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Salivary cortisol in psychoneuroendocrine research: Recent developments and applications
Abstract
The assessment of cortisol in saliva has proven a valid and reliable reflection of the respective unbound hormone in blood. To date, assessment of cortisol in saliva is a widely accepted and frequently employed method in psychoneuroendocrinology. Due to several advantages over blood cortisol analyses (e.g., stress-free sampling, laboratory independence, lower costs) saliva cortisol assessment can be the method of choice in basic research and clinical environments. The determination of cortisol in saliva can facilitate stress studies including newborns and infants and replace blood sampling for diagnostic endocrine tests like the dexamethasone suppression test. The present paper provides an up-to-date overview of recent methodological developments, novel applications as well as a discussion of possible future applications of salivary cortisol determination.
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“The main effector of the HPA axis is the so-called ‘stress’ hormone cortisol; its concentration is measured and evaluated in order to have an index for HPA axis activation [14,15].”
From The Effect of Music on the Human Stress Response (2013) · cites this paper as [14]
In the citing paper
“For example, it appears to be well-established that cortisol (CORT) is a hormone associated with emotional stress and a valid measure for hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) activity (Kirschbaum and Hellhammer, 1994).”
From Psychobiological Effects of Choral Singing on Affective State, Social Connectedness, and Stress: Influences of Singing Activity and Time Course (2018) · cites this paper as Kirschbaum and Hellhammer, 1994
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Metadata
- Authors
- Kirschbaum, C., & Hellhammer, D. H.
- Affiliations
- Universität Trier (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Hellhammer, Dirk H.
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 1994-01
- Volume
- 19
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 313-333
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2000150063
- Cited by
- 2,107
- References
- 89
- Citations by year
- 2026: 33 · 2025: 38 · 2024: 43 · 2023: 51 · 2022: 75 · 2021: 63 · 2020: 118 · 2019: 83 · 2018: 73 · 2017: 90 · 2016: 84 · 2015: 91 · 2014: 102 · 2013: 100 · 2012: 101
- FWCI
- 2.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Adrenal Hormones and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Animal Science and Zoology › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- salivary cortisol, cortisol measurement, stress measurement, dexamethasone suppression test, infants, neonates, non-invasive sampling, method development
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Arousal, Circadian Rhythm, Dexamethasone, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Male, Middle Aged, Pregnancy, Reference Values, Saliva, Stress, Psychological, Exercise
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