Two scales for measuring patients’ perceptions for coercion during mental hospital admission
Abstract
Legal and extra-legal coercion are pervasive in mental hospital admission and there are sharp disputes about its appropriate role. This article presents two scales for measuring psychiatric patients' perceptions of coercion during hospital admission and reports data on these scales' internal consistency. We measure patients' perceptions of coercion by asking questions, in either an interview or questionnaire format, about their experience of lack of control, choice, influence, and freedom in hospital admission. Patients' responses to questions about their perceptions of coercion were highly internally consistent. The internal consistency of the scale was robust with respect to variation in site, instrument format, patient population, and interview procedure. Correspondence analysis was used to construct two numerical scales of perceived coercion.
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Most studies focused on inpatient settings and relied heavily on standardized tools, such as the MacArthur Admission Experience Survey or the Coercion Ladder, to measure coercion.
“Notably, most studies focused on inpatient settings and relied heavily on standardized tools, such as the MacArthur Admission Experience Survey [188] or the Coercion Ladder [189], to measure coercion.”
From Factors Associated with Perceived Coercion in Adults Receiving Psychiatric Care: A Scoping Review (2025) · cites this paper as [188]
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- Authors
- Gardner, W., Hoge, S. K., Bennett, N., Roth, L. H., Lidz, C. W., Monahan, J., & Mulvey, E. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Pittsburgh (US)
- Corresponding author
- Gardner, William
- Venue
- Behavioral Sciences & the Law
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 1993-06
- Volume
- 11
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 307-321
- ISSN
- 0735-3936 (ISSN-L)
- 1099-0798
- OpenAlex
- W2155774656
- Cited by
- 342
- References
- 10
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 40 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 13 · 2012: 14
- FWCI
- 7.53
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral Sciences & the Law (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- The Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Network (American Medical Association) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Healthcare Decision-Making and Restraints
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychiatric care and mental health services
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Ethics and bioethics in healthcare
- Keywords
- coercion, psychiatric hospital admissions, patient perspectives, internal consistency, involuntary psychiatric admission, patient autonomy, freedom of choice
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Mental Disorders, Coercion, Female, Hospitalization, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychometrics, Surveys and Questionnaires, Observer Variation, Multivariate Analysis, Linear Models
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