Recollection and familiarity: Examining controversial assumptions and new directions

“…and Brown, 2006; Diana et al., 2007), and have led to the development of a number of dual-process theories of recognition (e.g., Atkinson and Juola, 1974; Mandler, 1980; Jacoby, 1991; Yonelinas, 1994; Aggleton and Brown, 1999; Reder et al., 2000; Kelley and Wixted, 2001; Rotello et al., 2004).”

“For example, in a review of remember/know, source memory and ROC studies that included recollection and familiarity contrasts, 16 of 19 studies showed that the hippocampus was involved in recollection, whereas only two showed hippocampal involvement in familiarity (Eichenbaum et al., 2007).”

“…1998; Kopelman et al., 2007), and damage to the PFC is associated with more pronounced deficits in tests of source memory than tests of item recognition (e.g., Milner, 1971; Milner et al., 1985; Janowsky et al., 1989; Shimamura et al., 1990; Johnson et al., 1997; but see Swick et al., 2006).”

“This idea is supported by evidence that PFC lesions disrupt recall more than recognition (for reviews, see Wheeler et al., 1995, 1997; but see Kopelman and Stanhope, 1998; Kopelman et al., 2007), and damage to the PFC is associated with more pronounced deficits in tests of source memory than tests…”

“In studies of patients with relatively selective hippocampal damage, recall is often found to be disrupted to a greater extent than recognition (Vargha-Khadem et al., 1997; Holdstock et al., 2000; Baddeley et al., 2001; Mayes et al., 2001; Bastin et al., 2004; Holdstock et al., 2008; Adlam et al.,…”

“Evidence from a broad range of paradigms has provided support for these claims (for earlier reviews, see Aggleton and Brown, 1999, 2001; Yonelinas, 2002; Eichenbaum et al., 2007).”

“The signal detection and threshold assumptions are consistent with recent neurocomputational models of recognition (e.g., Norman and O’Reilly, 2003; Elfman et al., 2008 also see Murdock, 1974).”

“In collaboration with Howard Eichenbaum, Charan Ranganath, and Rachel Diana, we have taken preliminary steps toward integrating these results with the DPSD model (Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Diana et al., 2007).”

“However, the neuroimaging literature suggests that the PFC is involved in both recollection and familiarity during encoding and retrieval (Henson et al., 2000; Dobbins et al., 2004; Yonelinas et al., 2005; Blumenfeld and Ranganath, 2007).”

“In addition to perception and short-term memory, the MTL also appears to play a role in the processing and detection of novelty (for reviews, see Ranganath and Rainer, 2003; Nyberg, 2005; Kumaran and Maguire, 2007, 2009).”

“, 2007), and damage to the PFC is associated with more pronounced deficits in tests of source memory than tests of item recognition (e.g., Milner, 1971; Milner et al., 1985; Janowsky et al., 1989; Shimamura et al., 1990; Johnson et al., 1997; but see Swick et al., 2006).”

“For example, Mayes et al. (2007) have argued that individuals are able to use familiarity to link aspects of an event that come from the same processing domain (e.g., a face–face pair), whereas across-domain associations (e.g., a face–name pair) require recollection.”

“However, the neuroimaging literature suggests that the PFC is involved in both recollection and familiarity during encoding and retrieval (Henson et al., 2000; Dobbins et al., 2004; Yonelinas et al., 2005; Blumenfeld and Ranganath, 2007).”

“The latter finding is interesting in light of prior work suggesting that the PRc and PHc seem to be particularly important for processing of object and spatial information, respectively (Bar and Aminoff, 2003; Pihlajamaki et al., 2004; Buffalo et al., 2006; Litman et al., 2009).”

“VC 2010 WILEY-LISS, INC. model, which is often treated as the classical single-process model (e.g., Egan, 1958; Donaldson, 1996; Dunn, 2004), does not provide an adequate account for results from associative or source memory tests (e.g., Kelley and Wixted, 2001; Decarlo, 2002; Rotello et al., 2004;…”

“Second, the PHc is often associated with recollection, even in cases in which there are little or no spatial retrieval demands (e.g., Ranganath et al., 2003; Dolcos et al., 2005; Fenker et al., 2005; Yonelinas et al., 2005).”

“The finding that MTL amnesia leads to symmetrical item recognition ROCs has now been replicated numerous times (e.g., Yonelinas et al., 2002; Aggleton et al., 2005; Cipolotti et al., 2006; Wais et al., 2006; Kirwan et al., 2010).”

“A large number of such studies have now been published and they provide converging evidence that the hippocampus is involved primarily in recollection (for reviews, see Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Skinner and Fernandes, 2007; Wais, 2008).”

“This pattern of results has now been replicated in well over 50 published experiments (for a review, see Yonelinas and Parks, 2007; for similar results in studies of rats see Sauvage et al., 2008).”

“Hippocampus (e.g., Manns et al., 2003, Stark and Squire, 2003; Wais et al., 2006; Gold et al., 2006b, Kirwan et al., 2010).”

“ROCs have been examined in odor recognition studies in rats, and have indicated that selective hippocampal lesions impair recollection but spare familiarity-based recognition (Fortin et al., 2004).”

“This prediction was initially tested by examining recognition ROCs in patients with amnesia with extensive medial temporal lobe (MTL) damage (Yonelinas et al., 1998).”

“…found to be disrupted to a greater extent than recognition (Vargha-Khadem et al., 1997; Holdstock et al., 2000; Baddeley et al., 2001; Mayes et al., 2001; Bastin et al., 2004; Holdstock et al., 2008; Adlam et al., 2009; but see Reed and Squire, 1997; Manns and Squire, 1999; Kopelman et al., 2007).”

“…that hippocampal damage is associated with deficits in perceptual or short-term memory tasks involving complex spatial scenes or relational stimuli (Lee et al., 2005a,b; Hannula et al., 2006; Olson et al., 2006; Piekema et al., 2006; for reviews, see Bussey and Saksida, 2007; Graham et al., 2010).”

“…that hippocampal damage is associated with deficits in perceptual or short-term memory tasks involving complex spatial scenes or relational stimuli (Lee et al., 2005a,b; Hannula et al., 2006; Olson et al., 2006; Piekema et al., 2006; for reviews, see Bussey and Saksida, 2007; Graham et al., 2010).”

“…that hippocampal damage is associated with deficits in perceptual or short-term memory tasks involving complex spatial scenes or relational stimuli (Lee et al., 2005a,b; Hannula et al., 2006; Olson et al., 2006; Piekema et al., 2006; for reviews, see Bussey and Saksida, 2007; Graham et al., 2010).”

“6B; Bowles et al., 2007).”

“In fact, there is now evidence that the PRc is important in complex visual discrimination tasks that make little explicit demands on long-term memory (Bussey et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2005a,b, 2007; for a review, see Bussey and Saksida, 2007).”

“However, the neuroimaging literature suggests that the PFC is involved in both recollection and familiarity during encoding and retrieval (Henson et al., 2000; Dobbins et al., 2004; Yonelinas et al., 2005; Blumenfeld and Ranganath, 2007).”

“This idea is supported by evidence that PFC lesions disrupt recall more than recognition (for reviews, see Wheeler et al., 1995, 1997; but see Kopelman and Stanhope, 1998; Kopelman et al., 2007), and damage to the PFC is associated with more pronounced deficits in tests of source memory than tests…”

“, 2008), and hippocampal damage selectively disrupts recollection (Aggleton et al., 2005).”

“…in studies of source recognition (Diana et al., 2008, 2010), associative recognition of word pairs (e.g., Quamme et al., 2007; Haskins et al., 2008; for related ERP results see Rhodes and Donaldson, 2007, 2008), and associative recognition for intact and rearranged faces (Yonelinas et al., 1999).”

“In fact, there is now evidence that the PRc is important in complex visual discrimination tasks that make little explicit demands on long-term memory (Bussey et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2005a,b, 2007; for a review, see Bussey and Saksida, 2007).”

“In fact, there is now evidence that the PRc is important in complex visual discrimination tasks that make little explicit demands on long-term memory (Bussey et al., 2002; Lee et al., 2005a,b, 2007; for a review, see Bussey and Saksida, 2007).”

“Familiarity can contribute to accurate associative and source recognition judgments when pairs of items, or items and sources, are ‘‘unitized’’ (i.e., treated as single items rather than as arbitrary pairings; Yonelinas et al., 1999; Yonelinas, 1999; Quamme et al., 2007).”

“However, in a recent fMRI study (Haskins et al., 2008), word pairs encoded in a unitized fashion were associated with increased activity in the PRc, and activation in this region during encoding predicted subsequent familiarity-based associative recognition responses (for similar results at…”

“The relationship between novelty detection and recognition memory processes is not yet fully understood, but one possibility is that the efficacy of encoding is directly related to the novelty of the study item (Tulving et al., 1994; Tulving and Kroll, 1995).”

“…and Brown, 2006; Diana et al., 2007), and have led to the development of a number of dual-process theories of recognition (e.g., Atkinson and Juola, 1974; Mandler, 1980; Jacoby, 1991; Yonelinas, 1994; Aggleton and Brown, 1999; Reder et al., 2000; Kelley and Wixted, 2001; Rotello et al., 2004).”

“…whereas damage that includes both the hippocampus and the surrounding MTL leads to deficits in both recollection and familiarity (e.g., Verfaellie and Treadwell, 1993; Knowlton and Squire, 1995; Blaxton and Theodore, 1997; Schacter et al., 1996, Schacter et al., 1997; Yonelinas et al., 1997).”

“Hippocampus (e.g., Manns et al., 2003, Stark and Squire, 2003; Wais et al., 2006; Gold et al., 2006b, Kirwan et al., 2010).”

“…exhibit more pronounced deficits on associative and source memory tests than on item recognition tests (e.g., Gold et al., 2006a, experiment 1; Holdstock et al., 2005, Mayes et al., 2002; Turriziani et al., 2004; but see Gold et al., 2006a, experiment 2; Stark et al., 2002; Gold et al., 2006b).”

“In studies of patients with relatively selective hippocampal damage, recall is often found to be disrupted to a greater extent than recognition (Vargha-Khadem et al., 1997; Holdstock et al., 2000; Baddeley et al., 2001; Mayes et al., 2001; Bastin et al., 2004; Holdstock et al., 2008; Adlam et al., 2009; but see Reed a…”

“In studies of patients with relatively selective hippocampal damage, recall is often found to be disrupted to a greater extent than recognition (Vargha-Khadem et al., 1997; Holdstock et al., 2000; Baddeley et al., 2001; Mayes et al., 2001; Bastin et al., 2004; Holdstock et al., 2008; Adlam et al., 2009; but see Reed a…”

“…or the fact that items that are associated with correct source recollection can lead to different levels of recognition confidence, have sometimes been interpreted as evidence against threshold-based models (Slotnick et al., 2000; Slotnick and Dodson, 2005; Wixted, 2007; Mickes et al., 2009).”

“(A) Source recognition ROCs for items encoded under high and low unitization conditions (Diana et al., 2008).”

“…that hippocampal damage is associated with deficits in perceptual or short-term memory tasks involving complex spatial scenes or relational stimuli (Lee et al., 2005a,b; Hannula et al., 2006; Olson et al., 2006; Piekema et al., 2006; for reviews, see Bussey and Saksida, 2007; Graham et al., 2010).”

“…or the fact that items that are associated with correct source recollection can lead to different levels of recognition confidence, have sometimes been interpreted as evidence against threshold-based models (Slotnick et al., 2000; Slotnick and Dodson, 2005; Wixted, 2007; Mickes et al., 2009).”

“In addition to perception and short-term memory, the MTL also appears to play a role in the processing and detection of novelty (for reviews, see Ranganath and Rainer, 2003; Nyberg, 2005; Kumaran and Maguire, 2007, 2009).”

“…whereas damage that includes both the hippocampus and the surrounding MTL leads to deficits in both recollection and familiarity (e.g., Verfaellie and Treadwell, 1993; Knowlton and Squire, 1995; Blaxton and Theodore, 1997; Schacter et al., 1996, Schacter et al., 1997; Yonelinas et al., 1997).”

“, 2007), and it can play a role in associative and source memory under conditions that promote unitization of item–item or item–source information (Staresina and Davachi, 2006; Haskins et al., 2008; Diana et al., 2010).”

“, 2007), and damage to the PFC is associated with more pronounced deficits in tests of source memory than tests of item recognition (e.g., Milner, 1971; Milner et al., 1985; Janowsky et al., 1989; Shimamura et al., 1990; Johnson et al., 1997; but see Swick et al., 2006).”

“Several studies examining patients with fornix lesions have indicated that these patients exhibit selective deficits in recollection (e.g., Carlesimo et al., 2007; Vann et al., 2009).”

“…exhibit more pronounced deficits on associative and source memory tests than on item recognition tests (e.g., Gold et al., 2006a, experiment 1; Holdstock et al., 2005, Mayes et al., 2002; Turriziani et al., 2004; but see Gold et al., 2006a, experiment 2; Stark et al., 2002; Gold et al.,…”

“For example, Sherman et al. (2003) extended the DPSD model by proposing a ‘‘variable recollection dual-process model’’ in which recollection is assumed to be a threshold process, but the items that are above the recollective threshold form a Gaussian distribution (for related ideas see Macho, 2002;…”

“Hippocampus (e.g., Manns et al., 2003, Stark and Squire, 2003; Wais et al., 2006; Gold et al., 2006b, Kirwan et al., 2010).”

“The latter finding is interesting in light of prior work suggesting that the PRc and PHc seem to be particularly important for processing of object and spatial information, respectively (Bar and Aminoff, 2003; Pihlajamaki et al., 2004; Buffalo et al., 2006; Litman et al., 2009).”

“…example, studies using a variety of process estimation methods, such as the remember/ know, ROC, and source recognition paradigms have indicated that PFC damage can impair both recollection and familiarity (Duarte et al., 2005; Farovik et al., 2008; MacPherson et al., 2008; Kishiyama et al., 2009).”

“…severe deficits in their ability to recollect details about prior events, but often show remarkably preserved familiarity-based discrimination (Huppert and Piercy, 1978), the DPSD model assumes that the hippocampus is particularly important in forming and retrieving the arbitrary associations…”

“…al., 2009), whereas damage that includes both the hippocampus and the surrounding MTL leads to deficits in both recollection and familiarity (e.g., Verfaellie and Treadwell, 1993; Knowlton and Squire, 1995; Blaxton and Theodore, 1997; Schacter et al., 1996, Schacter et al., 1997; Yonelinas et…”

“…exhibit more pronounced deficits on associative and source memory tests than on item recognition tests (e.g., Gold et al., 2006a, experiment 1; Holdstock et al., 2005, Mayes et al., 2002; Turriziani et al., 2004; but see Gold et al., 2006a, experiment 2; Stark et al., 2002; Gold et al., 2006b).”

“…is often found to be disrupted to a greater extent than recognition (Vargha-Khadem et al., 1997; Holdstock et al., 2000; Baddeley et al., 2001; Mayes et al., 2001; Bastin et al., 2004; Holdstock et al., 2008; Adlam et al., 2009; but see Reed and Squire, 1997; Manns and Squire, 1999; Kopelman…”

“This has been verified in studies of associative recognition (Giovanello et al., 2006; Quamme et al., 2007) and source recognition (Diana et al.”

“…in studies of source recognition (Diana et al., 2008, 2010), associative recognition of word pairs (e.g., Quamme et al., 2007; Haskins et al., 2008; for related ERP results see Rhodes and Donaldson, 2007, 2008), and associative recognition for intact and rearranged faces (Yonelinas et al., 1999).”

“In addition to perception and short-term memory, the MTL also appears to play a role in the processing and detection of novelty (for reviews, see Ranganath and Rainer, 2003; Nyberg, 2005; Kumaran and Maguire, 2007, 2009).”

“Volumetric data linking hypoxia to hippocampal atrophy were not available in the previous study, but this was directly addressed in a similar study of healthy aging (Yonelinas et al., 2007), which showed that reductions in hippocampal volume were associated with declines in recollection, but not familiarity.”

“A number of studies have suggested that the PFC might be particularly important for recollection (Janowsky et al., 1989; Wheeler et al., 1997; Davidson and Glisky, 2002; Wheeler and Stuss, 2003).”

“In fact, fornix damage appears to lead to selective recollection impairments in both anterograde and retrograde amnesia (Gilboa et al., 2006).”

“Although this issue has yet to be systematically examined, evidence from several single case studies demonstrates that right hemisphere hippocampal damage is sufficient to impair both recollection and familiarity for scenes (Carlesimo et al., 2001, Cipolotti et al., 2006; Bird et al., 2007, 2008).”

“…recollection’’ (Yonelinas and Jacoby, 1996; Parks, 2007), and it can bias estimates of recollection and familiarity, and can play havoc with imaging or patient studies that use very restrictive measures of source memory to assess recollection and familiarity (e.g., Wais et al., 2010).”

“…example, studies using a variety of process estimation methods, such as the remember/ know, ROC, and source recognition paradigms have indicated that PFC damage can impair both recollection and familiarity (Duarte et al., 2005; Farovik et al., 2008; MacPherson et al., 2008; Kishiyama et al., 2009).”

“The latter finding is interesting in light of prior work suggesting that the PRc and PHc seem to be particularly important for processing of object and spatial information, respectively (Bar and Aminoff, 2003; Pihlajamaki et al., 2004; Buffalo et al., 2006; Litman et al., 2009).”

“…ROC, and process dissociation procedures have now verified that selective hippocampal damage disrupts recollection but not familiarity (e.g., Bastin et al., 2004; Aggleton et al., 2005; Bird et al., 2008; Brandt et al., 2008; Peters et al., 2008; Turriziani et al., 2008b; Jager et al.,…”

“However, the neuroimaging literature suggests that the PFC is involved in both recollection and familiarity during encoding and retrieval (Henson et al., 2000; Dobbins et al., 2004; Yonelinas et al., 2005; Blumenfeld and Ranganath, 2007).”

“Second, the PHc is often associated with recollection, even in cases in which there are little or no spatial retrieval demands (e.g., Ranganath et al., 2003; Dolcos et al., 2005; Fenker et al., 2005; Yonelinas et al., 2005).”

“…familiarity-based item recognition responses (for reviews, see Eichenbaum et al., 2007), and it can play a role in associative and source memory under conditions that promote unitization of item–item or item–source information (Staresina and Davachi, 2006; Haskins et al., 2008; Diana et al., 2010).”

“…1998; Kopelman et al., 2007), and damage to the PFC is associated with more pronounced deficits in tests of source memory than tests of item recognition (e.g., Milner, 1971; Milner et al., 1985; Janowsky et al., 1989; Shimamura et al., 1990; Johnson et al., 1997; but see Swick et al., 2006).”

“This idea is supported by evidence that PFC lesions disrupt recall more than recognition (for reviews, see Wheeler et al., 1995, 1997; but see Kopelman and Stanhope, 1998; Kopelman et al., 2007), and damage to the PFC is associated with more pronounced deficits in tests of source memory than tests…”

“Behavioral evidence indicates that both recollection and familiarity are increased when items are processed or presented in a novel manner at study (Dobbins et al., 1998; Kishiyama and Yonelinas, 2003).”

“For example, Yonelinas et al. (2002; also see Quamme et al., 2004) obtained recall and recognition data from a large group of mild hypoxic patients expected to have selective hippocampal damage, and used structural equation modeling to examine the effects of hypoxia on the latent variables…”

“Several studies examining patients with fornix lesions have indicated that these patients exhibit selective deficits in recollection (e.g., Carlesimo et al., 2007; Vann et al., 2009).”

“Although this issue has yet to be systematically examined, evidence from several single case studies demonstrates that right hemisphere hippocampal damage is sufficient to impair both recollection and familiarity for scenes (Carlesimo et al., 2001, Cipolotti et al., 2006; Bird et al., 2007, 2008).”

“For example, Sherman et al. (2003) extended the DPSD model by proposing a ‘‘variable recollection dual-process model’’ in which recollection is assumed to be a threshold process, but the items that are above the recollective threshold form a Gaussian distribution (for related ideas see Macho, 2002;…”

“As illustrated in Figure 6B, additional studies using process estimation methods such as remember/know, ROC, and process dissociation procedures have now verified that selective hippocampal damage disrupts recollection but not familiarity (e.g., Bastin et al., 2004; Aggleton et al., 2005; Bird et al., 2008; Brandt et…”

“…have now verified that selective hippocampal damage disrupts recollection but not familiarity (e.g., Bastin et al., 2004; Aggleton et al., 2005; Bird et al., 2008; Brandt et al., 2008; Peters et al., 2008; Turriziani et al., 2008b; Jager et al., 2009), whereas damage that includes both the…”

“Moreover, the PRc has been shown to be sensitive to stimulus repetition in semantic judgment tasks (O’Kane et al., 2005; Voss et al., 2009), and it appears to be necessary for conceptual implicit memory (Wang et al., in press).”

“…1996; Dunn, 2004), does not provide an adequate account for results from associative or source memory tests (e.g., Kelley and Wixted, 2001; Decarlo, 2002; Rotello et al., 2004; for a review see Yonelinas and Parks, 2007), although it can account for results from some item recognition tests.”

“Hippocampus (e.g., Manns et al., 2003, Stark and Squire, 2003; Wais et al., 2006; Gold et al., 2006b, Kirwan et al., 2010).”

“In studies of patients with relatively selective hippocampal damage, recall is often found to be disrupted to a greater extent than recognition (Vargha-Khadem et al., 1997; Holdstock et al., 2000; Baddeley et al., 2001; Mayes et al., 2001; Bastin et al., 2004; Holdstock et al., 2008; Adlam et al., 2009; but see Reed a…”

“…made highly similar (e.g., a study list consisting of 200 photos of very similar suburban houses), source recognition ROCs (i.e., was the picture initially on the left or right side of the screen?) become much more curved than is typically the case in tests of source memory (Elfman et al., 2008).”

“In the absence of histological evidence, however, it is possible that the familiarity deficits observed in this group were due to damage outside the hippocampus (Yonelinas et al., 2004).”

“Moreover, patients with lesions to the hippocampus do not benefit from stimulus novelty, as indexed using the von Restorff paradigm, in either recollection or familiarity (Kishiyama et al., 2004).”

“Hippocampus (e.g., Manns et al., 2003, Stark and Squire, 2003; Wais et al., 2006; Gold et al., 2006b, Kirwan et al., 2010).”

“…example, studies using a variety of process estimation methods, such as the remember/ know, ROC, and source recognition paradigms have indicated that PFC damage can impair both recollection and familiarity (Duarte et al., 2005; Farovik et al., 2008; MacPherson et al., 2008; Kishiyama et al., 2009).”

“Although procedures like free recall and remember/know tests do not easily lend themselves to animal studies, the ROC procedures can be readily adapted (for a review, see Eichenbaum et al., 2010).”

“In studies of patients with relatively selective hippocampal damage, recall is often found to be disrupted to a greater extent than recognition (Vargha-Khadem et al., 1997; Holdstock et al., 2000; Baddeley et al., 2001; Mayes et al., 2001; Bastin et al., 2004; Holdstock et al., 2008; Adlam et al., 2009; but see Reed a…”

“In addition, different types of recollection may be differentially diagnostic and so may support different levels of confidence (cf. Yonelinas, 1999).”

“…example, studies using a variety of process estimation methods, such as the remember/ know, ROC, and source recognition paradigms have indicated that PFC damage can impair both recollection and familiarity (Duarte et al., 2005; Farovik et al., 2008; MacPherson et al., 2008; Kishiyama et al., 2009).”

“Although this issue has yet to be systematically examined, evidence from several single case studies demonstrates that right hemisphere hippocampal damage is sufficient to impair both recollection and familiarity for scenes (Carlesimo et al., 2001, Cipolotti et al., 2006; Bird et al., 2007, 2008).”

“As illustrated in Figure 6B, additional studies using process estimation methods such as remember/know, ROC, and process dissociation procedures have now verified that selective hippocampal damage disrupts recollection but not familiarity (e.g., Bastin et al., 2004; Aggleton et al., 2005; Bird et al., 2008; Brandt et…”

“…recollection but not familiarity (e.g., Bastin et al., 2004; Aggleton et al., 2005; Bird et al., 2008; Brandt et al., 2008; Peters et al., 2008; Turriziani et al., 2008b; Jager et al., 2009), whereas damage that includes both the hippocampus and the surrounding MTL leads to deficits in both…”

“In studies of patients with relatively selective hippocampal damage, recall is often found to be disrupted to a greater extent than recognition (Vargha-Khadem et al., 1997; Holdstock et al., 2000; Baddeley et al., 2001; Mayes et al., 2001; Bastin et al., 2004; Holdstock et al., 2008; Adlam et al., 2009; but see Reed a…”

“…the cortical medial temporal lobe (MTL) regions appear to support episodic memory function in conjunction with the hippocampus, a number of memory models suggest dissociable representations and processes linked to these subregions [Norman, 2010; Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010].”

“…details is not sufficient to produce the subjective experience of recollection, which could have important implications for psychological and neural theories of recognition memory (Eichenbaum et al. 2007, Mayes et al. 2007, Wixted & Mickes 2010, Wixted & Squire 2011, Yonelinas et al. 2010).”

“…neuroimaging and animal studies has indicated that within the MTL, the hippocampus is critical for recollection, whereas the surrounding perirhinal cortex is critical for familiarity (for reviews see Diana et al. 2007; Eichenbaum et al. 2007; Yonelinas et al. 2010; but see Squire et al. 2007).”

“REVIEW ARTICLE published: 177 April 2012 doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00091”

“In one popular model (see Yonelinas et al., 2010), recollection and familiarity are assumed to be independent.”

“Although the ROC method has been quite fruitful, it does have important limitations (for reviews, see Yonelinas et al., 2010; Yonelinas & Parks, 2007).”

“In typical recognition memory studies, many patients with hippocampal damage show severe recollection impairments and intact familiarity (Yonelinas et al., 2002; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Two old/new effects have garnered particular attention because they consistently behave in a way that converges with dual-process models of recognition memory, which state that recognition judgments can be supported by two independent processes: familiarity, a strength-like indicator of previous occurrence and recolle…”

“…with results from other methods that do not rely on ROCs such as the process dissociation, remember/know, structural equation and second-choice paradigms (for reviews see Yonelinas & Parks, 2007; Yonelinas, 2002; Yonelinas et al, 2010; but also see Wixted, 2007; and Parks &Yonelinas, 2007).”

“On the one hand, studies have suggested that recollection is related to the hippocampus, while familiarity is related to the adjacent MTL regions (Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Squire et al., 2007; Montaldi and Mayes, 2010; Wixted and Squire, 2010; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Accurately reporting that an object has been seen before (recognition memory) may be supported by recollection of the specific prior event, or by a general feeling of familiarity for the object.(32) The recollective aspect of recognition memory has been linked to hippocampal function.”

“These different types of memory differentially tax hippocampal processing: recollection, but not familiarity, is critically dependent on the hippocampus (for review, see Yonelinas et al. 2010).”

“…2008; Tibon & Levy, 2014a, 2014b; Tibon, Ben-Zvi, & Levy, 2014; Yonelinas, Kroll, Dobbins, & Soltani, 1999; for review, see Mecklinger & Jäger, 2009; Yonelinas et al., 2010).1 Arguably, in such cases familiarity can contribute to associative recognition due to direct links between the components…”

“The recognition judgement likely invokes familiarity memory that uses the perirhinal cortex (Diana et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Data were analyzed using the same method as Zhang and Luck (2008) to estimate the quantity (i.”

“The finding whereby participants did not report any erroneous context-words also pertains to the ongoing debate as to whether source memory judgments (and Remember responses) reflect episodic recollection, or whether they stem from some sort of familiarity judgment [33,34,50].”

“Functional MTL accounts have prominently focused on psychologically distinct processes underlying recognition memory, i.e., recollection and familiarity: PRC is thought to support familiarity and a PHC–HC network is thought to sup- port recollection (Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“, 1997; Tulving, 2002), and it is well established that the experience of recollection is a determinant of hippocampal engagement during episodic memory retrieval, whether the episode is recent or remote (Nadel and Moscovitch, 1997; Moscovitch and Nadel, 1998; Moscovitch et al., 2005; Aggleton and Brown, 2006; Eichenb…”

“Both Yonelinas et al. (2010) and Norman (2010) discuss situations where similarity is so high that pattern separation fails.”

“The findings are incompatible, however, with the commonly held assumption that, unlike the signal supporting familiarity, the signal supporting recollection is thresholded (cf. Wixted et al. 2010 and Yonelinas et al. 2010).”

“…pilot study, we asked subjects to press “associative memory” if they had any recollection of the encoding event, including the context word (footnote continued) (similar to the “remember” response option in the “remember-know” task; Tulving, 1989; Yonelinas et al., 2010; Yonelinas et al., 1998).”

“The trials in which no subsequent recall occurred are not process-pure familiarity occurrences, because recall of details associated with the recognition cue, but not diagnostic of the unique paired associate, may have occurred (non-criterial recollection; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“recollection-based memory processes (Yonelinas 1994; Wixted 2007; Yonelinas et al. 2010; Wolk and Dickerson 2011), as well as controlled search/retrieval processes.”

“In contrast, we do not expect to see a strong relationship between implicit memory and recognition responses that were based on recollection, because recollection is generally associated with processes supported by the hippocampus rather than the perirhinal cortex (for reviews, see Diana et al., 2007; Eichenbaum et al…”

“Yonelinas et al. (2010), for instance, highlighted the role of the PFC in recognition memory, concluding that the extant evidence favors a prefrontal contribution to recollection, in particular during encoding.”

“For instance, patients with selective hippocampal damage exhibit more pronounced deficits on tasks related to recollection processes, such as associative and source memory tasks (Holdstock et al., 2005; Gold et al., 2006; for a review see Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“$w aterm ark-text $w aterm ark-text $w aterm ark-text (Yonelinas et al., 2010), which makes the VPC pattern of activation difficult to attribute to recollection processes alone.”

“It is precisely this item-specific recollection that is also sensitive to pattern separation deficits (Norman, 2010; Yonelinas et al., 2010), thus the perceptual condition may be more sensitive to such deficits than the conceptual condition.”

“(Yonelinas et al., 2010), recollection involves controlled search for and evaluation of contextual details (Yonelinas, 2002) and is a threshold “some-or-none” process, where either some qualitative information about an event is recollected, with varying degree of specificity (Murray et al.”

“…episodic retrieval of information together with the context and elaborations from encoding (Tulving, 2002) rather than familiarity (i.e. a relatively automatic process of global assessment of memory strength or stimulus fluency (for reviews, see Yonelinas, 2002 and Yonelinas et al., 2010)).”

“Recollection refers to the retrieval of qualitative information about a specific study episode [15].”

“something has been experienced before, despite an inability to bring to mind qualitative details about the prior event (Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Together, the case of NB and the data from the present TLEþ patients support the influential but still contentious notion that processes of item-based familiarity assessment can be dissociated from recollection at the level of MTL functioning (Aggleton & Brown, 1999; Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Montaldi & Mayes, 2010; Yo…”

“…from differing (but not necessarily contradictory) perspectives, including the types of mnemonic processes [e.g., familiarity: Brown et al. (2010), Yonelinas et al. (2010)], computational operations [e.g., pattern generalization: Norman (2010)], and/or representational content [e.g.,…”

“gyrus, plays a critical role in episodic long-term memory (Squire and Zola-Morgan, 1991; Aggleton and Brown, 2006; Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010), but whether the MTL is necessary for short-term memory is controversial.”

“Recognition memory has been largely described as being supported by two processes, familiarity and recollection (Mandler, 1980; Yonelinas and Levy, 2002; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“This is often contrasted with familiarity-based recognition, in which memory for single items can vary in strength without specific recall of event associative information (Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“, remember/know test [Tulving 1985]) indeed dissociate these two processes (e.g., Perfect 1996; Yonelinas 2002; Parks and Yonelinas 2007; Yonelinas et al. 2010), or whether they in fact only separate strong memories from weaker ones (Donaldson 1996; Dunn Memory Retrieval in Mice and Men”

“…versus continuous accounts of recollection have been extensively debated within the behavioral literature (Slotnick, 2013; Mickes et al., 2009; Yonelinas et al., 2010), to date relatively little progress has been made in characterizing the mechanism supporting recollection at a neural level…”

“In addition, methodological considerations suggest that the modeling of the underlying processes of recollection and familiarity is not yet clear (e.g., the singlevs. dual-process hypothesis, Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“One kind of memory task which is thought to make familiaritybased decisions insufficient to support correct responding are associative tests (Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Consistent with the familiarity/recollection model of recognition memory (Yonelinas et al, 2010), two ERP components have been linked to different aspects of recognition processes: the frontal N400 (FN400) reflecting familiarity and the late positive component (LPC) indexing recollection (Yu and…”

“As Yonelinas et al. (2010) noticed, unitization is rather a continuum than a dichotomy coming along with different forms and various ways of creating unitized associations.”

“…pairs may have been directly associated, allowing for familiarity-based associative memory The second exception suggests that new associations can be recognized on the basis of familiarity, if they were unitized at encoding (Quamme et al., 2007; Yonelinas, 2002; Yonelinas, Aly, Wang, & Koen, 2010).”

“According to dual process models of recognition memory, recognition memory can be supported by two functionally distinct processes (Yonelinas et al., 2010).”

“Hippocampus critical for recollection (Schacter et al., 1996; Aggleton and Brown, 1999; Eldridge et al., 2000; Yonelinas, 2002; Eichenbaum et al., 2007; Yonelinas et al., 2010).”