Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Cognitive Control During Emotion Regulation
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Background The ability to cognitively control emotions is critical for mental health. Previous studies have identified the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) as a core region in cognitive reappraisal. However, there is only scarce evidence whether directly modulating dlPFC activity results in improved capacities for cognitive reappraisal. Objective In this study, we used anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right dlPFC to investigate the effects of increased dlPFC excitability on cognitive reappraisal as indexed by subjective emotional arousal ratings and skin conductance responses. Methods The study was designed as a double-blind, between-subjects, sham-controlled trial. Half of the healthy participants were randomly assigned to receive either active tDCS (n = 21, 1.5 mA for 20 min over the right dlPFC) or sham stimulation (n = 21). Participants viewed negative and neutral pictures from the International Affective Picture System while they were instructed to either downregulate, upregulate or maintain their emotions. After each picture presentation, participants rated the intensity of emotional arousal. Skin conductance responses and gaze fixation were assessed. Results Our results revealed that anodal prefrontal tDCS during downregulation resulted in decreased skin conductance responses and decreased emotional arousal ratings. The opposite pattern was observed for the upregulation condition in which anodal tDCS resulted in higher arousal ratings accompanied by marginally enhanced skin conductance responses. Conclusion Our data indicates that tDCS facilitates cognitive reappraisal in both directions by either increasing or decreasing emotional responsiveness depending on the regulatory goal. This provides further evidence for the potential use of tDCS as a tool to modulate cognitive reappraisal. However, given the limitations of the present study, our findings need to be replicated and complimented by further studies.
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Some studies found that tDCS over the dlPFC or vlPFC enhances cognitive reappraisal.
“While some studies have found that tDCS over the dlPFC or vlPFC enhances cognitive reappraisal [141–143], others have not [143, 144].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [141]
Results of brain stimulation studies on the PFC and emotion regulation are inconsistent.
“However, results of these studies have been inconsistent. While some studies have found that tDCS over the dlPFC or vlPFC enhances cognitive reappraisal [141–143], others have not [143, 144].”
From Prefrontal cortex, amygdala, and threat processing: implications for PTSD (2022) · cites this paper as [141]
Anodal tDCS to the right DLPFC increases subjects' capacity for cognitive reappraisal compared to sham, for both up-regulation and down-regulation.
“One of these is a recent study by12, which showed that anodal tDCS to the right DLPFC resulted in a significant increase in subjects’ capacity for cognitive reappraisal as compared to a sham condition, both in terms of the up-regulation as well as the down-regulation of the current emotion, indicating a distinct role of the DLPFC in the cognitive control of emotion.”
From Ventrolateral but not Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex tDCS effectively impact emotion reappraisal – effects on Emotional Experience and Interbeat Interval (2018) · cites this paper as [12]
The results from the current experiment did not replicate the previous findings of Feeser et al.12.
“Nevertheless, the results from the current experiment did not replicate these previous findings.”
From Ventrolateral but not Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex tDCS effectively impact emotion reappraisal – effects on Emotional Experience and Interbeat Interval (2018) · cites this paper as [12]
Methodological differences between Feeser et al.12 and the current experiment, such as electrode size and placement, may have influenced the results observed in the two studies.
“It is highly possible that the methodological differences between the study by Feeser et al.12 and the current experiment, such as the electrode size (35 × 100 cm2 vs. 16 × 16 cm2, respectively) and the placement of the electrodes (contralateral supraorbital region vs. contralateral homologous region), may have influenced the results observed in the two studies.”
From Ventrolateral but not Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex tDCS effectively impact emotion reappraisal – effects on Emotional Experience and Interbeat Interval (2018) · cites this paper as [12]
Feeser et al.12 also found similar effects in skin conductance response amplitude following tDCS.
“In addition, the authors also found similar effects in terms of the amplitude levels of skin conductance response following the experimental condition of tDCS application.”
From Ventrolateral but not Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex tDCS effectively impact emotion reappraisal – effects on Emotional Experience and Interbeat Interval (2018) · cites this paper as [12]
Feeser et al.12 observed that anodal tDCS to the right DLPFC, with cathode/reference in contralateral supraorbital region, potentiated cognitive control in a cognitive reappraisal task compared to sham.
“Feeser, et al.12 observed that anodal tDCS application to the right DLPFC, with the cathode/reference electrode placed in the contralateral supraorbital region, led to a potentiation of cognitive control in a task of cognitive reappraisal as compared to a sham tDCS condition.”
From Ventrolateral but not Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex tDCS effectively impact emotion reappraisal – effects on Emotional Experience and Interbeat Interval (2018) · cites this paper as [12]
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- Authors
- Feeser, M., Prehn, K., Kazzer, P., Mungee, A., & Bajbouj, M.
- Affiliations
- Freie Universität Berlin (DE)
- Venue
- Brain Stimulation
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2014-01
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 105-112
- ISSN
- 1876-4754 (ISSN-L)
- 1935-861X
- OpenAlex
- W2012412267
- Cited by
- 225
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 23 · 2020: 23 · 2019: 19 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 4
- FWCI
- 5.76
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- doaj.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Brain stimulation (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, cognitive reappraisal, emotion regulation, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, anodal tDCS, emotional arousal, skin conductance response, cognitive control
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Arousal, Cognition, Double-Blind Method, Electric Stimulation, Emotions, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Prefrontal Cortex, Young Adult
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