Ten Putative Contributors to the Obesity Epidemic
Open accessAbstract
The obesity epidemic is a global issue and shows no signs of abating, while the cause of this epidemic remains unclear. Marketing practices of energy-dense foods and institutionally-driven declines in physical activity are the alleged perpetrators for the epidemic, despite a lack of solid evidence to demonstrate their causal role. While both may contribute to obesity, we call attention to their unquestioned dominance in program funding and public efforts to reduce obesity, and propose several alternative putative contributors that would benefit from equal consideration and attention. Evidence for microorganisms, epigenetics, increasing maternal age, greater fecundity among people with higher adiposity, assortative mating, sleep debt, endocrine disruptors, pharmaceutical iatrogenesis, reduction in variability of ambient temperatures, and intrauterine and intergenerational effects as contributing factors to the obesity epidemic are reviewed herein. While the evidence is strong for some contributors such as pharmaceutical-induced weight gain, it is still emerging for other reviewed factors. Considering the role of such putative etiological factors of obesity may lead to comprehensive, cause specific, and effective strategies for prevention and treatment of this global epidemic.
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Obese individuals tend to under-report their dietary intake.
“Obese individuals tend to under-report their dietary intake (42 -45) , but whether the type of under-reporting in the present study is selective under-reporting of certain foods or general under-reporting of all foods is difficult to determine.”
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Brown, R. E., Sharma, A. M., Ardern, C. I., Mirdamadi, P., Mirdamadi, P., & Kuk, J. L. (2015) · Obesity Research & Clinical Practice · doi:10.1016/j.orcp.2015.08.007 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Obesity in the United States – Dysbiosis from Exposure to Low-Dose Antibiotics?
Riley, L. W., Raphael, E., & Faerstein, E. (2013) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2013.00069 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
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Food for Thought: Reward Mechanisms and Hedonic Overeating in Obesity
Lee, P. C., & Dixon, J. B. (2017) · Current Obesity Reports · doi:10.1007/s13679-017-0280-9 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
van Grinsven, H. J. M., Erisman, J. W., VRIES, W. D., & Westhoek, H. (2015) · Environmental Research Letters · doi:10.1088/1748-9326/10/2/025002 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
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Obesity and the gut microbiome: Striving for causality
Harley, I. T. W., & Karp, C. L. (2012) · Molecular Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.molmet.2012.07.002 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
- Authors
- McAllister, E. J., Dhurandhar, N. V., Keith, S. W., Aronne, L. J., Barger, J., Baskin, M., Benca, R. M., Biggio, J., Boggiano, M. M., Eisenmann, J. C., Elobeid, M., Fontaine, K. R., Gluckman, P., Hanlon, E. C., Katzmarzyk, P., Pietrobelli, A., Redden, D. T., Ruden, D. M., Wang, C., Waterland, R. A., Wright, S. M., & Allison, D. B.
- Affiliations
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center (US)
- Thomas Jefferson University (US)
- Cornell University (US)
- University of Wisconsin System (US)
- University of Alabama at Birmingham (US)
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- j Department of Kinesiology , Michigan State University , East Lansing, MI, USA
- Johns Hopkins University (US)
- University of Auckland (NZ)
- University of Verona (IT)
- Wayne State University (US)
- University of Louisville (US)
- Baylor College of Medicine (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2009-12-02
- Volume
- 49
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 868-913
- ISSN
- 1040-8398 (ISSN-L)
- 1549-7852
- PMC
- PMC2932668
- OpenAlex
- W2131543898
- Cited by
- 710
- References
- 502
- Citations by year
- 2026: 13 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 16 · 2023: 35 · 2022: 46 · 2021: 52 · 2020: 49 · 2019: 35 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 47 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 52 · 2013: 58 · 2012: 62
- FWCI
- 43.03
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (5r01dk066164-05)
- National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (T32HL079888)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (R-01 DK066164, 1R01-DK066164, P30DK056336)
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (R01ES012933)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Obesity and Health Practices
- Keywords
- obesity epidemic, obesity etiology, physical activity decline, gut microbiota, epigenetics, maternal age, fecundity, assortative mating, sleep debt, endocrine disruptors, intergenerational effects, obesity prevention
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Humans, Obesity, Causality
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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