The advantages of wearable green reflected photoplethysmography
Abstract
This report evaluates the efficacy of reflected-type green light photoplethysmography (green light PPG). Transmitted infrared light was used for PPG and the arterial pulse was monitored transcutaneously. The reflected PPG signal contains AC components based on the heartbeat-related signal from the arterial blood flow and DC components, which include reflectance and scattering from tissue. Generally, changes in AC components are monitored, but the DC components play an important role during heat stress. In this study, we compared the signal of green light PPG to infrared PPG and ECG during heat stress. The wavelengths of the green and infrared light were 525 nm and 880 nm, respectively. Experiments were performed on young healthy subjects in cold (10°C), hot (45°C), and normal environments. The pulse rates were compared among three measurement devices and the AC and DC components of the PPG signal were evaluated during heat stress. The pulse rates obtained from green light PPG were strongly correlated with the R-R interval of an electrocardiogram in all environments, but those obtained from infrared light PPG displayed a weaker correlation with cold exposure. The AC components were of similar signal output for both wavelengths during heat stress. Also, the DC components for green light PPG were similar during heat stress, but showed less signal output for infrared light PPG during hot exposure. The main reason for the reduced DC components was speculated to be the increased blood flow at the vascular bed. Therefore, reflected green light PPG can be useful for pulse rate monitoring because it is less influenced by the tissue and vein region.
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The Mio Alpha's PPG technology was previously validated against a standard electrocardiogram (ECG).
“The Mio Alpha's PPG technology was previously validated against a standard electrocardiogram (ECG) (Maeda, Sekine, Tamura, 2011a)”
From Examining the Role of Implicit Emotional Judgments in Social Anxiety and Experiential Avoidance (2017) · cites this paper as Maeda, Sekine, Tamura, 2011a
Green light is preferred to red and infrared because it does not penetrate deep into tissue, causing fewer artifacts from a non-pulsatile slow-changing component.
“Green is preferred to red and infrared since this wavelength does not penetrate deep into tissue causing fewer artifacts from a non-pulsatile slow-changing component [55].”
From Modeling of artifacts in the wrist photoplethysmogram: Application to the detection of life-threatening arrhythmias (2021) · cites this paper as [55]
Studies on healthy adults with different skin pigmentation showed that red and green wavelengths could estimate oxygen saturation with good agreement and lower error ratio compared to the traditional pulse oximeter.
“Studies on healthy adults with different skin pigmentation showed that red and green wavelengths could estimate oxygen saturation with good agreement and lower error ratio compared to the traditional pulse oximeter [30,80,102].”
From Skin pigmentation influence on pulse oximetry accuracy: a systematic review and bibliometric analysis (2022) · cites this paper as [102]
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- Authors
- Maeda, Y., Sekine, M., & Tamura, T.
- Affiliations
- Chiba University (JP)
- Corresponding author
- Maeda, Yuka
- Venue
- Journal of Medical Systems
- Published
- 2010-05-18
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 829-834
- ISSN
- 0148-5598 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-689X
- OpenAlex
- W2040137929
- Cited by
- 209
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 25 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 19 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 3 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.32
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Journal of Medical Systems (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention
- Keywords
- heat stress, pulse rate monitoring, wearable sensors, cold exposure, vascular blood flow
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Blood Pressure Determination, Color, Humans, Infrared Rays, Monitoring, Physiologic, Skin Temperature, Photoplethysmography, Young Adult, Wavelet Analysis
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