Towards a neuroanatomy of autism: A systematic review and meta-analysis of structural magnetic resonance imaging studies
Abstract
Background: Structural brain abnormalities have been described in autism but studies are often small and contradictory. We aimed to identify which brain regions can reliably be regarded as different in autism compared to healthy controls. Method: A systematic search was conducted for magnetic resonance imaging studies of regional brain size in autism. Data were extracted and combined using random effects meta-analysis. The modifying effects of age and IQ were investigated using meta-regression. Results: The total brain, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and caudate nucleus were increased in volume, whereas the corpus callosum area was reduced. There was evidence for a modifying effect of age and IQ on the cerebellar vermal lobules VI–VII and for age on the amygdala. Conclusions: Autism may result from abnormalities in specific brain regions and a global lack of integration due to brain enlargement. Inconsistencies in the literature partly relate to differences in the age and IQ of study populations. Some regions may show abnormal growth trajectories.
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MRI studies report hypoplasia restricted to lobules I-V and vermal lobules VI-VII.
“MRI studies have reported hypoplasia restricted to lobules I–V and vermal lobules VI-VII [189].”
From Consensus Paper: Pathological Role of the Cerebellum in Autism (2012) · cites this paper as [189]
Morphological studies have generally reported increased caudate volume in ASD.
“Morphological studies have generally reported increased caudate volume in ASD (37;38).”
From Aberrant Striatal Functional Connectivity in Children with Autism (2011) · cites this paper as [37]
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“A recent meta-analysis of 46 imaging studies found volume increases in total brain, cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum and caudate nucleus but a reduction in the corpus callosum (Stanfield et al. 2008).”
BackgroundAn intra-amygdala circuit specifically regulates social fear learning
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“However, there are important neurobiological differences between ADHD and ASD; ADHD is associated with a delay in structural brain maturation, whereas ASD is characterised by early brain overgrowth (Anagnostou and Taylor 2011; Stanfield et al. 2008).”
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“…several cross-sectional reports suggest that cerebellar abnormalities in ASD may vary as a function of age [Cleavinger et al., 2008; Courchesne et al., 2001; Stanfield et al., 2008]—indicating that candidate cerebellar markers of ASD risk would be best studied using longitudinal study designs.”
BackgroundInfluential
- Authors
- Stanfield, A. C., McIntosh, A. M., Spencer, M. D., Philip, R., Gaur, S., & Lawrie, S. M.
- Affiliations
- Royal Edinburgh Hospital (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Stanfield, Andrew C.
- Venue
- European Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2008-06
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 289-299
- ISSN
- 0924-9338 (ISSN-L)
- 1778-3585
- OpenAlex
- W2067774627
- Cited by
- 524
- References
- 85
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 25 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 27 · 2019: 25 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 29 · 2016: 40 · 2015: 34 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 46
- FWCI
- 1.74
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- European Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Autism Spectrum Disorder Research
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetics and Neurodevelopmental Disorders
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Keywords
- autism spectrum disorder, neuroanatomy, brain structure, brain volume, cerebellum, corpus callosum, caudate nucleus, amygdala, cerebellar vermis, brain enlargement, brain growth trajectories, age effects
- MeSH terms
- Age Factors, Amygdala, Autistic Disorder, Brain, Caudate Nucleus, Cerebellum, Corpus Callosum, Dominance, Cerebral, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Intelligence, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Sex Factors
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