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Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up
Open accessAbstract
COVID-19 outbreak is associated with mental health implications during viral infection and at short-term follow-up. Data on psychiatric and cognitive sequelae at medium-term follow-up are still lacking. During an ongoing prospective cohort study, the psychopathological and cognitive status of 226 COVID-19 pneumonia survivors (149 male, mean age 58) were prospectively evaluated one and three months after hospital discharge. Psychiatric clinical interview, self-report questionnaires, and neuropsychological profiling of verbal memory, working memory, psychomotor coordination, executive functions, attention and information processing, and verbal fluency were performed. Three months after discharge from the hospital, 35.8% still self-rated symptoms in the clinical range in at least one psychopathological dimension. We observed persistent depressive symptomatology, while PTSD, anxiety, and insomnia decreased during follow-up. Sex, previous psychiatric history, and the presence of depression at one month affected the depressive symptomatology at three months. Regardless of clinical physical severity, 78% of the sample showed poor performances in at least one cognitive domain, with executive functions and psychomotor coordination being impaired in 50% and 57% of the sample. Baseline systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), which reflects the immune response and systemic inflammation based on peripheral lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts, predicted self-rated depressive symptomatology and cognitive impairment at three-months follow-up; and changes of SII predicted changes of depression during follow-up. Neurocognitive impairments associated with severity of depressive psychopathology, and processing speed, verbal memory and fluency, and psychomotor coordination were predicted by baseline SII. We hypothesize that COVID-19 could result in prolonged systemic inflammation that predisposes patients to persistent depression and associated neurocognitive dysfunction. The linkage between inflammation, depression, and neurocognition in patients with COVID-19 should be investigated in long-term longitudinal studies, to better personalize treatment options for COVID-19 survivors.
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In the paper
“We observed persistent depressive symptomatology, while PTSD, anxiety, and insomnia decreased during follow-up.”
- Also stated in: § Psychopathology and need for treatment · plain
“From the one-month to the three-month follow-up, patients showed a significant decrease over time of PTSD symptoms (IES-R: F = 21.29, p = 0.001; PCL-5: F = 9.07, p = 0.003), anxiety (STAI-state: F = 11.28, p = 0.001), and insomnia (WHIIRS: F = 9.36, p = 0.003), irrespectively of sex and previous psychiatric history”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
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In the paper
“In contrast, depression (according to ZSDS and BDI) did not significantly change; and obsessive–compulsive symptomatology significantly worsened (F = 4.84, p = 0.030) with no effect of sex and psychiatric history”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Psychopathology and need for treatment
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In the paper
“We observed persistent depressive symptomatology, while PTSD, anxiety, and insomnia decreased during follow-up.”
- Also stated in: § Psychopathology and need for treatment · plain
“From the one-month to the three-month follow-up, patients showed a significant decrease over time of PTSD symptoms (IES-R: F = 21.29, p = 0.001; PCL-5: F = 9.07, p = 0.003)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Psychopathology and need for treatment · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We observed persistent depressive symptomatology, while PTSD, anxiety, and insomnia decreased during follow-up.”
- Also stated in: § Psychopathology and need for treatment · plain
“From the one-month to the three-month follow-up, patients showed a significant decrease over time of PTSD symptoms (IES-R: F = 21.29, p = 0.001; PCL-5: F = 9.07, p = 0.003), anxiety (STAI-state: F = 11.28, p = 0.001), and insomnia (WHIIRS: F = 9.36, p = 0.003), irrespectively of sex and previous psychiatric history”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, depression (according to ZSDS and BDI) did not significantly change”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Psychopathology and need for treatment
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In the paper
“Three months after discharge from the hospital, 35.8% still self-rated symptoms in the clinical range in at least one psychopathological dimension.”
- Also stated in: § Psychopathology and need for treatment · plain
“Three months after hospital discharge 81/226 patients (35.8%) self-rated symptoms in the clinical range in at least one psychopathological dimension”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
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In the paper
“the latter also influenced by the main effect of SII (χ2 = 7.636, p = 0.0057)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
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In the paper
“but not in less severe patients treated at home, SII associated with worse BDI and ZSDS scores correcting for sex and age”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
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In the paper
“Neurocognitive impairments associated with severity of depressive psychopathology, and processing speed, verbal memory and fluency, and psychomotor coordination were predicted by baseline SII.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
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In the paper
“Only 25 patients (19%) showed equivalent scores within the normal range in all domains”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
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In the paper
“Sex, previous psychiatric history, and the presence of depression at one month affected the depressive symptomatology at three months.”
- Also stated in: § Psychopathology and need for treatment · plain
“Univariate testing showed significantly worse persistence of depressive symptomatology in females (ZSDS: β = 0.21, F = 7.31, p = 0.008; BDI-13: β = 0.27, F = 11.12; p = 0.001)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the interaction of SII with hospitalization (BDI: χ2 = 7.357, p = 0.0067; ZSDS: χ2 = 3.999, p = 0.0455)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
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In the paper
“Duration of hospitalization inversely correlated with three months ZSDS (r = −0.23, p = 0.005, q = 0.01), BDI-13 (r = −0.21, p = 0.010, q = 0.015), IES-R (r = −0.20, p = 0.014, q = 0.017), PCL-5 (r = −0.26, p = 0.003, q = 0.01), OCI (r = −0.26, p = 0.004, q = 0.01), and WHIIRS (r = −0.17, p = 0.044, q = 0.044).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Psychopathology and need for treatment
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In the paper
“Our main finding is the presence of isolated persistent depressive symptomatology at three months follow-up after SARS-CoV-2 infection”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
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In the paper
“Regardless of clinical physical severity, 78% of the sample showed poor performances in at least one cognitive domain, with executive functions and psychomotor coordination being impaired in 50% and 57% of the sample.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Executive functions and psychomotor coordination were the most involved domain being impaired in 50% and 57% of the sample”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
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In the paper
“the interaction of age and sex (BDI: χ2 = 8.933, p = 0.0028; ZSDS: χ2 = 5.423, p = 0.0199)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
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In the paper
“Age and setting of the care did not affect self-ratings psychopathology.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Psychopathology and need for treatment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 226Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A GLM multivariate analysis of variance showed significant effects of any kind of psychopathology presented at one (Wilks’ λ = 0.81; F = 3.39; p = 0.004) and three months (Wilks’ λ = 0.82; F = 2.32; p = 0.042) after discharge; but not of sex, previous psychiatric diagnosis, and duration of hospitalization.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
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In the paper
“A GLM multivariate analysis of variance showed significant effects of any kind of psychopathology presented at one (Wilks’ λ = 0.81; F = 3.39; p = 0.004) and three months (Wilks’ λ = 0.82; F = 2.32; p = 0.042) after discharge; but not of sex, previous psychiatric diagnosis, and duration of hospitalization.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
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In the paper
“verbal fluency (χ2 = 4.273, p = 0.0387)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
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In the paper
“Analysis of parameter estimates showed a negative effect of SII on performance (Fig. 2 ).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
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In the paper
“The decrease of SII from hospital admission to three months after discharge significantly influenced the change of depressive symptoms at follow-up, as rated both at BDI-13 (Wald W2 = 14.304, p = 0.0002) and at ZSDS (Wald W2 = 6.881, p = 0.0087)”
- Also stated in: § Effect of inflammatory biomarkers · plain
“A GLM repeated measures analysis of variance confirmed a significant interaction of delta SII with time on the pattern of change of both BDI-13 (F = 12.37, d.f. 1,32, p = 0.0013) and ZSDS (F = 5.95, d.f. 1,32, p = 0.0204).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
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In the paper
“speed of information processing (symbol coding, χ2 = 5.544, p = 0.0185)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
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In the paper
“which is predicted by systemic inflammation during acute infection”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
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In the paper
“Females, patients with a positive previous psychiatric diagnosis, and patients who already presented psychopathological symptoms one month after discharge suffered more in all psychopathological domains (Table 1, Table 2).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Psychopathology and need for treatment
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In the paper
“At the clinical interview 55/226 patients (24.3%) showed DSM-5 criteria for the diagnosis of current major psychiatric disorder (major depressive disorder (n = 20), anxiety disorders (n = 20), insomnia (n = 7), and other diagnoses (n = 8)).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Psychopathology and need for treatment
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In the paper
“Systemic inflammation (SII level) predicted severity of depressive psychopathology at the three-months follow-up.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
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In the paper
“Baseline systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), which reflects the immune response and systemic inflammation based on peripheral lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts, predicted self-rated depressive symptomatology and cognitive impairment at three-months follow-up; and changes of SII predicted changes of depression during follow-up.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
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In the paper
“The significant effects were the main effect of sex (worse scores in females, BDI: χ2 = 30.222, p < 0.0001; ZSDS: χ2 = 20.627, p < 0.0001)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sex, previous psychiatric history, and the presence of depression at one month affected the depressive symptomatology at three months.”
- Also stated in: § Psychopathology and need for treatment · plain
“in patients who showed psychopathology one month after discharge (ZSDS: β = 0.41, F = 30.50, p < 0.001; BDI-13: β = 0.26, F = 11.92, p < 0.001)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
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A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and the triple interaction of SII with age and sex (BDI: χ2 = 10.821, p = 0.0010; ZSDS: χ2 = 5.252, p = 0.0219)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Females, patients with a positive previous psychiatric diagnosis, and patients who already presented psychopathological symptoms one month after discharge suffered more in all psychopathological domains (Table 1, Table 2).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Psychopathology and need for treatment
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In the paper
“Patients with psychopathology one-month after discharge performed worse on verbal fluency (β = 0.349, p = 0.002), information processing (β = 0.348, p = 0.002), and executive functions (β = 0.353, p = 0.001) at the three months assessment”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
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In the paper
“Of them, 34 patients were in need of a psychopharmacologic treatment, 10 patients were already taking drugs, while 24 patients started taking pharmacological treatment.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Psychopathology and need for treatment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 34Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), which reflects the immune response and systemic inflammation based on peripheral lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts, predicted self-rated depressive symptomatology and cognitive impairment at three-months follow-up; and changes of SII predicted changes of depression during follow-up.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Females, patients with a positive previous psychiatric diagnosis, and patients who already presented psychopathological symptoms one month after discharge suffered more in all psychopathological domains (Table 1, Table 2).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Psychopathology and need for treatment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regardless of clinical physical severity, 78% of the sample showed poor performances in at least one cognitive domain, with executive functions and psychomotor coordination being impaired in 50% and 57% of the sample.”
- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
“Executive functions and psychomotor coordination were the most involved domain being impaired in 50% and 57% of the sample”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neurocognitive impairments associated with severity of depressive psychopathology, and processing speed, verbal memory and fluency, and psychomotor coordination were predicted by baseline SII.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and by its pattern of change over time.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neurocognitive impairments associated with severity of depressive psychopathology, and processing speed, verbal memory and fluency, and psychomotor coordination were predicted by baseline SII.”
- Also stated in: § Neurocognitive functioning · plain
“In particular, severity of depressive symptoms (ZSDS scores) at one and three months follow-up predicted the performance in information processing (one month: Wald = 7.05, p = 0.007; three months: Wald = 8.37, p = 0.003).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Neurocognitive functioning · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neurocognitive impairments associated with severity of depressive psychopathology, and processing speed, verbal memory and fluency, and psychomotor coordination were predicted by baseline SII.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“showed a significant negative main effect of age on all measures”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients with psychopathology one-month after discharge performed worse on verbal fluency (β = 0.349, p = 0.002), information processing (β = 0.348, p = 0.002), and executive functions (β = 0.353, p = 0.001) at the three months assessment”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“but not in less severe patients treated at home, SII associated with worse BDI and ZSDS scores correcting for sex and age (BDI: Wald W2 = 19.635, p < 0.0001; ZSDS; Wald W2 = 18.217, p < 0.0001).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Age and setting of the care did not affect self-ratings psychopathology.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Psychopathology and need for treatment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 226Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“with no effects of sex, age, and hospitalization”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Regardless of clinical physical severity, 78% of the sample showed poor performances in at least one cognitive domain, with executive functions and psychomotor coordination being impaired in 50% and 57% of the sample.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a significant interaction of SII and age on verbal memory (χ2 = 4.908, p = 0.0267)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
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In the paper
“Patients with psychopathology one-month after discharge performed worse on verbal fluency (β = 0.349, p = 0.002), information processing (β = 0.348, p = 0.002), and executive functions (β = 0.353, p = 0.001) at the three months assessment”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A GLM multivariate analysis of variance showed significant effects of any kind of psychopathology presented at one (Wilks’ λ = 0.81; F = 3.39; p = 0.004) and three months (Wilks’ λ = 0.82; F = 2.32; p = 0.042) after discharge; but not of sex, previous psychiatric diagnosis, and duration of hospitalization.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
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In the paper
“In particular, severity of depressive symptoms (ZSDS scores) at one and three months follow-up predicted the performance in information processing (one month: Wald = 7.05, p = 0.007; three months: Wald = 8.37, p = 0.003).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“whereas psychopathology at three months associated with worse information processing (β = 0.355, p = 0.008).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Analysis of parameter estimates showed that in hospitalized patients, who had significantly worse inflammation (SII: 1480.61 ± 1395.47 vs 871.34 ± 711.27; Mann-Whitney U = 1451.00, Z = 2.980, p = 0.0026)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Patients with positive previous psychiatric diagnosis were at higher risk to show DSM-5 criteria for the diagnosis of current major psychiatric disorder (χ2 = 20.12; p < 0.001 See Supplementary material).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Psychopathology and need for treatment
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Neurocognitive impairments associated with severity of depressive psychopathology, and processing speed, verbal memory and fluency, and psychomotor coordination were predicted by baseline SII.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A GLM multivariate analysis of variance showed significant effects of any kind of psychopathology presented at one (Wilks’ λ = 0.81; F = 3.39; p = 0.004) and three months (Wilks’ λ = 0.82; F = 2.32; p = 0.042) after discharge; but not of sex, previous psychiatric diagnosis, and duration of hospitalization.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Baseline systemic immune-inflammation index (SII), which reflects the immune response and systemic inflammation based on peripheral lymphocyte, neutrophil, and platelet counts, predicted self-rated depressive symptomatology and cognitive impairment at three-months follow-up; and changes of SII predicted changes of depression during follow-up.”
- Also stated in: § Effect of inflammatory biomarkers · plain
“Systemic inflammation (SII level) predicted severity of depressive psychopathology at the three-months follow-up.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Effect of inflammatory biomarkers · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Oxygen saturation level at admission and duration of hospitalization did not affect neurocognition.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A GLM multivariate analysis of variance showed significant effects of any kind of psychopathology presented at one (Wilks’ λ = 0.81; F = 3.39; p = 0.004) and three months (Wilks’ λ = 0.82; F = 2.32; p = 0.042) after discharge; but not of sex, previous psychiatric diagnosis, and duration of hospitalization.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In particular, severity of depressive symptoms (ZSDS scores) at one and three months follow-up predicted the performance in information processing (one month: Wald = 7.05, p = 0.007; three months: Wald = 8.37, p = 0.003).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Neurocognitive functioning
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“psychomotor coordination (χ2 = 6.680, p = 0.0097)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The decrease of SII from hospital admission to three months after discharge significantly influenced the change of depressive symptoms at follow-up, as rated both at BDI-13 (Wald W2 = 14.304, p = 0.0002) and at ZSDS (Wald W2 = 6.881, p = 0.0087)”
- Also stated in: § Effect of inflammatory biomarkers · plain
“A GLM repeated measures analysis of variance confirmed a significant interaction of delta SII with time on the pattern of change of both BDI-13 (F = 12.37, d.f. 1,32, p = 0.0013) and ZSDS (F = 5.95, d.f. 1,32, p = 0.0204).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Effect of inflammatory biomarkers · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Systemic inflammation also predicted neurocognitive performance.”
- Also stated in: § Effect of inflammatory biomarkers · plain
“Analysis of parameter estimates showed a negative effect of SII on performance (Fig. 2 ).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Effect of inflammatory biomarkers · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No association was found between other inflammatory markers (CRP, NLR, and MLR) at baseline and three months follow-up and depression.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, thirty-four patients needed psychopharmacological treatment”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 4Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“in 9% of patients with no previous psychiatric history were started a pharmacological treatment”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In the present study, we have found that baseline SII predicted severity of depressive psychopathology and neurocognitive performance at”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found at three months follow-up that 20 patients (8.9% of the total) met the criteria for the diagnosis of a depressive episode.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“and to systemic inflammation.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we observed dysfunctions in attention and information processing”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“information processing, verbal fluency, and working memory were impaired in around 30% of the sample.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the latter showing higher consistency with the clinical interview findings”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“COVID-19 survivors remain clinically depressed three months after hospital discharge”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Conclusions
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In the paper
“28% of the whole sample scored in the pathological range for depression according to ZSDS index”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIn the paper
“9% according to the more conservative BDI-13 (Shafer, 2006)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Shafer, 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 20Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“that were strictly related to the presence of depressive symptomatology both at one and three months”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
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In the paper
“COVID-19 outbreak is associated with mental health implications during viral infection and at short-term follow-up.”
- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
“As the pandemic spread, there has been a growing recognition of mental health implications (Amsalem et al., 2020, The Lancet, 2020, Xiang et al., 2020).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passes- Also stated in: § Introduction · plain
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Current knowledge suggests that viral infections can trigger chronic inflammation and aberrant immune responses, causing long-lasting neuropsychiatric syndromes involving cognitive, affective, and behavioural symptoms, over highly variable periods after infection (from weeks to years following acute infection) (Bechter, 2013, Kepinska et al., 2020, Lam et al., 2009, Rogers et al., 2020).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesNone of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“with severity of psychiatric symptoms after virus clearance being proportional to the severity of systemic inflammation during the acute infection and significantly contributing to the quality of life of survivors (De Lorenzo et al., 2020, Ma et al., 2020, Mazza et al., 2020, Varatharaj et al., 2020).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Introduction
What the sources say
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In the paper
“In SARS and MERS, after recovery from the infection, impairment of memory, attention, concentration, or mental processing speed were reported in more than 15% of patients at a follow-up period ranging between 6 weeks and 39 months (Hopkins et al., 1999, Sheng et al., 2005).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Depression also affects neurocognitive performances”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Conclusions
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In the paper
“COVID-19 induces a robust immune response characterized by a hyperinflammatory state with high levels of IL-1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, TNF-α CXCL10, and CCL2 (Mehta et al., 2020, Ye et al., 2020).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mehta et al., 2020 source
- Not checked yetcites Ye et al., 2020
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesA conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“possibly sharing the same inflammatory triggers”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesWhat the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The subgroup of patients with assessment of the inflammatory state at three months is too small to generalize our findings over time”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passes
- It may state two separate claims as one. 27
- The quote only partly states this claim. 2
- Probably not a substantial claim. 33
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Inspection of data (Fig. 1 ) shows highly dispersed depression ratings at low levels of inflammation, with more severe symptoms at higher levels of inflammation.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overall, 9% of patients with no previous psychiatric history and 32% of patients with positive previous psychiatric history were prescribed psychotropic drugs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors alone, or combined with sleep-inducing benzodiazepines).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Psychopathology and need for treatment
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“patients who showed a marked decrease of SII also showed a decrease of depression severity, while patients who showed minor changes of SII showed persistent or worsening depression.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Sex, previous psychiatric history, and the presence of depression at one month affected the depressive symptomatology at three months.”
- Also stated in: § Psychopathology and need for treatment · plain
“in patients with previous lifetime psychiatric history (ZSDS: β = 0.15, F = 4.66, p = 0.32; BDI-13: β = 0.23, F = 10.65, p = 0.001)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Abstract
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesThe quote only partly states this claim.
- Also stated in: § Psychopathology and need for treatment · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A GLZM analysis of the effects of SII at hospital admission on severity of depression at three months, also considering sex, hospitalization, and age as factors, showed that best performing models according to AIC always included SII and significantly explained the variation of depression severity (χ2 = 56.536, p < 0.0001 for BDI; χ2 = 42.417, p < 0.0001 for ZSDS index scores).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Results > Effect of inflammatory biomarkers
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“other symptoms probably more related to acute psychological stressors such as PTSD, insomnia, and anxiety decrease over time”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one. The quote only partly states this claim.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“attention and information processing, verbal memory, and psychomotor coordination were among the affected domains”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“we observed that females, patients with positive psychiatric history, patients with shorter hospitalization, and patients who presented psychopathology at one-month follow-up showed higher depressive symptomatology (Mazza et al., 2020)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mazza et al., 2020 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Consistently with previous literature, we observed a high rate of cognitive deficits in COVID-19 survivors at three months, irrespective of medical severity of the illness, with only 22% of the sample showing a good performance in all the investigated domains.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“When appropriate, levels of significance were corrected for multiple comparisons with the method of the adaptive linear step-up procedures that control the FDR and q-values (FDR-adjusted p-value) were considered.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Material and methods > Statistical analyses
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Validated self-report questionnaires were used to assess psychopathology: Impact of Event Scale - Revised (IES-R) (Creamer et al., 2003), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) (Armour et al., 2016), Zung Self-Rating Depression Scale (ZSDS) (Zung, 1965), 13-item Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-13) (Beck and Steer, 1984), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y (STAI-Y) (Vigneau and Cormier, 2008), Women’s”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Material and methods > Clinical and neuropsychological assessment
What the sources say
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The three-month follow-up cohort did not differ from the drop-out group and from the initial cohort in terms of sociodemographic characteristics, clinical severity, and one-month psychopathology after False Discovery Rate (FDR) correction (See Supplementary material).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Material and methods > Design and study population
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In the paper
“Considering that domain scores were adjusted according to normative Italian scores for the BACS subtests in patients aged 18–70 years, we did not perform cognitive assessment in patients older than 70 years (Anselmetti et al., 2008).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Material and methods > Clinical and neuropsychological assessment
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Anselmetti et al., 2008 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedn = 130Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Emerging data show that COVID-19 outbreak is associated with delirium, fatigue, confusion, depression, anxiety, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), obsessive–compulsive symptoms, and insomnia in the context of acute viral infection or at short-term follow-up after clinical recovery”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The host immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, the persistent psychological stress before and during infection (Korman et al., 2020, Vai et al., 2020), and a possible direct viral infections of the central nervous system represent possible mechanisms to induce neuropsychiatric sequelae (Troyer et al., 2020).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Introduction
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“T helper (Th)-1 cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, Interferon (IFN)-γ, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, CXCL10, and CCL2; and Th-2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist are all elevated in the serum of COVID-19 patients (Coperchini et al., 2020) in a “cytokine storm” typically associated with the illness.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Coperchini et al., 2020 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Peripheral cytokines involved in the host anti-viral response may elicit psychiatric symptoms by precipitating inflammation in the periphery and in central nervous system (CNS) (Dantzer, 2018).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dantzer, 2018 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Moreover, significant stressors such as fear of severe and unknown disease, loneliness, stigma, and the denial contribute to widespread emotional distress and increased risk for psychiatric illness in COVID-19 patients (Pfefferbaum and North, 2020).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pfefferbaum and North, 2020 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A parallel decrease of PTSD, anxiety and insomnia over time suggests specific long lasting depressive sequelae in COVID-19 survivors.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Higher immune/inflammatory setpoints with higher circulating biomarkers of inflammation are observed in mood disorders in the absence of known triggering factors, and are currently investigated as underpinning pathogenetic mechanisms for depressive psychopathology (Gibney and Drexhage, 2013, Grosse et al., 2015, Poletti et al., 2020b).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gibney and Drexhage, 2013
- Not checked yetcites Grosse et al., 2015 source
- Not checked yetcites Poletti et al., 2020b
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The quality of the statistical model was checked using the entropy maximization principle of the Akaike information criterion (AIC) (Akaike, 1974).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Material and methods > Statistical analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Akaike, 1974 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“other symptoms probably more related to acute psychological stressors such as PTSD, insomnia, and anxiety”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Conclusions
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes? Based: unclearIt may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This finding is consistent with the reported higher depression in convalescent COVID-19 patients with higher NLR (Yuan et al., 2020).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yuan et al., 2020 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In COVID-19, a dysexecutive syndrome in a third of survivors was described (Helms et al., 2020)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Helms et al., 2020 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“We also observed a protective effect against depression of cytokine-blocking agents (anakinra, a recombinant version of the human IL-1β receptor antagonist, and tocilizumab, a monoclonal antibody targeting the IL-6 receptor), possibly associated with their effect in dampening SII, in hospitalized male patients surviving severe, life-threatening COVID-19 (Benedetti et al., 2020b).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Benedetti et al., 2020b
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The limited health care resources and patient’s compliance related to the clinical setting forced us to choose an unstructured interview format instead of a structured clinical interview.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“and of IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, IFN-γ with white matter (WM) microstructure, with levels of inflammatory cytokines being inversely related with measures of WM integrity (Benedetti et al., 2016)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Benedetti et al., 2016 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Considering together three complementary cells mediating different immune or inflammatory pathways, SII is less affected by confounding conditions, and more predictive in evaluating chronic systemic inflammatory status than neutrophils, platelets or lymphocytes separately (Gibson et al., 2007).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gibson et al., 2007 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Platelets act as a nonspecific early inflammatory marker, mediating endothelial permeability and drawing neutrophils and macrophages and their effector functions.
In the paper
“as well as cognitive dysfunction in sustained attention domain possibly linked to the underlying inflammatory processes measured with CRP (Zhou et al., 2020a).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Zhou et al., 2020a
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Many studies have implied that inflammation activation is inextricably linked to cognitive dysfunction suggesting a primary role of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-18, and TNF-α (Beydoun et al., 2019, Gorelick, 2010, McAfoose and Baune, 2009).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In this context, we have previously found that higher inflammation, quantified by SII, is associated with higher depression in COVID-19 survivors (Mazza et al., 2020).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mazza et al., 2020 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“the lifetime speed of information processing closely associates with WM microstructure in humans and in animal models (Bartzokis et al., 2012, Kochunov et al., 2007, Lu et al., 2013)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Recently, elevated NLR was described in mild cognitive impairment, while platelet/lymphocyte ratio and SII associated with risk of dementia in the general population (An et al., 2019, van der Willik et al., 2019).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites An et al., 2019
- Not checked yetcites van der Willik et al., 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“We also associated this WM phenotype with neurocognitive dysfunctions (Poletti et al., 2015)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Poletti et al., 2015 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“In patients with a depressive episode in course of Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) or Bipolar Disorder (BD), we have previously reported an association of peripheral IL-8, TNF-α, CCL2, CCL4 with cortical thickness (Poletti et al., 2019)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Poletti et al., 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“of IL‐1β, IL-9, CCL5 with brain glutamate, N-acetylaspartate, and Myo-Inositol levels (Poletti et al., 2020a)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Poletti et al., 2020a
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Neutrophils are critical for starting and regulating the innate immune defense through phagocytosis, apoptotic action, chemotactic role, oxidative stress, and secretion of inflammatory mediators (Nathan, 2006).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Nathan, 2006 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we can surmise that subtle effects on structural and functional brain connectivity could mediate the detrimental effects of COVID-19 on neurocognition”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“with levels of inflammatory cytokines being inversely related with measures of WM integrity (Benedetti et al., 2016)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Benedetti et al., 2016 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These effects were influenced both, by the presence of psychopathology, and by systemic inflammation, thus confirming the connection between depression, inflammation, and cognition.”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Depressed patients are characterized by higher levels of cytokines when compared to healthy controls with consistent results in literature when considering IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, CCL2, TNF-α, and transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) (Enache et al., 2019, Eyre et al., 2016, Howren et al., 2009, Kohler et al., 2017, Poletti et al., 2020b).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
Strength:boosted· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we were not able to assess the neurocognition in all patients but only in a subsample”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“SII, considering together neutrophil, platelet, and lymphocyte, is an objective marker of the balance between host systemic inflammation and immune response (Huang et al., 2019).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Huang et al., 2019 source
Load-bearingStrength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Recruitment was in a single center, thus raising the possibility of population stratification”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Strength:hedged· not yet calibratedCausal:conditional· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes? Load-bearing: unclear✓ Based: passesIt may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Several studies have proven that these inflammatory ratios can be used as inflammatory biomarkers in depression (Mazza et al., 2018, Wang et al., 2021, Zhou et al., 2020b).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Finally, lymphocytes are primarily involved in adaptive immunity, with a regulatory or protective function (Alberts, 2008).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Alberts, 2008
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Inflammation is known to be associated to depression inducing brain-blood-barrier disruption, microglia activation, neurotransmission alteration, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO) activation, and oxidative stress (Benedetti et al., 2020a, Miller and Raison, 2016).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Benedetti et al., 2020a
- Not checked yetcites Miller and Raison, 2016 source
Tests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✓ Load-bearing: passes✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Platelet activation is mediated by serotonin, dopamine, glutamate, cytokines and P-selectin, all of them plays an important role in psychiatric disorders (Dietrich-Muszalska and Wachowicz, 2017).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dietrich-Muszalska and Wachowicz, 2017 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:direct· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“an effect proportional to illness duration (Melloni et al., 2019)”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Melloni et al., 2019 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedCausal:correlational· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the public health implications of such effects will be significant and demanding for the psychiatric services”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✗ Checkable: fails✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Rests on an assumption: COVID-19 infection has a global burden.
In the paper
“NLR, MLR and SII are low-cost, suitable for clinical routine analysis, and reproducible markers of the systemic inflammatory response, which can be easily derived from blood cell essay and determined under simple laboratory conditions (Balta et al., 2013).”
§ Persistent psychopathology and neurocognitive impairment in COVID-19 survivors: Effect of inflammatory biomarkers at three-month follow-up > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Balta et al., 2013 source
Strength:plain· not yet calibratedTests✓ Asserted: passes✓ Checkable: passes✗ Load-bearing: fails✓ Based: passesProbably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The delayed or long-term incidence of neuropsychiatric complications in COVID-19 survivors is unknown.
“Beyond acute or sub-acute sequelae, the delayed or long-term incidence of neuropsychiatric complications in COVID-19 survivors are still unknown.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This was the first prospective study to investigate psychiatric and neurocognitive sequelae at medium-term follow-up in COVID-19 survivors.
“This is the first study to prospectively investigate the psychiatric and neurocognitive sequelae at a medium-term follow-up in COVID-19 survivors.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Platelets act as a nonspecific early inflammatory marker, mediating endothelial permeability and drawing neutrophils and macrophages and their effector functions.
“Platelets are an aspecific first line inflammatory marker that mediate endothelial permeability and recruitment of neutrophils and macrophages and their effector functions.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Depression is associated with a markedly increased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality.
“depression associates with a markedly increased risk of all-cause and cause-specific mortality”
The paper relies on this without support.
COVID-19 infection has a global burden.
“given the global burden of COVID-19 infection”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“This confirms results from Mazza et al. (2021) where PTSD reported using PCL-5 decreased with longer follow-up in COVID-19 patients.”
From Long-term effects of COVID-19 on mental health: a systematic review (2022) · cites this paper as Mazza et al., 2021
In the citing paper
“It is thus not surprising that the neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection are proving to be both common and debilitating (Nasserie et al., 2021; Mazza et al., 2021; Qureshi et al., 2022; Becker et al., 2021; Tabacof et al., 2022).”
From Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation (2022) · cites this paper as Mazza et al., 2021
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Consistentz = 2.98reported p = .0026 · recomputed p = .003
“Z = 2.980, p = .0026”
The paper states an exact rank test
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
BDI-13 clinical cutoff changes between methods and results
MinorThe methods define the BDI-13 cutoff as at least 9, but Table 1 counts patients using a cutoff of at least 8.
“BDI-13 ≥ 8 Yes (%)”
“BDI-13 ≥ 9”
Cognitive-performance categories omit 21 assessed patients
MinorThe listed mutually exclusive categories total 109 patients, although the paper says cognitive functions were assessed in 130 patients. The account does not identify a category for the remaining 21.
Reported 130 · recomputed 109
“Only 25 patients (19%) showed equivalent scores within the normal range in all domains, whereas 21 (16%) were poor performers in at least one function, 22 (17%) in two, 18 (14%) in three, 14 (11%) in four, 7 (5%) in five, and 2 (1.5%) showed no good performance at all.”
Share with normal cognition changes from 19% to 22%
MinorThe results say 19% performed normally in every domain, while the discussion describes the same outcome as 22% of the sample.
“Only 25 patients (19%) showed equivalent scores within the normal range in all domains”
“only 22% of the sample showing a good performance in all the investigated domains.”
Citations
Cites
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“A GLZM analysis of the effects of SII at hospital admission on severity of depression at three months, also considering sex, hospitalization, and age as factors, showed that best performing models according to AIC always included SII and significantly explained the variation of depression severity (χ2 = 56.536, p < 0.…”
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A self-rating depression scale
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“…Scale - Revised (IES-R) (Creamer et al., 2003), PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) (Armour et al., 2016), Zung SelfRating Depression Scale (ZSDS) (Zung, 1965), 13-item Beck’s Depression Inventory (BDI-13) (Beck and Steer, 1984), State-Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y (STAI-Y) (Vigneau and Cormier,…”
COVID-19: consider cytokine storm syndromes and immunosuppression
Mehta, P., McAuley, D. F., Brown, M., Sanchez, E., Tattersall, R. S., & Manson, J. J. (2020) · The Lancet · doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(20)30628-0 · Cited by 9,664 · cited 4×
“T helper (Th)-1 cytokines, including Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, Interferon (IFN)-γ, Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF)-α, CXCL10, and CCL2; and Th-2 cytokines, including IL-4, IL-10, and IL-1 receptor antagonist are all elevated in the serum of COVID-19 patients (Coperchini et al., 2020) in a “cytokine storm” typically assoc…”
InfluentialAn Introduction to Categorical Data Analysis
Agresti, A. (2006) · Wiley series in probability and statistics · doi:10.1002/0470114754 · Cited by 6,775
WHO Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard
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Mental health and the COVID-19 pandemic
Pfefferbaum, B., & North, C. S. (2020) · New England Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1056/nejmp2008017 · Cited by 4,378 · cited 1×
“Moreover, significant stressors such as fear of severe and unknown disease, loneliness, stigma, and the denial contribute to widespread emotional distress and increased risk for psychiatric illness in COVID-19 patients (Pfefferbaum and North, 2020).”
The role of inflammation in depression: from evolutionary imperative to modern treatment target
Miller, A. H., & Raison, C. L. (2016) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri.2015.5 · Cited by 3,942 · cited 2×
“…al. Brain Behavior and Immunity 94 (2021) 138–147 M.G. Mazza et al. Brain Behavior and Immunity 94 (2021) 138–147 disruption, microglia activation, neurotransmission alteration, indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase 1 (IDO) activation, and oxidative stress (Benedetti et al., 2020a; Miller and Raison, 2016).”
Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 78 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Fatigue and cognitive impairment in Post-COVID-19 Syndrome: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Ceban, F., Ling, S., Lui, L. M. W., Lee, Y., Gill, H., Teopiz, K. M., Rodrigues, N. B., Subramaniapillai, M., Di Vincenzo, J. D., Cao, B., et al. (2022) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.12.020 · Cited by 1,554
“…life compared with baseline measurements Mattioli et al., 2021 Italy Prospective Cohort Unit of Occupational Health, General University Hospital of Brescia N = 150 (120 healthcare workers cases, including 2 with previous respiratory failure requiring hospitalization) and 30 healthcare worker…”
Characterising long COVID: a living systematic review
Michelen, M., Cheng, V., Manoharan, L., Elkheir, N., Dagens, A., Hastie, C., O’Hara, M. E., Suett, J. C., Dahmash, D. T., Bugaeva, P., et al. (2021) · BMJ Global Health · doi:10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005427 · Cited by 1,004
Nasserie, T., Hittle, M., & Goodman, S. N. (2021) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.11417 · Cited by 702
Mild respiratory COVID can cause multi-lineage neural cell and myelin dysregulation
Fernández-Castañeda, A., Lu, P., Geraghty, A. C., Song, E., Lee, M.-H., Wood, J., O’Dea, M. R., Dutton, S., Shamardani, K., Nwangwu, K., et al. (2022) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2022.06.008 · Cited by 521
“It is thus not surprising that the neurological sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection are proving to be both common and debilitating (Nasserie et al., 2021; Mazza et al., 2021; Qureshi et al., 2022; Becker et al., 2021; Tabacof et al., 2022).”
BackgroundPsychiatric and neuropsychiatric sequelae of COVID-19 – A systematic review
Schou, T. M., Joca, S. R. L., Wegener, G., & Bay-Richter, C. (2021) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2021.07.018 · Cited by 424
“Sleep disturbances following COVID-19 was reported in 24 studies (Al-Aly et al., 2021; Boari et al., 2021; D’Cruz et al., 2021; De Lorenzo et al., 2020; Frontera et al., 2021; Gautam et al., 2021; Gennaro et al., 2021; Graham et al., 2021; Huang et al., 2021a; Huang et al., 2021b; Iqbal et al., 2021; Lorenzo et al., 2…”
Influential
Metadata
- Authors
- Mazza, M. G., Palladini, M., De Lorenzo, R., Magnaghi, C., Poletti, S., Furlan, R., Ciceri, F., Rovere-Querini, P., & Benedetti, F.
- Affiliations
- Vita-Salute San Raffaele University (IT)
- IRCCS Ospedale San Raffaele (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Mazza, Mario Gennaro
- ORCID
- Venue
- Brain, Behavior, and Immunity
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2021-05
- Volume
- 94
- Pages
- 138-147
- ISSN
- 0889-1591 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC7903920
- OpenAlex
- W3129342553
- Semantic Scholar
- 2c34e539a6d09867be7208e71f8a551c08e53ca0
- Cited by
- 513
- References
- 78
- Citations by year
- 2026: 23 · 2025: 66 · 2024: 109 · 2023: 148 · 2022: 115 · 2021: 50
- FWCI
- 50.55
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain Behavior and Immunity (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Archivio Istituzionale della Ricerca - Università Vita-Salute San Raffaele (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Clinical Neurology › Long-Term Effects of COVID-19
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › COVID-19 Clinical Research Studies
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, post-COVID-19 mental health, dysthymia, neurocognitive impairment, systemic inflammation, inflammatory markers, systemic immune-inflammation index, executive function, psychomotor coordination, verbal memory, verbal fluency, processing speed, long COVID
- MeSH terms
- COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Mental Disorders, Child, Preschool, Cognition Disorders, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Male, Neuropsychological Tests, Prospective Studies, Biomarkers, Survivors
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