The Benefits of Targeted Memory Reactivation for Consolidation in Sleep are Contingent on Memory Accuracy and Direct Cue-Memory Associations.
Open accessAbstract
To investigate how the effects of targeted memory reactivation (TMR) are influenced by memory accuracy prior to sleep and the presence or absence of direct cue-memory associations. 30 participants associated each of 50 pictures with an unrelated word and then with a screen location in two separate tasks. During picture-location training, each picture was also presented with a semantically related sound. The sounds were therefore directly associated with the picture locations but indirectly associated with the words. During a subsequent nap, half of the sounds were replayed in slow wave sleep (SWS). The effect of TMR on memory for the picture locations (direct cue-memory associations) and picture-word pairs (indirect cue-memory associations) was then examined. TMR reduced overall memory decay for recall of picture locations. Further analyses revealed a benefit of TMR for picture locations recalled with a low degree of accuracy prior to sleep, but not those recalled with a high degree of accuracy. The benefit of TMR for low accuracy memories was predicted by time spent in SWS. There was no benefit of TMR for memory of the picture-word pairs, irrespective of memory accuracy prior to sleep. TMR provides the greatest benefit to memories recalled with a low degree of accuracy prior to sleep. The memory benefits of TMR may also be contingent on direct cue-memory associations. Research has demonstrated that memory reactivations in the sleeping brain can be triggered by re-exposing individuals in slow-wave sleep to sound cues previously associated with the newly-learned materials; a technique known as targeted memory reactivation (TMR). In this study, we examined how the success of TMR is influenced by (1) the presence or absence of direct cue-memory associations and (2) the accuracy with which newly-learned memories are recalled prior to sleep. Our findings suggest that low accuracy memories are more responsive to TMR and that the benefits of TMR for consolidation are contingent on the presence of direct cue-memory associations. These data have important implications for the potential educational applications of TMR.
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Efforts to enhance overnight consolidation via memory cueing in sleep are most effective when pre-sleep learning performance is low.
“Relatedly, efforts to enhance overnight consolidation via memory cueing in sleep are most effective when pre-sleep learning performance is low [21–23].”
From Sleep bolsters schematically incongruent memories (2022) · cites this paper as [22]
The Discussion reports that sleep cueing benefited picture-location memories recalled with low accuracy before sleep, but not those recalled with high accuracy. That finding concerns individual memories directly associated with the cues, not low overall pre-sleep learning performance. The “Memory Accuracy prior to Sleep” section says the study found no significant interaction between pre-sleep performance group and cueing, and calls for further research on overall learning performance. (LLM, conf=0.88)
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Hacking the functions of sleep: noninvasive approaches to stimulate sleep neurophysiology
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Awake targeted memory reactivation doesn’t work
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Manipulated overlapping reactivation of multiple memories promotes explicit gist abstraction
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Cueing memory during sleep is optimal during slow-oscillatory up-statesPreprint
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Interpreting Sleep Activity Through Neural Contrastive LearningPreprint
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No evidence for a targeted memory reactivation effect on word-meaning priming
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Odor‐Cued Targeted Reactivation Was Unable to Selectively Benefit Declarative Memories During Sleep
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Self-citation
- Authors
- Cairney, S. A., Lindsay, S., Sobczak, J. M., Paller, K. A., & Gaskell, M. G.
- Affiliations
- University of York (GB)
- University of Hull (GB)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cairney, Scott A.
- Venue
- SLEEP
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2016-05-01
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 1139-1150
- ISSN
- 0161-8105 (ISSN-L)
- 1550-9109
- PMC
- PMC4835313
- OpenAlex
- W2343262575
- Cited by
- 93
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 1
- FWCI
- 5.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- SLEEP (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository@Hull (Worktribe) (University of Hull) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/I038586/1, 1368027)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory Processes and Influences
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Memory and Neural Mechanisms
- Keywords
- targeted memory reactivation, sleep-dependent memory consolidation, slow-wave sleep, memory accuracy, memory decay, auditory cues, memory reactivation
- MeSH terms
- Memory Consolidation, Acoustic Stimulation, Adolescent, Adult, Cues, Female, Humans, Male, Photic Stimulation, Mental Recall, Semantics, Sleep, Sound, Young Adult
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