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Polycystic ovary syndrome throughout a woman’s life
Open accessAbstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine disorder among reproductive-aged women and the main cause of infertility due to anovulation. However, this syndrome spans the lives of women affecting them from in-utero life until death, leading to several health risks that can impair quality of life and increase morbidity and mortality rates. Fetal programming may represent the beginning of the condition characterized by hyperandrogenism and insulin resistance which leads to a series of medical consequences in adolescence, adulthood, and old age. Menstrual and fertility problems evolve into metabolic complications as age advances. An early and precise diagnosis is important for an adequate management of PCOS, especially at the extreme ends of the reproductive lifespan. However, many different phenotypes are included under the same condition, being important to look at these different phenotypes separately, as they may require different treatments and have different consequences. In this way, PCOS exhibits a great metabolic complexity and its diagnosis needs to be revised once again and adapted to recent data obtained by new technologies. According to the current medical literature, lifestyle therapy constitutes the first step in the management, especially when excess body weight is associated. Pharmacotherapy is frequently used to treat the most predominant manifestations in each age group, such as irregular menses and hirsutism in adolescence, fertility problems in adulthood, and metabolic problems and risk of cancer in old age. Close surveillance is mandatory in each stage of life to avoid health risks which may also affect the offspring, since fetal and post-natal complications seem to be increased in PCOS women.
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“Although it can be diagnosed in adolescence, many young individuals may not know they have PCOS or do not receive a diagnosis until they experience infertility [3, 9, 24–29].”
From Challenges in diagnosis and health care in polycystic ovary syndrome in Canada: a patient view to improve health care (2023) · cites this paper as [25]
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Recent advances in the understanding and management of polycystic ovary syndrome
Rocha, A. L., Oliveira, F. R., Azevedo, R. C., Silva, V. A., Peres, T. M., Candido, A. L., Gomes, K. B., & Reis, F. M. (2019) · F1000Research · doi:10.12688/f1000research.15318.1 · Cited by 142
“Intrauterine growth retardation or small for gestational age (or both) and high levels of androgens during the intrauterine period could lead to an increased production of glucocorticoids which may induce epigenetic modifications and increase the risk of PCOS 35 .”
BackgroundNatural Molecules in the Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS): An Analytical Review
Iervolino, M., Lepore, E., Forte, G., Laganà, A. S., Buzzaccarini, G., & Unfer, V. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13051677 · Cited by 98
“Therefore, administration of omega-3 fatty acids should be specific only for PCOS women who already exhibit inflammatory and cardiovascular-related symptoms, which usually occur between 40 and 45 years of age [94,95].”
BackgroundZhang, J., Xu, J., Qu, Q.-Q., & Zhong, G.-Q. (2020) · Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.3389/fcvm.2020.552421 · Cited by 97
“Moreover, PCOS patient’s metabolic disturbances also cause hypertension that mainly changes vascular function as caused by hyperinsulinemia (43).”
BackgroundPolycystic ovarian syndrome: Environmental/occupational, lifestyle factors; an overview
Kshetrimayum, C., Sharma, A., Mishra, V. V., & Kumar, S. (2019) · Journal of the Turkish-German Gynecological Association · doi:10.4274/jtgga.galenos.2019.2018.0142 · Cited by 99
Ovarian aging in humans: potential strategies for extending reproductive lifespan
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Metadata
- Authors
- Group of interest in Reproductive Endocrinology (GIER) of the Spanish Fertility Society (SEF), Bellver, J., Rodríguez-Tabernero, L., Robles, A., Muñoz, E., Martínez, F., Landeras, J., García-Velasco, J., Fontes, J., Álvarez, M., Álvarez, C., & Acevedo, B.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de València (ES)
- Hospital Del Mar (ES)
- Hospital Universitario Dexeus (ES)
- Universidad Rey Juan Carlos (ES)
- Hospital Universitario Virgen de las Nieves (ES)
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Jiménez Díaz (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Bellver, José
- Venue
- Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics
- Published
- 2017-09-27
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 25-39
- ISSN
- 0740-7769 (ISSN-L)
- 1058-0468
- 1573-7330
- PMC
- PMC5758469
- OpenAlex
- W2758457511
- Cited by
- 180
- References
- 146
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 35 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 1
- FWCI
- 2.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- Journal of Assisted Reproduction and Genetics (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RISalud Institutional Health Repository of Andalucía (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Repository of Digital Objects for Teaching Research and Culture (University of Valencia) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Ovarian function and disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Reproductive Biology and Fertility
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Reproductive Medicine › Endometriosis Research and Treatment
- Keywords
- polycystic ovary syndrome, PCOS phenotypes, fetal programming, hyperandrogenism, insulin resistance, anovulation, infertility, PCOS diagnosis, lifestyle therapy, pharmacotherapy
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Female, Humans, Middle Aged, Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Reproduction, Sexual Maturation, Growth and Development, Young Adult
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