Student or educator? Sign up with your school email and get 6 months of Pro free.
CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 2,916

The DOI matches its Crossref record; 34 of the 34 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

The Epidemiology of Obesity: A Big Picture

Open access
Hruby, Adela, Hu, Frank B.·2015·PharmacoEconomics
DOI 10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The epidemic of overweight and obesity presents a major challenge to chronic disease prevention and health across the life course around the world. Fueled by economic growth, industrialization, mechanized transport, urbanization, an increasingly sedentary lifestyle, and a nutritional transition to processed foods and high-calorie diets over the last 30 years, many countries have witnessed the prevalence of obesity in its citizens double and even quadruple. A rising prevalence of childhood obesity, in particular, forebodes a staggering burden of disease in individuals and healthcare systems in the decades to come. A complex, multifactorial disease, with genetic, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental origins, obesity raises the risk of debilitating morbidity and mortality. Relying primarily on epidemiologic evidence published within the last decade, this non-exhaustive review discusses the extent of the obesity epidemic, its risk factors—known and novel—, sequelae, and economic impact across the globe.

Overview

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x

Cites

34 of 34 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Verification

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Citations

Cites

Research works printed but not linked: 100

  1. American Medical Association. AMA adopts new policies on second day of voting at annual meeting [Internet]. 2013 [cited 2014 Apr 7]. Available from: http://www.ama-assn.org/ama/pub/news/news/2013/2013-06-18-new-ama-policies-annual-meeting.page .
  2. Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, Thomson B, Graetz N, Margono C, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. The Lancet [Internet]. (0). Available from: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140673614604608 .
  3. Stevens GA, Singh GM, Lu Y, Danaei G, Lin JK, Finucane MM, et al. National, regional, and global trends in adult overweight and obesity prevalences. Popul Health Metr. 2012;10(1):22. · DOI · Paper page
  4. Wang Y, Beydoun MA, Liang L, Caballero B, Kumanyika SK. Will all Americans become overweight or obese? Estimating the progression and cost of the US obesity epidemic. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2008;16(10):2323–30. · DOI · Paper page
  5. Hu FB. Obesity epidemiology. Oxford: Oxford University Press; 2008. p. 498.
  6. Hu FB. Obesity and mortality: watch your waist, not just your weight. Arch Intern Med. 2007;167(9):875. · DOI
  7. Alberti KGMM, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the Metabolic Syndrome: a Joint Interim Statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation. 2009;120(16):1640–5. · DOI · Paper page
  8. WHO Multicentre Growth Reference Study Group. WHO Child Growth Standards based on length/height, weight and age. Acta Paediatr Suppl. 2006;450:76–85. · DOI · Paper page
  9. De Onis M, Onyango AW, Borghi E, Siyam A, Nishida C, Siekmann J. Development of a WHO growth reference for school-aged children and adolescents. Bull World Health Organ. 2007;85(9):660–7. · DOI · Paper page
  10. Kuczmarski RJ, Ogden CL, Grummer-Strawn LM, Flegal KM, Guo SS, Wei R, et al. CDC growth charts: United States. Adv Data. 2000;314:1–27.
  11. Barlow SE, The Expert Committee. Expert committee recommendations regarding the prevention, assessment, and treatment of child and adolescent overweight and obesity: summary report. Pediatrics. 2007;120(Supplement 4):S164–92. · DOI · Paper page
  12. Grummer-Strawn LM, Reinold C, Krebs NF, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Use of World Health Organization and CDC growth charts for children aged 0–59 months in the United States. MMWR Recomm Rep. 2010;59(RR-9):1–15.
  13. Von Ruesten A, Steffen A, Floegel A, van der A DL, Masala G, Tjønneland A, et al. Trend in obesity prevalence in European adult cohort populations during follow-up since 1996 and their predictions to 2015. PloS One. 2011;6(11):e27455. · DOI
  14. Berghöfer A, Pischon T, Reinhold T, Apovian CM, Sharma AM, Willich SN. Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: a systematic review. BMC Public Health. 2008;8(1):200. · DOI · Paper page
  15. Skinner AC, Skelton JA. Prevalence and Trends in Obesity and Severe Obesity Among Children in the United States, 1999–2012. JAMA Pediatr [Internet]. 2014 Apr 7 [cited 2014 Apr 8]; Available from: http://archpedi.jamanetwork.com/article.aspx?doi=10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.21 . · DOI · Paper page
  16. Wijnhoven TMA, van Raaij JMA, Spinelli A, Rito AI, Hovengen R, Kunesova M, et al. WHO European Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative 2008: weight, height and body mass index in 6–9-year-old children. Pediatr Obes. 2013;8(2):79–97. · DOI
  17. Barquera S, Campos-Nonato I, Hernández-Barrera L, Pedroza A, Rivera-Dommarco JA. Prevalence of obesity in Mexican adults 2000–2012. Salud Publica Mex. 2013;55(Suppl 2):S151–60. · DOI
  18. Liang Y-J, Xi B, Song A-Q, Liu J-X, Mi J. Trends in general and abdominal obesity among Chinese children and adolescents 1993–2009: general and abdominal obesity in Chinese children. Pediatr Obes. 2012;7(5):355–64. · DOI
  19. Speliotes EK, Willer CJ, Berndt SI, Monda KL, Thorleifsson G, Jackson AU, et al. Association analyses of 249,796 individuals reveal 18 new loci associated with body mass index. Nat Genet. 2010;42(11):937–48. · DOI · Paper page
  20. Neel JV. Diabetes mellitus: a “thrifty” genotype rendered detrimental by “progress”? Am J Hum Genet. 1962;14:353–62.
  21. Kilpeläinen TO, Qi L, Brage S, Sharp SJ, Sonestedt E, Demerath E, et al. Physical activity attenuates the influence of FTO variants on obesity risk: a meta-analysis of 218,166 adults and 19,268 children. Lewis C, editor. PLoS Med. 2011;8(11):e1001116.
  22. Rankinen T, Rice T, Teran-Garcia M, Rao DC, Bouchard C. FTO genotype is associated with exercise training-induced changes in body composition. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2010;18(2):322–6. · DOI
  23. Scott RA, Bailey MES, Moran CN, Wilson RH, Fuku N, Tanaka M, et al. FTO genotype and adiposity in children: physical activity levels influence the effect of the risk genotype in adolescent males. Eur J Hum Genet. 2010;18(12):1339–43. · DOI
  24. Ravelli AC, van der Meulen JH, Osmond C, Barker DJ, Bleker OP. Obesity at the age of 50 y in men and women exposed to famine prenatally. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999;70(5):811–6. · DOI · Paper page
  25. Drake AJ, Reynolds RM. Impact of maternal obesity on offspring obesity and cardiometabolic disease risk. Reproduction. 2010;140(3):387–98. · DOI · Paper page
  26. Gaillard R, Steegers EAP, Duijts L, Felix JF, Hofman A, Franco OH, et al. Childhood cardiometabolic outcomes of maternal obesity during pregnancy: the generation R Study. Hypertension. 2014;63(4):683–91. · DOI · Paper page
  27. Bammann K, Peplies J, De Henauw S, Hunsberger M, Molnar D, Moreno LA, et al. Early life course risk factors for childhood obesity: the IDEFICS Case-Control Study. Bruce A, editor. PLoS One. 2014;9(2):e86914. · DOI
  28. Northstone K, Golding J, Davey Smith G, Miller LL, Pembrey M. Prepubertal start of father’s smoking and increased body fat in his sons: further characterisation of paternal transgenerational responses. Eur J Hum Genet. 2014;22(12):1382-6. · DOI
  29. Janesick AS, Shioda T, Blumberg B. Transgenerational inheritance of prenatal obesogen exposure. Mol Cell Endocrinol. Epub 2014 Sep 15. · DOI
  30. De Cock M, van de Bor M. Obesogenic effects of endocrine disruptors, what do we know from animal and human studies? Environ Int. 2014;70:15–24. · DOI
  31. Dabelea D, Harrod CS. Role of developmental overnutrition in pediatric obesity and type 2 diabetes. Nutr Rev. 2013;71:S62–7. · DOI
  32. Wadden TA, Webb VL, Moran CH, Bailer BA. Lifestyle modification for obesity: new developments in diet, physical activity, and behavior therapy. Circulation. 2012;125(9):1157–70. · DOI · Paper page
  33. Hu FB. Resolved: there is sufficient scientific evidence that decreasing sugar-sweetened beverage consumption will reduce the prevalence of obesity and obesity-related diseases. Obes Rev. 2013;14(8):606–19. · DOI · Paper page
  34. Patel SR, Hu FB. Short sleep duration and weight gain: a systematic review. Obesity. 2008;16(3):643–53. · DOI · Paper page
  35. Boone JE, Gordon-Larsen P, Adair LS, Popkin BM. Screen time and physical activity during adolescence: longitudinal effects on obesity in young adulthood. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2007;4(1):26. · DOI · Paper page
  36. Martínez-González MA, Martínez JA, Hu FB, Gibney MJ, Kearney J. Physical inactivity, sedentary lifestyle and obesity in the European Union. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 1999;23(11):1192–201. · DOI · Paper page
  37. Levine JA. Poverty and obesity in the U.S. Diabetes. 2011;60(11):2667–8. · DOI
  38. Koh KA, Hoy JS, O’Connell JJ, Montgomery P. The hunger-obesity paradox: obesity in the homeless. J Urban Health. 2012;89(6):952–64. · DOI
  39. Tsai J, Rosenheck RA. Obesity among chronically homeless adults: is it a problem? Public Health Rep. 2013;128(1):29–36. · DOI
  40. Devaux M, Sassi F. Social inequalities in obesity and overweight in 11 OECD countries. Eur J Public Health. 2013;23(3):464–9. · DOI · Paper page
  41. Aitsi-Selmi A, Bell R, Shipley MJ, Marmot MG. Education modifies the association of wealth with obesity in women in middle-income but not low-income countries: an interaction study using seven national datasets, 2005–2010. PloS One. 2014;9(3):e90403. · DOI
  42. Malik VS, Willett WC, Hu FB. Global obesity: trends, risk factors and policy implications. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2013;9(1):13–27. · DOI · Paper page
  43. Regnier SM, Sargis RM. Adipocytes under assault: environmental disruption of adipose physiology. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2014;1842(3):520–33. · DOI
  44. Papas MA, Alberg AJ, Ewing R, Helzlsouer KJ, Gary TL, Klassen AC. The built environment and obesity. Epidemiol Rev. 2007;29:129–43. · DOI · Paper page
  45. Holsten JE. Obesity and the community food environment: a systematic review. Public Health Nutr. 2009;12(3):397–405.
  46. McCormack GR, Shiell A. In search of causality: a systematic review of the relationship between the built environment and physical activity among adults. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2011;8:125. · DOI · Paper page
  47. Morland KB, Evenson KR. Obesity prevalence and the local food environment. Health Place. 2009;15(2):491–5. · DOI · Paper page
  48. Sallis JF, Floyd MF, Rodríguez DA, Saelens BE. Role of built environments in physical activity, obesity, and cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2012;125(5):729–37. · DOI · Paper page
  49. Durand CP, Andalib M, Dunton GF, Wolch J, Pentz MA. A systematic review of built environment factors related to physical activity and obesity risk: implications for smart growth urban planning. Obes Rev. 2011;12(5):e173–82. · DOI · Paper page
  50. Berry TR, Spence JC, Blanchard CM, Cutumisu N, Edwards J, Selfridge G. A longitudinal and cross-sectional examination of the relationship between reasons for choosing a neighbourhood, physical activity and body mass index. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2010;7:57. · DOI
  51. Boone-Heinonen J, Diez-Roux AV, Goff DC, Loria CM, Kiefe CI, Popkin BM, et al. The neighborhood energy balance equation: does neighborhood food retail environment + physical activity environment = obesity? The CARDIA study. PloS One. 2013;8(12):e85141. · DOI
  52. Auchincloss AH, Mujahid MS, Shen M, Michos ED, Whitt-Glover MC, Diez Roux AV. Neighborhood health-promoting resources and obesity risk (the multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis). Obesity (Silver Spring). 2013;21(3):621–8. · DOI
  53. Parra-Rojas I, Del Moral-Hernández O, Salgado-Bernabé AB, Guzmán-Guzmán IP, Salgado-Goytia L, Muñoz-Valle JF. Adenovirus-36 seropositivity and its relation with obesity and metabolic profile in children. Int J Endocrinol. 2013;2013:463194. · DOI
  54. Atkinson RL, Dhurandhar NV, Allison DB, Bowen RL, Israel BA, Albu JB, et al. Human adenovirus-36 is associated with increased body weight and paradoxical reduction of serum lipids. Int J Obes. 2005;29(3):281–6. · DOI · Paper page
  55. Almgren M, Atkinson R, He J, Hilding A, Hagman E, Wolk A, et al. Adenovirus-36 is associated with obesity in children and adults in Sweden as determined by rapid ELISA. PloS One. 2012;7(7):e41652. · DOI
  56. Clarke SF, Murphy EF, Nilaweera K, Ross PR, Shanahan F, O’Toole PW, et al. The gut microbiota and its relationship to diet and obesity: new insights. Gut Microbes. 2012;3(3):186–202. · DOI · Paper page
  57. Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen Y-Y, Keilbaugh SA, et al. Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes. Science. 2011;334(6052):105–8. · DOI · Paper page
  58. Shen J, Obin MS, Zhao L. The gut microbiota, obesity and insulin resistance. Obesity. 2013;34(1):39–58.
  59. Leroux JS, Moore S, Dubé L. Beyond the “I” in the obesity epidemic: a review of social relational and network interventions on obesity. J Obes. 2013;2013:1–10. · DOI
  60. Peeters A, Barendregt JJ, Willekens F, Mackenbach JP, Al Mamun A, Bonneux L, et al. Obesity in adulthood and its consequences for life expectancy: a life-table analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2003;138(1):24–32. · DOI · Paper page
  61. Prospective Studies Collaboration, Whitlock G, Lewington S, Sherliker P, Clarke R, Emberson J, et al. Body-mass index and cause-specific mortality in 900,000 adults: collaborative analyses of 57 prospective studies. Lancet. 2009;373(9669):1083–96. · DOI · Paper page
  62. Tsai SP, Donnelly RP, Wendt JK. Obesity and mortality in a prospective study of a middle-aged industrial population. J Occup Environ Med. 2006;48(1):22–7. · DOI
  63. Adams KF, Schatzkin A, Harris TB, Kipnis V, Mouw T, Ballard-Barbash R, et al. Overweight, obesity, and mortality in a large prospective cohort of persons 50 to 71 years old. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(8):763–78. · DOI · Paper page
  64. Adams KF, Leitzmann MF, Ballard-Barbash R, Albanes D, Harris TB, Hollenbeck A, et al. Body mass and weight change in adults in relation to mortality risk. Am J Epidemiol. 2014;179(2):135–44. · DOI
  65. Park Y, Wang S, Kitahara CM, Moore SC, Berrington de Gonzalez A, Bernstein L, et al. Body mass index and risk of death in Asian Americans. Am J Public Health. 2014;104(3):520–5. · DOI
  66. Abdullah A, Peeters A, de Courten M, Stoelwinder J. The magnitude of association between overweight and obesity and the risk of diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 2010;89(3):309–19. · DOI · Paper page
  67. Reilly JJ, Kelly J. Long-term impact of overweight and obesity in childhood and adolescence on morbidity and premature mortality in adulthood: systematic review. Int J Obes. 2011;35(7):891–8. · DOI · Paper page
  68. Kodama S, Horikawa C, Fujihara K, Yoshizawa S, Yachi Y, Tanaka S, et al. Quantitative relationship between body weight gain in adulthood and incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis: body weight gain and type 2 diabetes. Obes Rev. 2014;15(3):202–14. · DOI
  69. Bell JA, Kivimaki M, Hamer M. Metabolically healthy obesity and risk of incident type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Obes Rev. 2014;15(6):504-15. · DOI · Paper page
  70. Flint AJ, Hu FB, Glynn RJ, Caspard H, Manson JE, Willett WC, et al. Excess weight and the risk of incident coronary heart disease among men and women. Obesity. 2010;18(2):377–83. · DOI · Paper page
  71. Kramer CK, Zinman B, Retnakaran R. Are metabolically healthy overweight and obesity benign conditions?: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ann Intern Med. 2013;159(11):758. · DOI · Paper page
  72. Global Burden of Metabolic Risk Factors for Chronic Diseases Collaboration (BMI Mediated Effects), Lu Y, Hajifathalian K, Ezzati M, Woodward M, Rimm EB, et al. Metabolic mediators of the effects of body-mass index, overweight, and obesity on coronary heart disease and stroke: a pooled analysis of 97 prospective cohorts with 1.8 million participants. Lancet. 2014;383(9921):970–83. · DOI · Paper page
  73. Juonala M, Magnussen CG, Berenson GS, Venn A, Burns TL, Sabin MA, et al. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and cardiovascular risk factors. N Engl J Med. 2011;365(20):1876–85. · DOI · Paper page
  74. Polednak AP. Estimating the number of U.S. incident cancers attributable to obesity and the impact on temporal trends in incidence rates for obesity-related cancers. Cancer Detect Prev. 2008;32(3):190–9. · DOI
  75. Vainio H, Bianchini F. Weight control and physical activity. Lyon: IARC Press; 2002.
  76. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Obesity and the risk of gallbladder cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer [Internet]. 2007 Mar 20 [cited 2014 Apr 24]; Available from: http://www.nature.com/doifinder/10.1038/sj.bjc.6603703 . · DOI
  77. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Overweight, obesity and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Br J Cancer. 2007;97(7):1005–8. · DOI · Paper page
  78. Discacciati A, Orsini N, Wolk A. Body mass index and incidence of localized and advanced prostate cancer—a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective studies. Ann Oncol. 2012;23(7):1665–71. · DOI · Paper page
  79. Larsson SC, Wolk A. Overweight and obesity and incidence of leukemia: a meta-analysis of cohort studies. Int J Cancer. 2008;122(6):1418–21. · DOI
  80. Glance LG, Li Y, Osler TM, Mukamel DB, Dick AW. Impact of obesity on mortality and complications in trauma patients. Ann Surg. 2014;259(3):576–81. · DOI
  81. Liu T, Chen J, Bai X, Zheng G, Gao W. The effect of obesity on outcomes in trauma patients: a meta-analysis. Injury. 2013;44(9):1145–52. · DOI
  82. Huttunen R, Syrjänen J. Obesity and the risk and outcome of infection. Int J Obes. 2013;37(3):333–40. · DOI · Paper page
  83. Young KM, Gray CM, Bekker L-G. Is obesity a risk factor for vaccine non-responsiveness? Ahuja SK, editor. PLoS One. 2013;8(12):e82779. · DOI
  84. Raji CA, Ho AJ, Parikshak NN, Becker JT, Lopez OL, Kuller LH, et al. Brain structure and obesity. Hum Brain Mapp. 2010;31(3):353-64. · DOI · Paper page
  85. Reinert KRS, Po’e EK, Barkin SL. The relationship between executive function and obesity in children and adolescents: a systematic literature review. J Obes. 2013;2013:1–10. · DOI · Paper page
  86. Lindholm V, Lahti J, Rahkonen O, Lahelma E, Lallukka T. Joint association of physical activity and body weight with subsequent physical and mental functioning: a follow-up study. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(1):197. · DOI
  87. Cawley J, Meyerhoefer C. The medical care costs of obesity: an instrumental variables approach. J Health Econ. 2012;31(1):219–30. · DOI · Paper page
  88. Mason RJ, Moroney JR, Berne TV. The cost of obesity for nonbariatric inpatient operative procedures in the United States: national cost estimates obese versus nonobese patients. Ann Surg. 2013;258(4):541–51 (discussion 551–3). · DOI
  89. Kleinman N, Abouzaid S, Andersen L, Wang Z, Powers A. Cohort analysis assessing medical and nonmedical cost associated with obesity in the workplace. J Occup Environ Med. 2014;56(2):161–70. · DOI
  90. Finkelstein EA, Graham WCK, Malhotra R. Lifetime direct medical costs of childhood obesity. Pediatrics [Internet]. 2014 Apr 7 [cited 2014 Apr 22]; Available from: http://pediatrics.aappublications.org/cgi/doi/10.1542/peds.2014-0063 . · DOI · Paper page
  91. Müller-Riemenschneider F, Reinhold T, Berghöfer A, Willich SN. Health-economic burden of obesity in Europe. Eur J Epidemiol. 2008;23(8):499–509. · DOI
  92. Von Lengerke T, Krauth C. Economic costs of adult obesity: a review of recent European studies with a focus on subgroup-specific costs. Maturitas. 2011;69(3):220–9. · DOI
  93. Bahia L, Coutinho ES, Barufaldi L, de Azevedo Abreu G, Malhão T, Ribeiro de Souza C, et al. The costs of overweight and obesity-related diseases in the Brazilian public health system: cross-sectional study. BMC Public Health. 2012;12(1):440. · DOI
  94. Rtveladze K, Marsh T, Webber L, Kilpi F, Levy D, Conde W, et al. Health and economic burden of obesity in Brazil. PloS One. 2013;8(7):e68785. · DOI
  95. Rtveladze K, Marsh T, Barquera S, Sanchez Romero LM, Levy D, Melendez G, et al. Obesity prevalence in Mexico: impact on health and economic burden. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(01):233–9. · DOI
  96. National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. Obesity education initiative: clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults: executive summary. Expert panel on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight in adults. [Internet]. Bethesda: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 1998 Oct [cited 2014 Apr 1]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2003/ .
  97. Huang TT, Drewnosksi A, Kumanyika S, Glass TA. A systems-oriented multilevel framework for addressing obesity in the 21st century. Prev Chronic Dis. 2009;6(3):A82.
  98. Cornelis MC, Hu FB. Systems epidemiology: a new direction in nutrition and metabolic disease research. Curr Nutr Rep. 2013;2(4). · DOI
  99. World Health Organization. Obesity: preventing and managing the global epidemic: report of a WHO consultation. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2000. p. 253.
  100. Cole TJ, Bellizzi MC, Flegal KM, Dietz WH. Establishing a standard definition for child overweight and obesity worldwide: international survey. BMJ. 2000;320(7244):1240. · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

See all 2,916

Metadata

Authors
Hruby, A., & Hu, F. B.
Venue
PharmacoEconomics
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2014-12-04
Volume
33
Issue
7
Pages
673-689
ISSN
  • 1170-7690 (ISSN-L)
  • 1179-2027
DOI
10.1007/s40273-014-0243-x
OpenAlex
W2066805219
Cited by
2,916
References
34
FWCI
28.49
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
green
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review

Data sources

Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.

Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).

Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.