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Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-being: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Open accessAbstract
IMPORTANCE: Many people meditate to reduce psychological stress and stress-related health problems. To counsel people appropriately, clinicians need to know what the evidence says about the health benefits of meditation. OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy of meditation programs in improving stress-related outcomes (anxiety, depression, stress/distress, positive mood, mental health-related quality of life, attention, substance use, eating habits, sleep, pain, and weight) in diverse adult clinical populations. EVIDENCE REVIEW: We identified randomized clinical trials with active controls for placebo effects through November 2012 from MEDLINE, PsycINFO, EMBASE, PsycArticles, Scopus, CINAHL, AMED, the Cochrane Library, and hand searches. Two independent reviewers screened citations and extracted data. We graded the strength of evidence using 4 domains (risk of bias, precision, directness, and consistency) and determined the magnitude and direction of effect by calculating the relative difference between groups in change from baseline. When possible, we conducted meta-analyses using standardized mean differences to obtain aggregate estimates of effect size with 95% confidence intervals. FINDINGS: After reviewing 18 753 citations, we included 47 trials with 3515 participants. Mindfulness meditation programs had moderate evidence of improved anxiety (effect size, 0.38 [95% CI, 0.12-0.64] at 8 weeks and 0.22 [0.02-0.43] at 3-6 months), depression (0.30 [0.00-0.59] at 8 weeks and 0.23 [0.05-0.42] at 3-6 months), and pain (0.33 [0.03- 0.62]) and low evidence of improved stress/distress and mental health-related quality of life. We found low evidence of no effect or insufficient evidence of any effect of meditation programs on positive mood, attention, substance use, eating habits, sleep, and weight. We found no evidence that meditation programs were better than any active treatment (ie, drugs, exercise, and other behavioral therapies). CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Clinicians should be aware that meditation programs can result in small to moderate reductions of multiple negative dimensions of psychological stress. Thus, clinicians should be prepared to talk with their patients about the role that a meditation program could have in addressing psychological stress. Stronger study designs are needed to determine the effects of meditation programs in improving the positive dimensions of mental health and stress-related behavior.
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The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Next-generation behavioral treatments such as mindfulness training have shown promise both in efficacy and cost (treatment is largely delivered in group format), with effect sizes rivaling gold-standard treatments (Goyal et al., 2014; Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010).”
From Can Mindfulness Mechanistically Target Worry to Improve Sleep Disturbances? Theory and Study Protocol for App-Based Anxiety Program. (2020) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Recent reviews of well-designed, randomized controlled trials comparing mindfulness treatments (primarily MBSR and MBCT) to active control conditions indicate that MBIs are effective in treating a broad range of outcomes among diverse populations.”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“MBIs have demonstrated efficacy in reducing anxiety and depression symptom severity in a broad range of treatment-seeking individuals.”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions for Anxiety and Depression (2017) · cites this paper as [11]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“non-CBT treatments such as mindfulness-based interventions consisting solely of meditative practice71–73 or bias modification programs74, 75, which may be seen as requiring less effort to deliver, have shown some promise in reducing GAD severity but often did not enroll GAD patients with prominent levels of depression72), restore patients to high endstate functioning75, 76, or significantly resolv”
From AN OPEN TRIAL OF EMOTION REGULATION THERAPY FOR GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER AND COOCCURRING DEPRESSION: Research Article: An Open Trial of Emotion Regulation Therapy (2015) · cites this paper as [73]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Findings that meditation, when practiced successfully, led to feeling more calm or alert are consistent with Goyal et al.'s (2014) systematic review of meditation programs used with varied clinical adult populations, which reported small to moderate effects in reducing multiple domains of psychological stress.”
From “Giving yourself some breathing room…”: an exploration of group meditation for people with aphasia (2021) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Research is limited on the long-term effects of MBIs in general on psychological well-being; one review found that only 11% (5/47) of studies had follow-up of one year or longer (Goyal et al., 2014).”
From Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Weight Loss Intervention on Long-term Psychological Well-being Among Adults with Obesity: Secondary Analyses from the Supporting Health by Integrating Nutrition and Exercise (SHINE) Trial (2022) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Research is limited on the long-term effects of MBIs in general on psychological well-being; one review found that only 11% (5/47) of studies had follow-up of one year or longer (Goyal et al., 2014).”
From Effects of a Mindfulness-Based Weight Loss Intervention on Long-term Psychological Well-being Among Adults with Obesity: Secondary Analyses from the Supporting Health by Integrating Nutrition and Exercise (SHINE) Trial (2022) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“These interventions result in favorable outcomes in terms of subthreshold variables and disorders-for example, anxiety, depression, and perceived stress (Baer, Carmody, & Hunsinger, 2012;Chiesa & Serretti, 2009;Goyal et al., 2014;Hofmann, Sawyer, Witt, & Oh, 2010;Khoury, Sharma, Rush, & Fournier, 2015;Nykl ı cek & Kuijpers, 2008;Strauss, Cavanagh, Oliver, & Pettman, 2014)-and are effective in”
From A Mindfulness-Based Intervention: Differential Effects on Affective and Processual Evolution (2018) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Various other contemplative trainings have experienced a rise in the attention of research on stress reduction programs, thanks to their efficacy in alleviating stress on subjective and neuroendocrine levels (15–17).”
From Reducing neuroendocrine psychosocial stress response through socio-emotional dyadic but not mindfulness online training (2024) · cites this paper as [15]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“can improve emotion regulation, ameliorate symptoms underlying anxiety and depression and boost positive mood (Goyal et al., 2014; Hofmann et al., 2010; Jain et al., 2007).”
From Impact of short- and long-term mindfulness meditation training on amygdala reactivity to emotional stimuli (2018) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This review corroborated earlier findings indicating that fewer than 25% of meditation trials included methods for assessing adverse events [3, 33].”
From Unpleasant meditation-related experiences in regular meditators: Prevalence, predictors, and conceptual considerations (2019) · cites this paper as [3]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“First, the vast majority (>75%) of meditation studies do not actively assess adverse effects [2, 54]; instead, they rely solely on patients to spontaneously report any difficulties to the researchers or teachers.”
From The varieties of contemplative experience: A mixed-methods study of meditation-related challenges in Western Buddhists (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“There is moderate evidence for anxiety, depression, and pain improvement; a little on stress/distress improvement and mental health-related quality of life; and no evidence on positive mood and physical symptoms (e.g., appetite, sleep, weight) [199].”
From Relationship of Psychological Flexibility and Mindfulness to Caregiver Burden, and Depressive and Anxiety Symptoms in Caregivers of People with Dementia (2023) · cites this paper as [199]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness training (MT) has shown efficacy for anxiety; yet, widespread adoption has been limited, partly because of the difficulty in scaling in-person–based delivery.”
From Clinical Efficacy and Psychological Mechanisms of an App-Based Digital Therapeutic for Generalized Anxiety Disorder: Randomized Controlled Trial (2021) · cites this paper as [25]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses involving hundreds of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggest that meditation training can decrease psychological symptoms (eg, depression, anxiety, stress) and increase aspects of well-being and positive functioning (eg, meaning in life, compassion, prosocial behavior) [6-15].”
From Testing the efficacy of a multicomponent, self-guided, smartphone-based meditation app: Three-armed randomized controlled trial (2020) · cites this paper as [10]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“mindfulness, psychological flexibility, and psychological mindedness (PM) have been determined as factors that can directly affect the levels of psychological distress”
From Fear of COVID‐19 and COVID‐19 stress and association with sociodemographic and psychological process factors in cases under surveillance in a frontline worker population in borneo (2021) · cites this paper as [26]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Current research shows that acceptance- and mindfulness-based therapies can be considered effective interventions for treating anxiety and depression [9, 20] as well as parental stress [21, 22].”
From Psychological inflexibility explains distress in parents whose children have chronic conditions (2018) · cites this paper as [20]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Several recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses have documented a consistent effect of MBSR on improving subjective, patient-reported outcomes, including symptoms of stress, anxiety, depression, pain, and quality of life [8–11].”
From Mindfulness Meditation Targets Transdiagnostic Symptoms Implicated in Stress-Related Disorders: Understanding Relationships between Changes in Mindfulness, Sleep Quality, and Physical Symptoms (2018) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Results replicated pre-post changes in mindfulness and other self-reported psychosocial outcomes documented in recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses [8–11, 36, 37].”
From Mindfulness Meditation Targets Transdiagnostic Symptoms Implicated in Stress-Related Disorders: Understanding Relationships between Changes in Mindfulness, Sleep Quality, and Physical Symptoms (2018) · cites this paper as [8]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A recent meta-analysis of Goyal et al. [56] found that studies comparing a mindfulness intervention with comparison conditions (active controls) showed no significant differences on the FFMQ or other mindfulness measures.”
From How and for whom does web-based acceptance and commitment therapy work? Mediation and moderation analyses of web-based ACT for depressive symptoms (2016) · cites this paper as [56]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“A similar under-reporting has been found by two meta-analyses of mindfulness-based therapeutic interventions. Only 9 trials out of 47 (19%) (108) and 36 trials out of 231 (16%) (25) reported AEs.”
From Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation‐based therapies: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [108]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“However, adverse events are seldom reported as highlighted by a previous systematic review which showed that only 19% of included trials had studied potential adverse events (Goyal 2014).”
From Mindfulness-based interventions for adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (2021) · cites this paper as Goyal 2014
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based interventions, such as Mindfulness-based Stress Reduction, have shown consistent anxiety reduction.”
From Can Mindfulness Mechanistically Target Worry to Improve Sleep Disturbances? Theory and Study Protocol for App-Based Anxiety Program. (2020) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“MBIs are not only associated with positive changes in psychological processes41”
From Feasibility, Acceptability, and Efficacy of Mindfulness Training in People With Upper Motor Neuron Disorders: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This method was recently reported in a systematic review on MBIs.41”
From Feasibility, Acceptability, and Efficacy of Mindfulness Training in People With Upper Motor Neuron Disorders: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based interventions have reliable effects on multiple indices of stress (Goyal et al., 2014), and also appear to have beneficial effects on DT and WMC (e.g., Chiesa, Calati & Serretti, 2011; Jha, Stanley, Kiyonaga, Wong, & Gelfand, 2010; McCracken & Keogh, 2009).”
From A randomized controlled trial protocol for engaging distress tolerance and working memory to aid smoking cessation in low socioeconomic status (SES) adults (2020) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Recent empirical studies have found improvements in coping with anxiety and stress in both healthy (Sedlmeier Loße, & Quasten, 2018) and clinical populations with mental health problems when practising meditation (Goyal et al., 2014).”
From “Giving yourself some breathing room…”: an exploration of group meditation for people with aphasia (2021) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Although a meta-analysis did not find statistically significant evidence for the beneficial effect of meditation programs on positive mood (Goyal et al., 2014)”
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“For example, a 2014 review of publications about the rather narrower topic of meditation used for stress reduction and well-being identified 18,753 unique items drawn from eight databases (of which only 47 studies met reasonable inclusion criteria, such as being randomised, using controls, and original data.”
From Terms Of Engagement: Text, Technique And Experience In Scholarship On Theravada Meditation (2019) · cites this paper as Goyal et al. 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Buddhist-derived meditation practices inform treatment programs such as “mindfulness-based interventions” (MBIs), which are being applied towards the alleviation of a wide range of ailments, including stress [2], addiction [3], chronic pain [4], mood disorders [5], psychiatric disorders [6], and medical conditions [7].”
From The varieties of contemplative experience: A mixed-methods study of meditation-related challenges in Western Buddhists (2017) · cites this paper as [2]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“However, many of these effects are based on studies that do not have appropriate control groups, warranting an important need for further study [for reviews, see15,16].”
From Cluster-based psychological phenotyping and differences in anxiety treatment outcomes (2023) · cites this paper as [15]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness‐based interventions have shown some efficacy in the treatment of psychiatric disorders relating to or involving these negative affective states (Goyal 2014; Marchand 2013).”
From Mindfulness for smoking cessation (2022) · cites this paper as Goyal 2014
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“These results are consistent with the results of meta-analysis studies, which have shown positive effects from mindfulness-meditation programs for depression and anxiety at post-intervention and FU [30, 31].”
From Changes in depression and anxiety through mindfulness group therapy in Japan: The role of mindfulness and self-compassion as possible mediators (2019) · cites this paper as [31]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Only 9 trials out of 47 (19%) (108) and 36 trials out of 231 (16%) (25) reported AEs.”
From Adverse events in meditation practices and meditation‐based therapies: a systematic review (2020) · cites this paper as [108]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Another meta-analysis has shown a similar pattern of non-significant or weak results concerning the effects of meditation on psychological stress and well-being when compared to active controls20.”
From The limited prosocial effects of meditation: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [20]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Also, the majority of meta-analyses on the benefits of meditation acknowledge the pervasive methodological shortcomings of the studies analysed, but still suggest that such results are ‘encouraging’ or ‘promising’20,21,26,59–62.”
From The limited prosocial effects of meditation: A systematic review and meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [20]
The check wasn’t confident either way, so it gives no verdict — never disputed.
In the citing paper
“but also with improved biological processes.”
From Feasibility, Acceptability, and Efficacy of Mindfulness Training in People With Upper Motor Neuron Disorders: A Systematic Review (2022) · cites this paper as [41]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“MBIs modestly outperform non-specific control conditions (conditions that control for time and instructor attention but that lack components intended to be therapeutic54) on psychiatric symptoms in clinical samples6,77 and show effects of similar magnitude for depression and anxiety symptoms in non-clinical samples (although confidence intervals around effect size estimates are wider due largely”
From A common factors perspective on mindfulness-based interventions (2022) · cites this paper as [77]
In the citing paper
“Additionally, limited studies have examined the effectiveness of MBIs in real-life settings (92) and how best to disseminate these efficacious interventions into the community.”
From Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Psychiatry (2018) · cites this paper as [92]
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness-based approaches have been shown clinically to be effective for chronic pain,8 stress,9 depression,10 and anxiety.10”
From A Mindfulness-Based Intervention to Control Weight After Bariatric Surgery: Preliminary Results From a Randomized Controlled Pilot Trial (2016) · cites this paper as [9]
In the citing paper
“Interventions that involve mindfulness meditation are attractive because of their reported impact on comorbid symptoms of anxiety, depression, and pain (Blanck et al., 2018; Goyal et al., 2014; Hofmann et al., 2010; Newby et al., 2015; Strauss et al., 2014).”
From Feasibility and acceptability of mindful recovery opioid use care continuum (M-ROCC): A concurrent mixed methods study (2021) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Preliminary studies indicate that mindfulness meditation holds promise for reducing the distress of chronic pain.5,16,35”
From Randomized, wait-list–controlled pilot study of app-delivered mindfulness for patients reporting chronic pain (2021) · cites this paper as [16]
In the citing paper
“These sources of bias have been identified in previous systematic reviews of RCTs of meditation interventions generally (e.g., Goyal et al., 2014).”
From Home practice in Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy and Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction: A systematic review and meta-analysis of participants’ mindfulness practice and its association with outcomes (2017) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses have found MBIs to outperform non-specific active control conditions and produce significant effects on depressive and anxious symptomatology (Goyal et al., 2014).”
From Mindfulness-Oriented Recovery Enhancement versus CBT for co-occurring substance dependence, traumatic stress, and psychiatric disorders: Proximal outcomes from a pragmatic randomized trial (2016) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Meta-analyses demonstrate moderate effects of 8-week MBPs on anxiety, depression, and quality of life during chronic disease.37,38”
From Mindfulness training enhances self-regulation and facilitates health behavior change for primary care patients: A randomized controlled trial (2019) · cites this paper as [37]
In the citing paper
“Less than a quarter of studies on meditation assessed possible adverse effects, which leads to a probable underestimation.4,5”
From Prevalence, predictors and types of unpleasant and adverse effects of meditation in regular meditators: international cross-sectional study (2022) · cites this paper as [4]
In the citing paper
“The focus of the study conducted by Goyal et al., in 2014 was on the effect of mindfulness sessions on mental health. They investigated 3515 patients in 47 studies and concluded that this training can reduce patients' stress and anxiety and regulate their negative behaviors.[23]”
In the citing paper
“Mindfulness training (MT) is gaining evidence and interest as a potential treatment for anxiety [20-25].”
From Physician Anxiety and Burnout: Symptom Correlates and a Prospective Pilot Study of App-Delivered Mindfulness Training (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“This study builds on previous research that indicates that mindfulness-based interventions delivered in-person can decrease anxiety in individuals with moderate to severe anxiety (eg, generalized anxiety disorder) and decrease physician burnout [20,28,45,46].”
From Physician Anxiety and Burnout: Symptom Correlates and a Prospective Pilot Study of App-Delivered Mindfulness Training (2020) · cites this paper as [20]
In the citing paper
“Second, because this was a pilot study, we used TAU as a control group, which does not adequately control for “placebo effects” secondary to non-specific factors like attention in patient-clinician interactions (Goyal et al., 2014).”
From Effects of mindfulness-based cognitive therapy on body awareness in patients with chronic pain and comorbid depression (2016) · cites this paper as Goyal et al., 2014
In the citing paper
“Importantly, it appears that a carefully matched non-specific control condition has not been used in previous studies [22, 23, 28, 51, 55]”
From Psychological interventions improve quality of life despite persistent pain in endometriosis: results of a 3-armed randomized controlled trial (2023) · cites this paper as [55]
In the citing paper
“Our results differ in some respects from those of recent reviews looking at MBPs for university students [29,31] and from those looking at MBPs for patients with mental health problems [57,292].”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Goyal, M., Singh, S., Sibinga, E. M. S., Gould, N. F., Rowland-Seymour, A., Sharma, R., Berger, Z., Sleicher, D., Maron, D. D., Shihab, H. M., Ranasinghe, P. D., Linn, S., Saha, S., Bass, E. B., & Haythornthwaite, J. A.
- Affiliations
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Goyal, Madhav
- ORCID
- Venue
- JAMA Internal Medicine
- Publisher
- American Medical Association (AMA)
- Published
- 2014-03-01
- Volume
- 174
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 357
- ISSN
- 2168-6106 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4142584
- OpenAlex
- W2084605964
- Cited by
- 2,380
- References
- 94
- Citations by year
- 2026: 200 · 2025: 246 · 2024: 163 · 2023: 159 · 2022: 187 · 2021: 188 · 2020: 311 · 2019: 203 · 2018: 178 · 2017: 177 · 2016: 175 · 2015: 135 · 2014: 57
- FWCI
- 213.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- JAMA Internal Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (UL1TR001079)
- U.S. Public Health Service (HHSA-290-2007-10061)
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD052459)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
- Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
- Keywords
- meditation program, mindfulness meditation, psychological stress, anxiety, depression, mental health-related quality of life, pain, positive mood, sleep, substance use, dietary habits, attention, weight, well-being, stress-related health problems, treatment efficacy, placebo effect, risk of bias
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Affect, Anxiety, Depression, Humans, Quality of Life, Stress, Psychological, Meditation
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