results in a more favorable fat-free mass to fat mass ratio despite loss of lean mass, and weight cycling (yo-yo effect) has no adverse effect on body composition in persons with obesity (49).”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Effect of diet-induced weight loss on muscle mass in persons with obesity
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [49] Bosy-Westphal, 2014, Measuring the impact of weight cycling on body composition: a methodological challenge, Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Studies that evaluated the effect of short-term (14-21 d) calorie restriction (;30-40% energy deficit/d) on the rate of muscle protein synthesis in young and middle-aged men and women who were overweight and obese found that calorie restriction decreases the postprandial rate of muscle protein synthesis and decreases or does not change the basal rate of muscle protein synthesis (75)(76)(77).”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Mechanisms responsible for loss of muscle mass during diet-induced weight-loss-protein synthesis versus breakdown
What the sources say
- Not matchedcites (75)(76)(77)
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Not matched
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these results suggest that weight loss, despite causing loss of muscle mass, has beneficial effects on muscle quality and improves overall physical function.”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Effect of high-protein intake on lean body and muscle mass during diet-induced weight loss.
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“A recent meta-analysis of studies conducted between 1996 and 2014 found a small but significant positive effect of dietary vitamin D supplementation on muscle strength, especially in older people with vitamin D insufficiency, but no effect on muscle mass (129).”
§ Preserving Healthy Muscle during Weight Loss 1-3 > Potential novel dietary interventions to improve muscle mass, muscle strength, and physical function during weight loss
What the sources say
- Not checked — no full text of the sourcecites [129] Beaudart, 2014, The effects of vitamin D on skeletal muscle strength, muscle mass, and muscle power: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials, J Clin Endocrinol Metab source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Resistance training directly counteracts the disproportionate loss of fat-free mass and the decline in resting energy expenditure (adaptive thermogenesis) that accompany rapid weight loss [25,70,78].”
From Adherence and Persistence with GLP-1-Based Therapies: International Real-World Evidence and the Role of Nutritional and Lifestyle Support—A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Rapid weight reduction from (but not limited to) GLP-1 use frequently leads to loss of both fat and muscle mass [62,63].”
From Nutritional priorities to support GLP-1 therapy for obesity: a joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Rapid weight reduction from (but not limited to) GLP‐1 use frequently leads to loss of both fat and muscle mass [62, 63].”
From Nutritional priorities to support GLP ‐1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Structured strength (resistance) training or mixed training (resistance plus aerobic) programs are well established to help preserve lean mass during weight reduction [62, 168].”
From Nutritional priorities to support GLP ‐1 therapy for obesity: A joint Advisory from the American College of Lifestyle Medicine, the American Society for Nutrition, the Obesity Medicine Association, and The Obesity Society (2025) · cites this paper as [62]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“with a recent meta-analysis showing that weight loss is associated with a loss of lean body mass of ~ 1.3 kg on average [7–9].”
From The effects of a home-based resistance training programme on body composition and muscle function during weight loss in people living with overweight or obesity: a randomised controlled pilot trial (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is also, during weight loss, research showing that a caloric restriction diet and the associated energy deficit may impair the muscle protein synthesis response to resistance exercise, limiting hypertrophic adaptations and the resources required to build new muscle tissue [7, 54, 55].”
From The effects of a home-based resistance training programme on body composition and muscle function during weight loss in people living with overweight or obesity: a randomised controlled pilot trial (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Indeed around ∼20–30% of weight lost is lean tissue”
From The effects of a home-based resistance training programme on body composition and muscle function during weight loss in people living with overweight or obesity: a randomised controlled pilot trial (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Although weight loss can sometimes decrease muscle strength due to the reduction in body mass [7], it often improves physical function by reducing the mechanical load on the body [69].”
From The effects of a home-based resistance training programme on body composition and muscle function during weight loss in people living with overweight or obesity: a randomised controlled pilot trial (2025) · cites this paper as [7]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Resistance training helps mitigate these effects by maintaining muscle mass and preserving metabolic capacity, including mitochondrial function and glucose utilization.”
From Weight maintenance after discontinuation of GLP-1 therapies (2026) · cites this paper as [75]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“by evidence that distributing protein intake of approximately 25–30 g across each of three to four daily meals maximizes the muscle protein synthetic response in adults [68,70].”
From Adherence and Persistence with GLP-1-Based Therapies: International Real-World Evidence and the Role of Nutritional and Lifestyle Support—A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“The recommendation to integrate MNT and behavioral support into routine care therefore rests on extrapolation from these trials and from the broader MNT literature in dyslipidemia, obesity, and T2DM [63,64,68,70], rather than from randomized comparisons of GLP-1 RA therapy with versus without formal MNT in real-world settings, which are presently lacking.”
From Adherence and Persistence with GLP-1-Based Therapies: International Real-World Evidence and the Role of Nutritional and Lifestyle Support—A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recommendations for elevated protein intake (1.2–1.5 g/kg/day in adults with chronic disease, with higher targets up to ~1.6 g/kg/day during active weight loss), combined with resistance training, are supported by primary trial data and aligned international consensus statements addressing protein requirements in older adults, in chronic disease, and during intentional weight loss [68,69,70,78],”
From Adherence and Persistence with GLP-1-Based Therapies: International Real-World Evidence and the Role of Nutritional and Lifestyle Support—A Narrative Review (2026) · cites this paper as [70]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Improving insulin sensitivity by weight loss interventions therefore contributes to an adaptive process of muscle mass and function.20”
From Changes in lean body mass with glucagon‐like peptide ‐1‐based therapies and mitigation strategies (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Collectively, these results suggest that exercise training mitigates skeletal muscle loss during weight loss, and programs including resistance training may be particularly effective [41].”
From Fundamental Body Composition Principles Provide Context for Fat-Free and Skeletal Muscle Loss With GLP-1 RA Treatments (2024) · cites this paper as [41]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“both endurance and resistance-type exercise help preserve muscle mass during weight loss, resistance-type exercise has been shown to also improve muscle strength.20”
From Changes in lean body mass with glucagon‐like peptide ‐1‐based therapies and mitigation strategies (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“both endurance and resistance-type exercise help preserve muscle mass during weight loss, resistance-type exercise has been shown to also improve muscle strength.20”
From Changes in lean body mass with glucagon‐like peptide ‐1‐based therapies and mitigation strategies (2024) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“According to the American College of Sports Medicine, people with obesity undergoing WL treatment should consume approximately 1.25–1.5 times the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for daily protein intake (for athletes > 1.5), with at least ∼25–30 g of protein per meal [83,84] to limit muscle mass loss.”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“According to recent studies, women with sarcopenia who take a high-protein supplement containing Branched-Chain Amino Acids (BCAAs), markedly with L-Leucine, can maintain lean body mass, but there are no differences in muscle strength compared to the placebo group [84,90,91].”
From Nutrition and Physical Activity in Optimizing Weight Loss and Lean Mass Preservation in the Incretin-Based Medications Era: A Narrative Review (2025) · cites this paper as [84]
In the citing paper
“Rapid weight reduction from (but not limited to) GLP-1 use frequently leads to loss of both fat and muscle mass [58,59].”
In the citing paper
“Structured strength (resistance) training or mixed training (resistance plus aerobic) [160] programs are well established to help preserve lean mass during weight reduction [58].”
In the citing paper
“Some degree of lean mass loss is a common phenomenon with acute weight loss induced by diet restrictions or bariatric surgery, with 5–25 % reductions in muscle mass being reported across various studies [23].”
From Antibody blockade of activin type II receptors preserves skeletal muscle mass and enhances fat loss during GLP-1 receptor agonism (2024) · cites this paper as [23]
In the citing paper
“Structured strength (resistance) training or mixed training (resistance plus aerobic) programs are well established to help preserve lean mass during weight reduction [62,168].”
Citations
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Attenuation of skeletal muscle and strength in the elderly: the Health ABC Study
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
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Changes in lean body mass with glucagon‐like peptide ‐1‐based therapies and mitigation strategies
Neeland, I. J., Linge, J., & Birkenfeld, A. L. (2024) · Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism · doi:10.1111/dom.15728 · Cited by 391
“20 Interestingly, GLP-1RAs and dual GLP-1R/GIPR agonists improve insulin sensitivity through weight loss and increase first-and second-phase insulin secretion via their insulinotropic actions.”
Clinical application of intermittent fasting for weight loss: progress and future directions
Varady, K. A., Cienfuegos, S., Ezpeleta, M., & Gabel, K. (2022) · Nature Reviews Endocrinology · doi:10.1038/s41574-022-00638-x · Cited by 398
Sarcopenic obesity: time to meet the challenge
Barazzoni, R., Bischoff, S. C., Boirie, Y., Busetto, L., Cederholm, T., Dicker, D., Toplak, H., Van Gossum, A., Yumuk, V., & Vettor, R. (2018) · Clinical Nutrition · doi:10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.018 · Cited by 260
Metadata
- Authors
- Cava, E., Yeat, N. C., & Mittendorfer, B.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Corresponding author
- Mittendorfer, Bettina
- Venue
- Advances in Nutrition
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2017-05
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 511-519
- ISSN
- 2156-5376 (ISSN-L)
- 2161-8313
- PMC
- PMC5421125
- OpenAlex
- W2615166425
- Cited by
- 452
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 90 · 2025: 87 · 2024: 81 · 2023: 45 · 2022: 62 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 26 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 5
- FWCI
- 1.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Advances in Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- IRIS Research product catalog (Sapienza University of Rome) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Rural Development Administration
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000448, DK56341, TR000448, UL1TR002345)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R01DK094483, P30DK056341)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Nutrition and Health in Aging
- Health Sciences › Nursing › Nutrition and Dietetics › Muscle metabolism and nutrition
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Muscle Physiology and Disorders
- Keywords
- weight loss, obesity, sarcopenia, lean body mass, muscle mass, muscle strength, physical function, protein intake, resistance training, endurance exercise, hypocaloric diet, fat mass, muscle quality
- MeSH terms
- Body Composition, Diet, Reducing, Dietary Proteins, Humans, Obesity, Weight Loss, Exercise, Body Mass Index, Muscle, Skeletal, Muscle Strength, Sarcopenia
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
A language model drew the claims from the paper on 2026-10-11, under version 3 of the claim definition (model deepseek-v4.1-flash, prompt extract-v3).
A second model labelled each claim on 2026-10-11 (model jev-1.13-20260917, definition revision gold-guideline-v0.2).
Cited sources are checked with a language model’s help (gpt-6-sol).
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
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